The increased pressures on time values help to explain why people need more incentives for meeting as knowledge society becomes more extensive, covering a wider spectrum of life. This analysis explains a frequent casual observation, which otherwise appears economically puzzling, human comacts in knowledge society are increasingly sought but decreasingly attained. In this paper, the research issues to improve human interactability are discussed where specific references are upon modelling possibility of face-to-face communications.

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Discrete choice models have been successfully applied to travel decision contexts. Recently some new developments can be seen such as incorporation of marketing science techniques and dynamic modeling using panel data. The author has been developing a methodology for structural analysis of choice decision making using psychometric data, which is presented in the former half of this paper. On the other hand, if the choice models be applied to policy analysis of wider contexts, it might be necessary to reconsider or redefine the concept of “rational behavior” and “utility maximization”. The latter half of this paper discusses the possibility of reformulation of choice modeling paradigm from this point of view.

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Urban redevelopment projects are commonly implemented to vitalize declined urban areas. Landwners intend to construct buildings of their own, and the public sector provides infrastructure in the area. They should form a close partnership to provide a high quality of urban environment through the process of land arrangement. In this paper we show that the dynamic process of land arrangement may appropriately be formulated and analyzed by Petri net. Specifically, the model is proved to serve as an effective analytical tool to design a well-coordinated planning process that resolves potential spatial conflicts.

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In developing countries, the transport system used to be fragile so that the economical impact of road network development has not been revealed until it transforms to be adapted for the road network.
This paper investigated this transforming process on the transportation system in Thailand according to construction of national highway that was started under the support of U. S. during the Vietnam war. On the first part, the formation of the road network was analyzed by the graph theory and the ration of the shortest distance to the actual distance and the multi dimensional scaling in 1956, 1968 and 1980. On the second part, the change of transport system was indicated by estimating the amount of the crop transport by gravity model. Finally, the change of distribution system was expressed, and the key factor of development aid was discussed.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze regional economic difference in japan.
(1) Regional income difference had enlarged for the 1980's. As the result of the analysis, the key factor of the difference was the labor productivity.
(2) The regional difference of the labor productivity of each industry had enlarged more rapidly than that of the industrial composition had reduced. Manufacturing, wholesale & retailtrade and financing & insurance had contributed to the enlargement of the difference of the total labor productivity.
(3) The labor productivity of the above-mentioned 3 industries had correlated to the proportion of emplyed persons who are professional workers, technical workers, managers, officials, and clerical workwers.

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Previous environmental assessment models based on the Input-Output System cannot deal the indirect effects of pollution emission from household explicitly, since the household sector is dealt in the final demand sector. This paper proposes a rectangular Input-Output System and introduces the recycle goods and pollutants into the endogenious sector. This system can deal the air pollution explicitly and solve the product mix problem of conventional I-O systemas well. The effects on environment of the recycle of steel/alminium cans and used paper from household have estimated in terms of air pollution.(CO₂, NO_x, SO_x) The effects of less utilization of private car for commuting have also examined.

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Recently, the volume of soil surplus has become larger and larger with increase of construction works in urban area, and the disposal of soil surplus becomes a big social problem to be settled. This paper proposes a comprehensive recycle planning model of soil surplus considering time lag among supply, demand and treatment of soil surplus, and makes it clear that an optimal plan to minimize total management cost can be obtained by Linear Programming.

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According as increase needs for better environment in residential area, a microscopic regional planning is getting more important. Although a very detail land-use analysis is required for this purpose, the conventional mesh data analysis is completely not enough in terms of accuracy. This paper first proposes a computer package program to compile a dot basis of 0.25 square meter land-use from widely published residential map. Second, a small case study to confirm the superiority of the dot basis data by thepro-posed tool is carried out in a small area in Sendai city. It was found out that the tool is quite powerful to analyze dynamic of land-use in many time.

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The Urban Expressways should be designed as a regional symbol to consider the landscape and the environment. The image is difficult to be described with linguistic expression as impacts given by regional mentality and surrounding factors. Therefore “the colour” is introduced to describe them in terms of information of planning. In the study, Neural Network (NN) Models are used to analyze the relation between “Environmental factors and the colour image” as well as “the colour image and degree of preference.” And also the evaluation of the road network is carried out as the combination of the colour images of consistent routes. The genetic algorithm involving NN model provides the future ideal image of the roads.

