One of issues in the public opinion is the countermeasure for nitrogen oxidant pollutant (NOx) reduction especially by the Diesel automobile emission control. Though the emission volume from Diesel automobiles is more than that from gasoline automobiles, the light oil is cheaper than the gasoline due to the tax difference policies. It seems natural to increase the light oil tax in order to attain the welfare efficiency and equity of the Pollutant Pay Principle.
This paperaims, therefore, to construct a cohort type of simulation model both for predicting the Diesel automobile's share within the small size truck market and for analysing the impact of the light oil tax change on the share. The estimation by this simulation model exhibits high goodness of fit. By carrying out this simulation, this paper proposes several recommendations for the light oil tax policies.

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The paper is to study the reliability of mode choice models based on stated preference data which were collected prior to the opening of a new rail station in Hiroshima. The external validity of the stated preference models was examined using the revealed preference data collected subsequent to the opening, so that thestated preference models were proved empirically to overestimate the share of the new alternative. Therefore, following three methods for the purpose of updating the stated preference models were employed; 1) adjusting the parameters of stated preference model by using the revealed preference data obtained together with the stated preference data, 2) combining the parameters of revealed preferenceand stated preference models (Bayesian updating), and 3) adjusting the stated preference data with the aid of transfer price data. Of all the approaches, the third updating method gave us the best results.

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A new optimization model in the forms of combined distribution, modal split and traffic assignment is proposed. This model extends the Fisk's model by introducing the entropy with respect to the mode choice as the constraint condition. The O-D trip matrices by different traffic modes can be estimated by solving the proposed model for given traffic link counts and traffic volumes generated from each zone. From the optimal conditions of proposed model, a demand model can be derived.A test network is used to research feasibility and efficiency of the proposed model. The computational issues and results are discussed.

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These days container vehicle trips are increasing around port area and ISO container size is going to be bigger in the world. Therefore it is important for the road transportation planning on port area to analyze the route choice behavior of the container vehicles. Multinomial logit models can be used for the purpose of the route choices facing it.
As a result of this study, four models were obtained with seven parameter estimates. Judging from the estimates, it is realized that the factors affecting a container vehicle's utility for the route choiceare combinations of the road condition, the state of the container and the transportation economy.

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This paper aims at developing a new algorithm for probit-based stochastic user equilibrium model (SUE). This will be done by reconstructing the choice behavior of drivers through the Bayesian theory, in which the route choice decisions is characterized as a sort of learning process of acquiring imformation of route travel times through day-by-day route choice experiences. The Bayesian theory provides us a new insight into the underlying behavioral aspects of SUE and a new algorithm involving the traditional procedure for SUE.

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This paper presents a new analytical framework for traffic equilibria with incomplete information. The basic element of our approach is differential information; different drivers have different information about their environment; they choose the routes based on their private (differentiated) information. Our purpose is to develop a general equilibrium model that makes explicit the information orthe beliefs that a driver has as part of his primitive characteristics. The model we present is a reinterpretation of Harsany's model of incomplete information game. The difference from Harsany's approach is the explicit consideration of the rational expectation formation by drivers. A numerical illustration may provide us a pedagogical insight on traffic equilibria with incomplete information.

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This paper provides some efficient algorithms for calculating the stochastic network equilibrium (SUE) assignment problem. First, the paper shows the linkbased formulation of the SUE problem, which is represented by path variables in conventional formulation. Then, the new solution algorithms are presented and implemented in various network conditions. The numerical results exhibit that the methodsachieve fast convergence to rigorous solution. The paper also discusses the reason for efficient calculation of the new algorithms. Finally, the guide lines forselecting an algorithm in practical applications are given.

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Unlike in an open-city, the benefits of transportation improvements are divided between households and landowners in a closed-city. As it is important to clarify shares of respective agents to ask them to bear the project cost, we examine how several tax schemes affect household utilities and rent revenues in the NUE context. Due to difficulties in deriving properties in a general setting, our analysis is based on specifications including the Cobb-Douglas type utility function. We find that the property tax is the most preferable as far as households areconcerned, and their benefits decline in the order of transit, head and locationtaxes. We hope that this paper provides a hint towards an acceptable tax regime to finance projects in the real world.

