This paper first introduces characteristics of traffic congestion which causes various social problems, and asserts the importance of dynamic analysis on time-dependent congestion phenomena. Next, the conventional static marginal cost analysis is extended to the dynamic one using a queueing model. As the result, the dynamic marginal cost is shown to be more closely related to the duration of congestion period than the personal cost. Finally, applications of congestion pricing and system optimum control are discussed based on the dynamic marginal cost.

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Recently, living environment has been developed in consideration of opinions of residents. Therefore, residential survey at Toyota city was analyzed in order to grasp a change of resident consciousness on living environment. As a result, “Drainage” have a great influence on assessment of living and high satisfaction of residents every time. But “Public transportation”, “Hospital” have a great influence on assessment of living and low satisfaction of residents every time. It is important to develop the living environment with much influence on the assessment of living and also low satisfaction of residents.

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This research proposes new AHP model which is named “CCM of Evaluation Value”. Dominant AHP was proposed by Eizo KINOSHITA and Masatake NAKANISHI. General AHP and Dominant AHP, there are two types of AHP. Concurrent Convergence Method was also proposed by Eizo KINOSHITA and Masatake NAKANISHI as development model of Domin ant AHP. Newly this research names Concurrent Convergence Method “Weight CCM” and proposes CCM of Evaluation Value as different model of “Weight CCM”. This research shows difference of “Weight CCM” and CCM of Evaluation Value. Weight CCM and CCM of Evaluation Value follow the law of fixed ratio of evaluation unit as changing bench mark.

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In this paper, the relation between the planning, source of revenue, organization and agreement formation process was researched and that process explained the reason that the urban transportation plan in France has the actual effect The suggestions to our country by this are 1. to make the authority related to all the planning and management of the urban transportation, 2. to build the structure that many related subjects are involved in decision making, 3. to connect of the source of revenue system and the planning system. And to make these assumptions in the policy decision as a system in the whole of the country, is needed to raise the effect of the planning.

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In this paper, the traffic Petri-net simulator developed by authors is proposed to be most suitably applied to supporting to dep loy alternatives for effective use of existing road system on its total planning process. For this end, first real correspondence with developed traffic Ptri-net to real road space is improved by inserting the road image as net's background and activation of participant's experience has been strengthened. Next, development of database of traffic Peri-nets is tried based on description of comments in Sdata files and their retrieval. Finally, construction process of traffic Petri-nets is simulated based on retrieval of proposed database, and its potential and problem to be approached are discussed.

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In this paper, a pre-and re-evaluation model, in which the benefits risk and the project delay risk are simultaneously incorporated, is formulated to evaluate the efficiency of delayed projects at regular intervals. The model provides decision makers with information on the optimal decisions of whether the delayed projects should be continued or scrapped at each re-evaluation timing in infinite time horizon. The model is extended to discuss the benefits derived from reserving decisions at the next re-evaluation timing. This paper illustrates numerical examples to analyze how the evaluation results are controlled by the project characteristics.

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In this study, It is developed as follows that new-type systematic scheduling procedure by use of GA: At the first stage, a optimal scheduling model with limited resource problem is formulated as problem of integer programming to obtain the execution state defined by using “number of activities”ד number of activities” matrix. At the second stage, topological characteristics of the project network are analyzed mathematically focusing on the cut set structure. Thus relationship between this cut set structure and execution state is discussed. At the final stage, coding, decoding and GA-operator are proposed in accordance with cut-network concept.

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This paper proposed a method to reproduce net passenger trips from gross traffic data Net passenger trip data give information of passenger's real origin and destination zones, but involve comparatively large sampling errors due to the detailed questionnaire survey with high cost. Gross traffic data have smaller sampling errors and it can be easily aggregated from ticket data including boarding information. The reproduction model consists of route choice model, gravity model based on relationship between net passenger trips and gross traffic data. The reproduction model was applied to the gross traffic data in 1995, and high reproductive performance wes shown. The reproduction model was concluded to be applicable to estimate lmknown net passenger trips. The net passenger trips in 1970 estimated by the reproduction model showed that long distance trips in 1970 were very few.

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Not only the NIMBY (Not in my back yard), but also the theoretical Anti-Planning Movement (APM) are becoming very important problems in the field of public decision making in U. S. A. This study aims to catch updated state of APM. The attitude and logic concerning APM are examined by investigating inter-net and literatures. It is clarified that APM produces a certain benefit for its supporting groups. It is also found that APM attacks a kind of security holes of planning that are not justified by numerical analysis.