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The new local transportation facilities provide a lot of influences on the multi-level of regional inhabitants' lives. The road improvement in depopulated areas, in particular, contributes to the promotion of level of living services. On the other hand, the demerits on the traffic safety and the environmental preservation should be evaluated. In this study the first aim is to construct the method in terms of fuzzy modeling which evaluates the subjective notion on the various factors of living environment. Such factors provide the degree of improvement and degree of satisfaction on the living environment in terms of the transportation facility improvement such as the improvement of access from depopulated areas to a local kernel city. The subjective values are indicated by the fuzzy measures in order to assess the vagueness which the inhabitants possess. The evaluation examined by several measures with the range from the possibility measure to the necessity measure. The accuracy of the proposed method and procedure were verified by the case of an actual construction of the tunnel for the improvement of the accessibility among the local towns.

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In this paper, more detail model is suggested than communication media choice model (Takita, Yuzawa and Suda (1991)(1993)) considering substitution between the traditional communication media and the new telecommunication media; Face-to-Face (with transportation) and TV conference system, etc. First we will suggest information communication media choice model considering categorization of information. Next we will consider the influence that classification of information gives to choice process of information communication media.

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As the legal system of airport construction was almost established in 1950'. They cannot work well today, because of the changes in social structure and economic system. The purpose of this study is to examine the problems of airport construction and summarize the points to be improved. In particular, out-of-date categorizing criteria of airports for financing, difficulty in restoring gains in surrounding developments to the airport due to unflexible regulations, legal systems regarding bodies for banking the sea, etc.

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In this paper a method for construction Planning system is discussed focussing on uncertainty in construction process of tunneling project. Aiming to obtain a system model of effective process for risk-minium construction planning. This system model is organized by expert-system, fuzzy-model and sysvtem-simulation. And also aiming to obtaina risk-minimum construction planning Bayes'probability and Bysian desision process is introduced. Finaly it is shown that desirable and feasible planning and sheduling for tunneling projects can be obtain through these planning system developed in this study.

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Focus on organizations for planning of local areas in case studies. After describing circumstance by which they are formed, I made the characteristics of them clear, and showed ways of inhabitants being involved in them. Farther I considered changing of a planning form in an area with the lapse of time. Conclusions are as follows:
a. There are three types of planning organization by the difference in levels of area size and planning stage.
b. There seemed inhabitants being involved in every organization in some form. Particularly the chance of neighbourhood participation to an area-planning is of course increased in the case when they take the leadership. In this case there are four types in the way of neighbourhood participation.
c. There seemed a tendency which the formation of the organization is gradually changing step by step along with the experience of an area-planning.

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The capital relocation of the national assembly and central government has been paid attention inrecent years. For the social significance judgement of such capital relocation project, its effects should be grasped and quatitatively measured. This study proposes consequently the “Interregional Benefit Incidence Matrix” to indicate each effect of this relocation on the Tokyo area, the new capital area, other areas, and the relocated government itself, respectively. In this way this matrix can give a comprehensive angle from the viewpoint of whole a country and a nation. Also it is possible to grasp and locate more detail items consistent with the total system.

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Some studies on mesurement of effect of Sea Level Rise are discussed, but did not take account of indirect damage, are fear double count and lose count of damage etc. In this study, we propose mesurement method of benefits of countermeasures of Sea Level Rise by change in consumer's surplus that induces from the sift in land demand function. To be concreat, the definition is used the equivalent valuaion method that is developed within the framework of general equilibrium. The practicality of this method is shown through a case study.

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In this paper, we try to extend our fire spreading simulation system for evaluation of buffer-green-zone effects in fire prevention planning. In the previous system, only the possibility of burning at the leeward green zones was considered. In the new system, the algorithm is expanded and the possibility of burning at the green zones on either side of the leeward direction is also considered. We discuss three cases of simulation and the potential of this development system.

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Various international trade models have proposed in the past. These models, however, do not classify the trade amount into commodity items and cannot be applied to developing countries because of large amount of data in use. This paper proposes a simplified econmetric model for trade forecasting which requires small number of macro-economic data sets available even in developing counties. Through the case study both in Japan and the United State, applicability of the model has confirmed, while a ploblem is still remained in the price index estimation from producers' price of commodity.

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Many villages and towns in rural areas in Japan have lost their population because of migration to central cities. This study aims to analyse the migration flow in rural areas. A migration model based on regional utility is derived and is applied to Tokushima prefecture which is a typical rural area in Japan. As a result, it can be proved that amount of income, the development level of urban facilities, travel time between towns and price of land influence the migration flow. The improvement of road networks and urban facilities are both ways of controlling this flow.

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Two types of retail location equilibria are formulated to analyze the effects of industrial organizations on spatial patterns and social efficiency. The first model supposes that all retailers are of small size and behave as price-takers, while the second model supposes the oligopoly by large scale retailers. I examined social efficiency of these two equilibrium solutions by comparing with Pareto-efficient allocation. I also analyzed the spatial patterns of retail location, and distribution of economic welfare among agents by means of numerical simulations.