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In developping the coastal zone conflicts are often seen among human activities and nature. These conflicts include locational competition among humann activities and confrontation between nature and them. The present paper proposes a mathematical model for planning of spatial zoning of coastal zone to resolve these conflicts and realize its harmonized development. The model is an application of n-person cooperative game theory regarding the human activities and nature as the players. As the consequence of this locational game, a compensation to the nature from human activities is considered. This is equivalent to the concept of mitigation regulated in the CZM-Act of U. S. A. The model is applied to the marinerecreational zone planning to demonstrate` its usefulness.

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This study aims to measure the impact of the development of major roads from theaspect of shopping behavior. First, the gravity-type model is derived as a shopping behavioral model which can estimate the number of trips to shopping centers by the travel time and their attractiveness. When a new road is developed, the number of trips can be estimated by using new data of travel time. A case study is performed in Tokushima urban area where a new by-pass was developed and affected consumers shopping behavior. The impact of the development of the by-pass wasmeasured by comparing the demands and total travel time to shopping centers in 1985 with the case without the by-pass at the same period.

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The purpose of this paper is to construct hedonic price functions of residentialand commercial land which can depict the benefits of multi-use facilities improvement in large urban areas and to propose a method to estimate the various benefits by a unified measure, i. e. property value, using the hedonic price functions. The proposed hedonic functions include accessibility variable for trip purposep (AC^P) by sum of actural transport movement divided by generalized costs and areestimated with hight goodness-to-fit. The accessibility measures for commuting and shopping, accessibility to large parks and a residential area restricted to medium and high rise housing dummy are ones of significant explanatory variables. The study examines the validity of the functions comparing with existing land price functions in similar areas and demonstrates the applicability of the method to estimate the benefits of a transport project with road, parks and light rail transit system on suburban areas in Tokyo.

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An operational model of urban land development is developed. The model focuses on developers' behavior, and describes the process of new development, redevelopment, and choice of land use and intensity. A characteristic feature of the modelis that the choice of land use and intensity are formulated as mixed discrete/continuous choice model. The parameter values of the model have been estimated andfitness of the model to actual land use changes have been tested by using the data in Osaka Prefecture.

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Demand side analysis has been the main approach of housing market studies so far. However, supply side is playing more important roles in these years. This paper presents an estimation model of housing stock change which is caused by newly constructed housing units. The model is composed of a new housing construction estimation model represented by a system of econometrics and a housing demolitionestimation model by an input-output model of housing vacancy. An empirical studyin Osaka prefecture assures that the model can estimate the housing stock changewith sufficient accuracy level for practical housing studies.

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So far we have developped several methods to dispose the continual traffic counting points. And it also needs to consider how to distribute the points of general traffic survey on the road network. In this reserch, we analysed the degree that the trip length distribution and the intervals between traffic counting points affect the accuracy of the estimation of the observed frequency and total triplength.
This paper shows that the expectation of the observed frequency is in proportion to the trip length, that the estimation error of total trip length is in proportion to the average interval, and that the average interval needs to be less than 5.0km from the analysis of the trip length distribution of the car OD surveyin 1980. On the base of these results, we tried to dispose the traffic counting points nearly equally on the route of the trunk road network of Fukuoka City.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the traffic flow characteristics under congested conditions on the intercity expressway, especially an accordion-like action, and the maximum flow rate at the bottlenecks. To analyze the relationshipsbetween speed characteristics and geometric factors is also another one of the objectives of this paper.
In the first part of this paper, the authors discussed traffic phenomena of the congested flows up- and downstream of the bottlenecks, and clarified the accordion-like actions also appeared in the intercity expressway same as the urban expressways. In the middle part, characteristics of thefree speed at each detector station and lane were analyzed. In the last part, a multivariate analysis is applied to quantify the affects of the geometric factors to the free speed.

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This paper describes evaluation of driver's eye-movement in reduced visiblility conditions due to blowing snow. Driver'eye-movement is evaluated by following methods.
(1) Fixation duration, angular velocity, three-dementional coordinatesand frequency distribution of fixation points in reduced visibility conditions are estimated from driver's fixed points.
(2) Driver's visual field under blowing snow condition can be defined by the concept of ‘Fuzzy’. We tryto estimate driver's eye-movement behavior by use of a ‘Fuzzy Entropy’, which is the expectation of an amount of information.