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In decision making process on infrastructure planning and regional planning, conflict can arise when some stakeholders representing interests of part of citizens ask for the change of plans. In this paper, the survey on people's recognition about the structure of a hypothetical conflict was carried out, and consistency between recognized structure of a conflict and non-cooperative game model was investigated using statistical test. The result showed that the strategic interaction, the basic components of non-cooperative game model, was imperfectly recognized.

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Citizen participation from the early stage of project has been conducted in recent years. However, methodology is groped in each site. This study aims to examine the methodology of information sharing through experimentation that investigates the reaction of subjects motivated by different type of interests for information of fictitious public work. As the main results, it were confirmed that evaluation indicators such as trust for administrator, approval of the project and so on are evaluated more positively by all of the gropes motivated different type of interest after presentation of more detailed information.

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the community road is dose daily life. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the improvement in living environment and road environment In addition, the improvement considering the snow in winter is important in Hokkaido. In Sapporo City, the trial improvement of the Flat Road is advanced. Then, Flat and Mount up type were evaluated by Relative Position Measurement Approach. Then, the effect analysis of the improvement was done. The result showed that the Flat effect was hieher than effect of the Mount up type.

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There is a practical problem that the measurement of the user benefit using the inclusive cost by stochastic user equilibrium assignment becomes unstable. We show an empirical reason that it has the problem of path set to this cause. We propose the extraction method of path set and the method of fixing path set, and measurement of the user benefit being stabilized by applying these methods on the Simplicial Decompositon method, which treats a path set clearly.

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Our intent to write this paper is to highlight the potential of information technology (IT) as a powerful tool for assisting with rural declint communities which are featured by the above five items. We make a claim that this requires people to foster the process technology (“implementation technology”) of matching the process of rural vitalization with the internalizing process of “implanting IT technology” into their community. In other words to make IT technology available to the community as a manufactured product is simply not enough and it needs to be accompanied and synchronized by the concurrently developed implementation technology.

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This paper is aims to propose the introduction of statistical value of life concept using willing-to-pay method for estimation of human cost in monetary terms due to traffic accidents. In order to estimate of the value, questionnaire survey is designed according to the previous study of UK. which uses CV method and SG method. Human cost of fatal accidents is estimated 266 million yen, which is 8 time as official value in Japan. Ratios of non-fatal human cost appeared to be relatively high compared with official values in Japan as well. The authors found that variances of observed values from survey could not be ignored, and effects by attributes of subjects could not be cleared.

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The purpose of this paper is to explain viewpoints to develop a learning material concerning air pollution by car and to show that the learning material I developed promotes to understand a transition of sources of air pollution and help a decision of the order of priority of environmental policies. It is important to consider 3 viewpoints for a decision of it These are time-space, natural-artificial environment and recognition emotion. I develop the learning material, which is called SCP Block. I practiced at a geography class in Nishiyodogawa high school. It is clear that the group who participate in this class decided that reducing traffic volume take precedence over industrial reduction.

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In order to efficiently manage infrastructure stocks in a society, it is requested for the management bodies to investigate the optimal management policies for the investment of new stocks, the demolishion of outdated ones, the repair of deteriorated ones. The economic accounting systems to describe the economic values of infrastructure and its variation through time is requested to be established for efficient infrastructure management. In this paper, a dynamic infrastructure investment model, which is an extension of the traditional Ramsey model for an open economy, is formulated to analyze the optimal management policies of the infrastructure stocks. The economic accounting indicators are present to describe the values of infrastructure and its variation. The paper also includes the foundamental framework of economic accounting for the efficient infrastructure management.

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In this Paper, Capability Approach which Amartya Sen asserts was reviewed. It was shown that the past methods are inadequate forevaluating “wellbeing”. The method of evaluating the effect of a community bus from the viewpoint of welfare was proposed. This method based on the capability: the width of a way of life. The contribution of a community bus is evaluated by a spread of the state that various functions can be attained. Going-out action was accounted for function. The welfare bus in Suita-city was taken up as a case study. Consequently, the welfare bus improved the achievement of Functioning.

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The objective of this study is to estimate the railway fare elasticity in each route and ticket type in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The demand model with explanatory variables as fare level, population along a railway line, economic indicator and so on is developed and parameters are estimated by using time-series data. As a result, estimated elasticity of a commuter ticket is-0.14--0.41, and of an ordinary ticket is -0.31--0.42. This study therefore makes a suggestion that the discount fare may result in a decrease in company's profit.

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A strategic planning model for vehicular air pollution analysis is presented. The model is based on the representation of the urban, transportation and environment conditions interacting under a neural geo-spatial approach to forecast vehicular air pollution for the stages of diagnosis and scenarios creation as a part of the strategic planning process, within the urban and transportation sustainability principles. A case study in Nagoya City was conducted to verify the efficiency of the model. The result reached expresses an efficient definition of the NN, and also allows the continuance of the research.