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Japan had experienced the sudden rise and fall of land price for last ten years, which had never occured before. The sudden change in land price caused many social and economical problems. This study aims to explain the mechanism of the repercussion in land price variation between regions by panel data analysis. By analysing panel data, we found that there was a phenomenon of spatial repercussion in land price variation. We also analysed the factors of repercussion in land price variation by a model analysis using Generalized Least Square Method.

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It is expected that the urban expressway network broadly covering metropolitan areas can contribute to form the socioeconomic structure through its strongly connecting the zones in the areas with each other. This study is concerned with development of the ME & P typed land-use transport interaction model. This model can quantitatively estimate the spatial distribution of households and employments caused by the urban expressway construction. As a case study on the proposed model, spatially distributed effects of alternative levels of service by the network improvements are empirically compared with each other.

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The System Dynamics (SD) model is effective for long term forecasting for complicate problems such as urban growth because of its flexibility. As many researchers pointed out, the SD model has the drawback of being too subjective. Although this basically uses the framework of SD, the principles of micro economics and an aggregated behavior model are introduced in some parts in order to make the urban growth models more reliable. The model is applied to forecast the population growth from the point of view based on the urban attraction in Sendai Metropolitan Area for coming 100 years.

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Although a lot of land use models have been developed, the application of the models to time serial data including the term of drastic changes in the price of land can seldom be seen. In this study, the macro equilibrium urbanization model which we presented several years ago, is improved in order to apply it to such conditions. As a result, it is proved that the model can explain the area of urbanization as well as the rise and fall in the price of land. The model can also be used to estimate the area of urbanization and the price of land policies, for example the land tax, are introduced.

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This paper aims to understand the effects of improving roads in depopulated areas with systematization. At first, the pre-investigation has made in order to establish the effects used in the main investigation. Secondly, these effects have been analyzed by the DEMATEL method through the above mentioned field investigation. As a result, the influence relationship of the effects has been clarified.

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Based on an critical review of the regional industrial promotion policies in Japan after the 1950's, regional policy makers in peripheral regions, instead of frequent focus on inducement of rapid-growing high-tech industries, may begin to think of vitalization of existing industries and building of regional technological complex. This paper discusses how to select target industries by considering feasibility of growth and horizontal linkages between existing industries and them. The paper defines the Processed Level Index and the correlation analysis shows that consumption goods industries are promising in peripheral regions. The proposed Industrial Chart helps to select target industries for policy makers.

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The purpose of this paper is to attempt to build the forecasting model of factory relocation using various variable based on disaggregate behavioral analysis in consideration of industrial location factors. As the results of this study, we could obtain any available indexes which are controlable to investigate the industrial location policy. These indexes are the distance of factory relocation from origin site, the degree of industrial estate development, incentives of investment, and so on. Therefore, we hope this forecasting model is useful to settle on a plan of industrial relocation promotion policy in Japan.

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Marina demand projection is a crucial financial consideration in marina planning. Unfortunately it is often very difficult because marina demands vary widely with the location, access and profile of boating age residents in the primary market. A new computer system that calculates marina local demand has been developed to overcome these problems. The computer system analyses a large database of social and economic conditions then calculates marina local demand. The system therefore facilitates regional marina strategic planning exercises. By way of illustration, results of marina local demand projections of Tokyo Bay area and Osaka Bay area are shown.

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This study aims to analyze the interaction between the waste discharge/treatment and the economy of Hokkaido in 1985. So as to implement the objective, we construct a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model internalizing waste generation/treatment activities. The model consists of several economic activities including; industries, households, the government, the external sector, industrial waste self-treatment activites, and waste contract/public treatment activity. Industries generate waste in production, while households discharge waste in consumption. These wastes are cleared by waste treatment activities inputting, like industries, production factors. Effects of charging waste, promoting recycling etc. on the economy including income, prices, welfare level are examined by applying the model.

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The objectives of this paper are to identify the hierarchical structure of inhabitants' consciousness toward walking environment in winter and quantitatively evaluate their preference by applying the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The survey was carried out in urban areas of Nagaoka. Walking environment of roads can be measured by “a link score” and “a route score”, which are mainly dependent on the types of snow removal systemes. The route scores of roads are empirically tested by the route choice behaviour of walkers in winter.

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Recently, due to the rapid increase in motorization and insufficient supply of transport infrastructure, deterioration of the environment can be observed not only at the city level but also at the global level. This study aims at examining alternatives “modal shift” policies which should be taken to tackle such problems. The introduction of fuel/carbon tax and the improvement of railway are treated. To handle the required analysis, several models are developed. Through the analysis, it is proved that such policies can be efficient and can results in a reduction in the exhausts of carbon.