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For precise noise prediction, it is important that sound propagation characteristics are incorporated in a calculation model accurately. The authors have already reported that the characteristic is closely related to flow resistance and reflected surface of sound in the homogeneous site. Furthermore, in this paper, the following investigations are dealt with:(1) determination of flow resistance andreflected surface of sound from field experiments, which correspond to field covered with rice plants and bare field respectively, (2) spatial transferability of these values, (3) a new method for calculating flow resistance, which corresponds to road site consisting of two ground strips parallel to the roadway, such as asphalt pavement and field covered with rice plants, (4) excess attenuation effects of these ground strips on equivalant sound level.

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This paper presents a new concept of system optimal flow considering travel time variation, and formulates based on risk analysis approach. The flow proposed minimizes the expected total users' cost which consists of both the effective travel time and delay time. Travel time variation is expressed by probability distribution conditioned with route traffic condition, congested or un-congested, which is also a probability event. Numerical calculation for the case of an ideal two link network is performed in order to compare the flow derived from proposed formulation with user-equilibrium one.

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Estimation model of diversion rate has been proposed for traffic demand forecasting on urban expressway. Fuzzy reasoning model was already proved to be useful to describe human behavior. The major objective of the study is to introduce somekinds of methods with fuzzy reasoning and to make their feature obvious. First, diversion model is developed with actual survey data considering the reality in traffic assignment stage. Second, implication methods on t-norms for reasoning are compared to know their merits of description and limitation of estimation. Third, the product-sum composition is investigated as a newly idea to modify conventional fuzzy reasoning methods from logical and practical point of view.

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To introduce traffic management schemes and traffic operation, influences on traffic flows should be estimated precisely. To this end, a traffic simulation model in urban road networks is proposed in this paper. That is an equilibrium traffic assignment model combined with estimation of junction delays. For each turning flows, junction delays are induced analytically as a function of flows and traffic signal control parameters. Traffic assignment uses an iterative procedure, and flow-delay curves are selected based on latest link flows. In this method, precise modeling of junction flows was enabled and simulation process was sharply promotea in etticiency compared with usual simulation model. Through an application to Kobe city, it was cleared that the model is useful for estimation oftraffic management schemes and traffic operation.

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We studied the possibility to diminish the damage of noise and air pollution by High Grade Road Network.
An environment evaluation system was con structed for a wide area of city. Three technical and political measures were considered: 1) the close distance of interchange from city, 2) the short distance between interchanges, and 3) the discount toll for short trip.
These measures we re analised for two purposes: the change of demand and that of the environment condition in a large area of the city.
Finally, we presented the increase of demandfor High Grade Roads considering the reduction of smog emission and noise damage inside the city.

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In this paper, we discussed the operation methods for bus berths in station squares of an urban area. Although there must be quite a few alternatives for operation methods, the evaluation process has not been developed yet.
We developed an evaluation process with a simulation method, which can show the relationship between the number of buses and the number of berths, taking the effect by the variation of demand and operation alternatives into consideration. By applying this process into the Aobadai station square project, we identified this process isvery useful.

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Train scheduling is nowadays regarded as one of the effective ways to improve user's benefit on commuter railways with heavy congestion in highly populated metropolitan region. In this study, many model cases varing either demand pattern and its level or train schedule pattern are analized to find the feature of the desirable train schedule, using user equilibrium theory in network assignment. Then some practical formulas to evaluate user's benefit are derived from the upper mentioned analysis, and their adaptability is verified in the situation of real railway lines. Finaly, the formulas are practically applied to the existing lines to compare train schedule at present with several proposed alternatives.

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The behaviour of passengers in airport terminal should be analysed in detail as much as possible, because it is an essential factor in design of airport terminal. This paper has proposed a computer simulation model programmed by GPSS, where some parameters such as scheduled flight time and fare class can be assigned to each passenger. The model can express both inbound passenger behaviour and outbound passenger one, and passenger behaviour under any service condition in terminal can be simulated in full-day scale.
A case study to Nagoya International Airport is discussed for demonstrating its capability and application. Moreover, this study has constructed a computer graphic system to express the results of GPSS simulation more visually. Finally transferability of this simulation model has been examined to Fukuoka International Airport.