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The conventional statistics provided by government have several problems to investigate the reality of urban activities. This study assumes electric telephone directories could complement the conventional statistics, especially at the small area from disaggregated and renovational point of view. It is clarified that electric telephone directories could provide very detail information with small scale. Some completely new urban analyses are also introduced by using this new data sources. It is also suggested that the appropriate telephone directory should be adopted for each different urban analysis with different purposes.

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It is important to understand the change of population and land use by transportation facility. However, the mechanism of residential location behavior is so complex and variable. So, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of transportation facility improvement on residential location behavior, by analyzing with actual data such as the records of land price and transportation condition in Utsunomiya City. And it is analyzed in terms of an contribution of commuting cost and housing cost. As a result, it can be confirmed that the residential location in the place where the location utility is high can attract more population than other places because of residential location maximizing behavior.

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Factors that determine the attractiveness of a shopping street are examined empirically in this study, based on data obtained from the survey of visitors and establishments at six medium-sized shopping streets anchored by railway stations. The results of the analysis show: i) the visitor attraction of a shopping street is proportional to the passenger volume at the anchor railway stations, ii) larger shopping streets tend to have refined, higher-grade establishments, iii) shopping streets with smaller anchor stations may attract visitors with diverse establishments, and iv) unrefined and unpretentious urban space, which has not been the concern of organized urban development, is an important element of an attractive commercial district.

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This study compared the inter-city business network structure in 1991 and 2001, by using the establishment and enterprise census. In order to clarify the change in number of employees per customers, the relationship between employees on the inter-city business structure and estimated business network is analyzed and compared in 1991 and 2001. It was shown that the headquarters of nation-wide firms increased in Tokyo, but they decreased in the surrounding area. Further, the number of employees per customers in 2001 was fewer than that in 1991 at the identical branch function level. It means an employee in 2001 can supervise much number of customers than 1991.

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For regional area, A decline of industry is caused by many type of social problem. In that case, local governments try to carry out some activation policies for regional industries. However, it is impossible to compare among those evaluations now, because a common evaluation method for those policies has been confined to Input-Output table analysis calculates not benefit only economic ripple effect as an output. Therefore, the purpose of this study is evaluation among those policies by benefit applying Computable General Equilibrium. We have already developed a basic model. In this study, we expand that model to be available for an evaluation of regional industrial policy.

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Many cities in Japan are facing such various problems as economic recession, population decrease, shortage of financial resource, decline in city centre, and global and local environment problems. Compact city policies are required in order to lessen those problems. However we do not have a method to examine what urban structure is optimal and how the urban structure can be achieved. In this study, the method was developed by expanding CUE model (Computable Urban Economics Model), which was developed by Mutou and Ueda et. al., to an optimization model with objective function of social surplus, and then a modified Fowkes's method was applied for the optimization problem. Finally the developed method was applied in Nagoya metropolitan area, and the optimal population distribution to be achieved by income subsidy to households was found, which proved the applicability of the developed method.

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In group decision making among the residents, they may reveal their preference with considering the others' revealed preference. This influences the process of group decision making. This study focuses on the interaction between group decision process and decision rule. As a result, even if the residents are homogenous in terms of preference, the residents reserve to reveal their preference under some rule. This suggests that it is impossible for those who are not participants to interpret the residents' preference by using the fact that they reserve to reveal their preference.

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This study aims to evaluate the allocation of public service facilities based on satisfactory distance of residents. In the traditional studies on allocation planning of facilities, most of them aim to search the optimum geographical location of it which is obtained by minimization of time or length to travel, therefore the models which are reflected residents' intentions are very few. Then the evaluation model which can consider the phychology of the facility users is constructed. As a result, it can be said the present allocation of facilities in the region as a whole has some problem.

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In this Paper, a method for estimating Chinese interregional input/output table is proposed and it is shown that Chinese input/output table in the province levels can be estimated by using 30 provincial input/output tables. As the results, it is cleared that economic development in the costal region depended upon the export and that it influenced to all other regions in China. In addition to this, it is shown that there is no relationship between provinces in inland regions, which is observed in the costal regions.

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A lot of land use models have been developed until now, since it is important that we predict the land use in urban planning. The location equilibrium model with the logit model which can consistently evaluate a project has been applied in various opportunities. However, people may take a deferent behavior at same situation, the location choice behavior has an ambiguity. In this study, we built the location equilibrium model with the fuzzy reasoning which can take the ambiguity of behavior. As the result, the model accurately caught the human behavior of location choice, therefore we showed that this model was one of the method which was able to evaluate an urban policy.