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There is an opinion that while automobile brings external diseconomy such as air pollution, noise and accident etc, users do not take enough responsibility for such damages. In this study, this problem is considered by balancing between the social expenditure due to the automobile and the revenue burden by it, where the former not only the road investment but also for external diseconomiy, and the latter account for tax and highway toll revenue. Finally a fair lebel of the gasoline and light-oil prices are discussed from the viewpoint of balancing those social expenditure and soial burden cost by automobiles.

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The conventional calculation methods of road network reliability using Boolean Algebra are impractical for a large system because the path sets and cut sets include a large number of elements.
In this paper, we propose an approximate calculation method to evaluate overall network reliability, defined as the probability that there exists at least one path between every pair of nodes in road networks.
This method is able to easily evaluate by means of subgraph intensive included into Graph-Parting performed by Genetic Algorithm. This approximate method is applied to some artificial networks in order to compare with the conventional methods.

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It is important to create methods of managing disaster prevention awareness (DPA) through development of software architecture. Thus, it is preferable to know in advance how DPA degrades with time.
In this paper, we present a method of measuring the activity of DPA as the performance criterion of the community. Then we propose a model of the degradation process of DPA. We also show that it is possible to describe the dynamic interaction process as a percolation process by combining the Cluster Algorithm with the Simulated Annealing Method.

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The attractive texture of falling water adds a special feature to the riverscape. But it is seldom that the texture is considered in designing a river structure. Even an artificial waterfall is designed based on the experience of a designer without objective consideration. In this paper, focusing on free falling water, the authors tried to classify the texture by observing in the field, determine the primary factors of the texture by applying the hydraulic formulas, and compare the texture of the existing falling waters to the estimated ones. the authors proposed the method of estimation and design for falling water.

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The landscape with hot-air-balloons in the sky makes a pleasant and dreamy impression on the observers. The aim of this study is to make clear the characteristics of the landscape with balloons and to find out the typical landscapes of it, by analyzing the entries for the photo cotests in Saga International Balloon Fiesta (1988, 1989) and Suzuka Balloon Festival (1992). We classified the flying situation and the view points of balloon by 565 photos. As the results we found out 9 types of the landscape with hot-air-balloons, and understood the visual structure of the typical landscape and the importance of natural elements in the background for emphasizing a fantastic and dreamy impression.

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This paper explores residents' perspectives on a river landscape. The perspectives are obtained by the projec-tive method of comparing photographs taken by both adults and children.
This paper indicates that adult residents view the present river landscape through a filter of childhood memo-ries. This implies that adults project a chronological perspective onto the spatial one when viewing their river envi-ronment. This chronological perspective of the river landscape underscores the significance of planning and man-gement of river environments as they pertain to environmental experiences for children.

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The purpose of the study is to know the density of the districts in high land resort area, and to consider the reguration of density in that area The following results were obtained. We developed new parameters of density to show the degree of amenity for forest and pastoral resort life, and measured and estimated in case of small and large districts in Takane Town, the southem piedmont of Mt. Yatugatake. The gross building cover-ages were very very low (under 3%). The gross coverages of forest and wildgrass were high (over 50%). The gross coverages of forest, wildgrass and farm were very high (over 80%). If the density of the area now is good for resort life, the value of reguration of the net building coverage have to be under 8 percent to keep the density now.

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The purpose of this study investigates an ideal method of promenade space contributing to the formation of comfortable urban environment. Then, we examined how prpmenade behaviors reflect to improved promenade space by elucidating a happened mechanism in promenade behaviors and sightseeing places. As a result, it is obvious that both Kyoto citizens and sightseers promenade temples, Shinto shrines, parks, rivers and ponds. And we proposed that it is necessary to improve amenity by the silence in promenade space.

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The purpose of this study is the establishment of method to evaluate sequential view from expressway. The result of this evaluation can be useful in the visual planning stage of expressway. In this method, the meaning of sequential change of scene is important. The major criteria are ‘potency’, ‘activity’, and ‘ evaluation’. The result of factor analysis shows the importance of the ‘ activity’. The psychological response of driver is estimated by the result of experiment. Good correlation is observed in the comparison between the estimation and the response measured directly from subjects.