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This paper proposes a model which is able to forcast the volume of recreation trip distribution, and the impactson them of any associated projects such as new development of recreation points.
The ana lysis of the recreation trip were mainly achieved through the huff model by using recreation potential. We calculate values of the weight for each factor which consists of the recreation potential by AHP. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) introduced to this paper was advocated by Saaty in 1971 as the decision making theory of uncertain state or various criterion evaluation. Using the Hakodate Urban Area Data obtained by the original our survey, the calibration caused good results.

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In considering the balance between nature conservation and development, and deciding the development limit, it is important to look at, not only the functional aspect, but also the psychological aspect of the matter.
Taking Mt. Fuji as the case study, the Landscape view, functional factors, structure of the sacred space and the present situation of the development of the mountain were studied and analysed before determining the factors of the development limit.
As the result, it is found that there is a strong relationship between the formation of spatial division and Landscape. A special characteristic of Mt. Fuji does exist it the mountain were to be viewed from the edge of the living space Lastey, the living space is not invading the sacred space. However, it is found that the leisure establishments are invading the space.

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The purpose of this article is to find design types and principles as to earth design in historical waterfront.
By analyzing characteristics of these design types, earth design in waterfront controling wateredge's form could be stood as design of sophistcating or emphasizing spatial potential that natural wateredges have.
And all design types we have found can be ordered by three axes of basical spatial characteristics in view of design.

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There are some problems in the conjoint analysis to apply the individual decision making. One of the most of them is the reliability of the stated preference data (SP data). The objective of this paper is to study the reliability of the SP data to apply the mode choice model, the residence choice model, and the parking lot choice model. Further, we investigate the following problems.
·Collection method of the rank data.
·Introduction of the ideal-point model for the utility function.
·Problem of the explosion depth.
·Method of the segmentation.

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The problem in integrated evaluation of the alternative plans for projects is that various uncertainties which arise in the process of planning and implementation of the project need to be taken account of. In this study, quantitative uncertainties of weight and value, which it was thought possible to estimate through an evaluation model, were taken note of and an integrated evaluation method for alternative plans, which takes these factors into consideration and includes a new weighting method, was proposed.
The weighting method proposed in this study utilizes standard deviation of values between alternative plans. This is based on the idea that as the range of values of evaluation items between alternaives is increased, the weight given to the evaluation items become larger. Also, the uncertainty of values was taken into consideration as a random variable.
By comparing the past cases, validity of this method was discussed.

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Nowadays, hallmark events come to be introduced in regional investment. Investment for infrastructure gives steady long-run but no instantaneous utility. Contrarily, hallmark events have much impulse, but it will soon dim out. The effect of hallmark event is determined by the quality and quantity of it, as well as the environmental infrastructure. Therefore nice arrangement of the infrastructure-investment and events is a key point for effective investment control. This paper aims to model the regional investment process with hallmark events and to obtain the optimal policy using the optimal control theory. Main conclusion is that monitoring user's respects for the regional infrastructure can give the timing of hallmark events, and that market share is decisive for optimal investment patterns.

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This paper presents a decision support system, CALTEAS developed by the authors for demonstrating the integrated approach for EIA which identifies the different levels in urban transportation planning and the interaction among Landuse, Transport and Environment. The framework has three major characteristics to analyze the policies for improving the urban environment: multi-level Geographical Information System (GIS), models for analyzing the impacts of policies based on the LU-T-E interaction and an expert system for evaluation.

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It is necesarry to support planners evaluating altanative plans scientificaly and efficiently. We discuss an altanatives evaluation model for interactive computer systems. The analytic hierarchy prosess (AHP) is a convenient decision analysis technique. However, realistic decision problems usually involves large number of pairwise comparison at each level of the decision hierarchy. As the number of judgements increases, the estimated weights can be expected to be less reliable. This paper presents a method to reduce the number of pairwise comparison.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify problem areas in constructing an underground highway as part of an underground highway network in central Tokyo using FSM (the Fuzzy Structural Modeling Method). Based upon the hypothesis that clarification of the problem areas leads to an underground highway construction proposal will be presented.
Recently road conditions, particularly traffic congestion in central areas of large cities such as Tokyo and Osaka in Japan, have become an extremely serious problem. Construction of an underground highway network would be one possible solution to this problem.

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