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When a respondent is faced with a two-scenario willingness-to-pay question, inconsistencies in answer are deemed to happen because of failure to discriminate between scenarios and elicitation format. This study investigates response biases by single and joint estimation of scenarios to account for correlation between responses. The models are applied to the valuation of the environmental impact of a road project with two alternative alignments on a cultural heritage site. Results show that if not addressed properly, these biases can cause misestimating contingent values.

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There are many researches on the CO₂ emissions calculation in the car transport section. However, their results are not consistent. There are two calculation methods. First method is to calculate by using the fossil fuel consumption data. Second method is to calculate by using the car mileage data. The first method is accurate more than the second one.Nevertheless, only the second method is used when evaluating the relationship between each social problem and CO₂ emissions from car transport. Therefore, in this paper, it is calculated with the second method, and its accuracy is evaluated by comparine with the first method.

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In this paper, comparison was made between electricity consumption in residential sector and automobile energy consumption in terms of urban form and life style. An extensive survey in Utsunomiya City revealed the following findings. The electricity consumption per capita shows a tendency that is higher in city center and lower in suburbs. This is due to the fact that the density of electric appliances per floor space tends to be higher in a small size house in city center. On the other hand, the amount of automobile energy consumption for resident is lower in city center than suburbs. But, little difference was found in the total of these two kinds of energy consumption between city center and suburbs.

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Half the number of population in the world lives in cities at the present. Almost social and economic activities concentrate in cities. After the industrial revolution, the emergence of cities has brought about great changes in our lives. The economic system in the twenties century has been achieved by mass production, mass consumption and mass dumping of wastes. To attain a sustainable society in the near future, we are forced to realign some of our urban systems.
In this paper, we try to develop a dynamic urban economic simulation model. The model is described as a social optimum problem based on the welfare economics. Appling the numerical computation of the optimal control theory, we derive the optimal solution. We must consider various aspects to evaluate the sustainability of urban systems. In this model, we focuses on main factors, social and environmental stock and land use regulation. In this simulation, 3 cases are simulated under a scenario. We try to show the impact of the compact city policy on the urban spatial system. The numerical simulation shows that the utility level increases when the urban form is re-concentrated.

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In dam removal project, dam manager may prefer to wait the others' removal and learn the impact of the environment by removal. If all managers in the basin have same preference, the dams cannot be removed efficiently. In this study, we model the dam removal project by use of game theory and dynamic programming. Then, we show that cost allocation method proposed in cooperative game theory can contribute to efficient dam removal. In addition, we propose the cost allocation scheme which enables the manager to apply theoretical result without complicated mathematical computation.

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The future population is estimated to decrease by the low birthrate in and after 2006 in Japan. We have to consider the problem of the population decreasing and the delay time of the facility development and the natural purification when planning the water environmental management (protection and improvement). In this study, we examined the timing of developing the wastewater treatment facility and analyzed the impact on the water quality, the production and the utility by the population decreasing. We made the sensitive analysis about which the utility is influenced by the population decreasing, the interest rate, the productivity and so on. As the result, we confirmed the necessity for constructing the wastewater treatment facility early and the impact on the water environmental management by the uncertain factors in the future.

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It is pointed out that underground space is very vulnerable to water invasion by the so-called “urban flood”. This study provides a time-series model connecting hydraulic process and train evacuation process so as to derive the best action at the train evacuation phase in any cases of water invasion. The model is verified by an example of the Tsurumai subway line of Nagoya City for implementing rational disaster prevention planning of subway.

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Since the recent flood disasters cannot be corresponded with the only hard measure based on the conventional facilities development, many municipalities are trying various soft measures. In this paper, we structured the planning support system of shelter location. This system can plan the shelter location from viewpoint of residents, because it has the structure which chooses a shelter depend on the preference of residents. We obviously show that it is important to plan the shelter location in consideration of the refuge behavior of the elderly household through several analyses.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the flood risk awareness of municipal employees. The analysis reported in this study was based on replies to a questionnaire survey administered to persons in the River Management Section and the Emergency Management Section. In general, we expected that, among those who responded to the survey, there would be differences in response between those who are employees of local government being higher level of flood risk and those who are employee of local government being lower level of flood risk. Accordingly, we made a clear distinction in analyzing the responses given by the two sides.
Our research question concerned awareness of flood risks and awareness of the needs to take measures against them. We made path diagrams based on their questions in all cases. The analysis results clearly showed that, in all cases, 1) they emphasize the risk of inland water flooding over that of foreland water flooding, 2) awareness of public demand and their own perception of flood risk relate almost equally to awareness of the needs to take measures against flood risks and 3) there is little con-elation between acceptance awareness of flood risk and perception of the needs to take measures against them.