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In this paper, an image of area of railroad along the line and its structural characteristics are analyzed. From private railroads of Kansai area, Hankyu Kobe-line, Kintetsu Nara-line, and Nankai Kouya-line are picked up here. First, in this analysis, normal nouns/proper nouns about things that exists in these areas are extracted. Subsequently, the survey is conducted so that a noun resembling an image of each noun is selected from these extracted nouns. The thing that a rate remembered is high can be identified from these survey data. The characteristics of the structure of the area-image are also made clear by making the image maps in which the relation of resemblance degree in an image of things is posi-tioned. By considering these characteristics, a fundamental subject in a future plan of railroad along the line is further-more mentioned.

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Atmospheric environment and related thermal comfort on beaches in summer are significant factors for coastal space design to provide desirable amenity environments. Through a micrometeorological field observation conducted in summer on Makuhaii Beach facing Tokyo Bay, we found that;(1) an internal boundary layer of see breeze was clearly formed on the beach, (2) the beach surface with dry sand has appreciable effects of heating and drying on the surrounding air body, and (3) three physical comfort indices DI, SET* and EHF calculated with the observed data show that the sandy beach and its surroundings provide a highly contrasted spatial structure in thermal comfort.

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Recently the construction of the public access to working waterfronts has been at issue. In order to obtain the concept and vocabularies to design industrial waterfronts. its identical characters should be emphasized in view of its landscape.
Application of CG techniques permit to clarify the visual, features of industrial facilities by analyzing sequential viewpoints (angles of direction, elevation and depression) and also to reveal the characteristic features inherent to industrial landscape in comparison with the traditional landscape theory.

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This paper aims to identify properties of attrition involving Kofu shopper panels and also to develop a shopping destination model with this panel attrition. First, three logit models are calibrated; the two are for one-wave panel data set and the one is for the second progress of two-wave panel data set. Second, two types of destination choice models are estimated and compared with each other: The one concerns the weighted method considering such attrition behavior. The other is the model using non-weighted method. The results indicated that one-wave panel data set is characterized by its random property and that more sensitive parameters of this choice model can be estimated by the weighted method.

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This study is aimed to develop a dynamic discrete choice model with latent market segments using panel data. The model system consists of two models: a latent segmentation model and a choice model with serial correlation. This model system is applied to panel data of shopping place choice. The estimation results shows that the latent segmentation model significantly improved goodness of fit and the choice model yielded more efficient parameter estimates by taking into account of serial correlation.

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Reliability can evaluate traffic condition qualitatively. However, it is difficult to estimate link reliability. The method proposed by Wakabayashi et al. is effective, but there are some problems in practical use. In this study, for developing the more effective method, the problems of this method are discussed and the propagation mechanism of OD flow is analyzed. Firstly, transferability of the method by Wakabayashi et al. is shown. Secondary, the equation of the relation between OD flow variation and link flow variation is developed. From these analysis, the key to an effective method to estimate link reliability is shown.

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The theoretical advantages of panel analysis make it attractive considering the changing socio-economic conditions in developing countries. This study examines the use of panel data set in generating models of workplace and mode choice decisions. The log-linear models show that panel members tend to remain in their workplaces inspite of changing socio-economic conditions. Likewise, the mode choice panel model suggests that despite changing socio-economic attributes of panel members, they still have the same level of decision over time. Finally, the degree of transferability of mode choice models is shown to be higher with panel data than cross-sectional data.

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It is apparent that travel behavior is different across individuals. If homogeneity of the population assumed in con-ventional analysis is not accepted, observed heterogeneity should be considered in the model. If individual omitted variables (e. g. attitude and taste) influence the parameter estimation of model, unobserved heterogeneity becomes a serious problem in model building. In this paper, we classify the individual heterogeneity into observed and unobserved ones and check the exsistence of observed heterogeneity for mode choice models using market segmentation me-thod. Besides, we examine the effectiveness of nonparametric Mass Point approach which can introduce unobserved heterogeneity and which does not depend on the distribution of heterogeneity.

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The purpose of this paper is construction of model that predicts sightseeing spot visitor number while considering its modal split. The model developed here has two characteristics: First of all, the fundamental concept of this model is based on the OD estimation model of gravity model type, and the distance resistance used here is defined as parallel composition resistance in electric current circuit. The second characteristic is that Poisson regression method is applied as parameter estimation method. In this paper, comparison with the developed method about distance resistance and a method by simply weighted average is analyzed, and, subsequently, the method is applied to estimate a quantity of sightseeing traffic by used mode.

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Though many kinds of countermeasures are executed to shift modes from private car to public transport, increasing private cars cause cerious traffic problems. This research aims to show the trend of commuter mode choice changes in 131 cities in Japan, and find factors that cause these changes. As the results, moterization of each city varied very wide, and that related to the urban form of each city. It is also detected that countermeasures without considering urban form must not effective.

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