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In this paper, we developed the fire spread-of-a-fire simulation system using the building information by digital survey data, and arranged the framework of the vehicles fire in consideration of the collapse building, and spread-of-a-fire risk analysis.

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The objective of this paper is to measure risk evaluation characteristics on the amount of loss and occurrence frequency, for seismic design of port facilities against earthquake risk. First, economic evaluation method on seismic design for port facilities considering freight transportation cost is developed. Then, risk evaluation characteristics are measured, for seismic design of container berth with gravity type quay-walls in Japan, resulted that evaluation characteristics on occurrence frequency is similar to the results in our past studies against other disaster risk, but that evaluation characteristics on amount of loss is different especially when large amount of loss happen.

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In this research, the attribute and the consciousness of a car-sharing members were analyzed based on the questionnaire result and use situation data. Most of users were young students, businessman and retired old people, the large majority of users are non-car-holders, and there are few members who even part with a privately-owned cars. The use purpose is mostly leisure and shopping and average use time is 3 hours. Consciousness changes to the system, such as charge and type of a car appeared, before and after the use.

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Social capital investments affect not only to investment region's economy but also to other regions economy. This means that demolished social capital stock by catastrophe cause economic damage all over the nation. To assessment these economic damage, we need to build new spatial computable equilibrium model in the context of the production function of social capital stock. In this study, we build these SCGE model and apply this model for assessment of Japanese earthquake.

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Although there is a drought together with an earthquake and a flood in disasters, recently, it has been hard to carry out the risk mitigation measures with the infrastructure facilities in Japan. On the other hand, there is still room for adjustment, because the drought risk has the difference between regions and between agents according to the geographical conditions and the historical background. In this study, we examined the allocation of drought risk considering not only efficiency but also equity, focusing on the saving water and water transfer between regions as the measures that do not depend on the infrastructure facilities. We show that the allocation of drought risk was well in a certain price of water transfer by comparison with the various cases using the social benefit and the differential income between regions respectively as indexes of efficiency and equity in simulation

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In this paper, we dealt with the process of urban development in Kyoto under the modernization. It focuses on the development process of railway systems forming main spatial frame of city and city facilities which functions as catalyst equipment of activities. This study classified different part of urban and suburban areas in modern Kyoto. It was characteristic that suburban area were recognized as space for “common scenery”, that main railway stations posted to boundary area, and that the electric tramway network sustained urban activities and facilities progressed along it. They constituted the city culture including “sightseeing” in suburban area.

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This paper explains the composition of the region around Gion-shrine, Kyoto in Edo era. After an analysis of old pictures and documents made in Edo era, the structure of its landscape was appeared The close of Gion-shrine consisted of 4 parts; a main premise, a back wood, and two gates with each town before them. Tow axes penetrated into this whole region creating relation with the areas, in which particular activities were arouse. As a whole, this region could be regarded to play a role of an effective boundary harmonizing the down town and the environment of the mountain.

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As a policy which solves city traffic congestion, although maintenance of a ring road is promoted, construction is not progressing in almost all cities. Although under these circumstances Sapporo took the time for about 70 years, maintenance of the ring road which is not a highway was realized for the first time in Japan. The arc road plan in which the reason which Sapporo Kanjo-dori ring road completed was based on an ideal and reality was a factor.
Moreover, there was thought of national defense, air defense, and fire prevention in the historical background of the plan.

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This study is designed to reveal the historic evolution of waterfront development in Japan. Specifically, researchers implemented a literature search concerning Tokyo from the Meiji Era to Earthquake Revival Period. As a result of the study, it was clarified that the historical context of the waterfront in Tokyo had area used in various functions.

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The purpose of the present paper is to make clear the process of the development. Historical Migration of River Couse in the Yoneshirogawa River system, basin in the early years of the Edo Period. Eight being buried house are confirmed in the Yoneshirogawa River system until now. As for the being buried house a mud flow accumulation thing accretion due to the flood as the sediment transport. It can think about a being buried house generation with the Heian Period former the building generation and Towada volcanic new eruption activities. A river course in the basin meandering from the existence of the being buried house. Threr was a being buried house at least, terrace side in about 6m low place from alluvial plain, development of paddy field. It can think with the thing that a river course became stable in the 1600' s from the time and so on. It contributed greatly, and community development was done for development of paddy field of the construction technology of flood control and water utilization.

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