This paper focuses exclusively on the aspect of natural disaster risk as local public goods. The paper points out the identical features between regional allocation problems of natural disaster risk and ones of general local public goods, while the main stress falls on the peculiar features that the models of natural disaster risk allocation are equipped. Moreover, roles of regional governments and a central government in natural disaster risk management are examined. The purpose of this paper is to systematize the issues and the problems in regional allocation of natural disaster risk and introduce the future directions of the studies in this field.

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Also in the conventional studies, the quantitative evaluations of expressway network have been implemented. However, in these studies, it is not considered that the evaluation results depend on the construction process. Thus, it is not made clear whether or not the state-wised construction process of the expressway network in Japan was the optimum.
Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the actual construction process of the expressway network in Japan, by comparing the actual process with the optimum process based on the long-range evaluation of the network and the process based on the evaluation of each project at each implementation step.

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In this paper, our purpose is exploring the existence and the cause of critical public attitudes toward public works projects. Therefore, we formed hypotheses of causal relationships about the psychological factors that affect attitudes toward public works projects based on political psychology, social psychology, and the knowledge of the existing research about mass media. As a result of a survey (N=680), the hypotheses are proved. Furthermore, from the result of analysis, it is proved that mass media affects the public opinion about public works projects.

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In this paper, the possibility of traffic safety education using Transaction Analysis which is a method for mental treatment was examined. The causal relation among drivers' character, accident experience, and driving characteristic was clarified. And, the usefulness of Transactional Analysis in the traffic safety education was described.

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At the initial stage of planning conflict over infrastructure projects, players propose game form each other, and finally share the same game form. Once non-appropriate game form is shared, alternatives for agreement will be limited. In this paper, such iireversibility of planning conflict is focused on, and the model for describing players' behaviors at the initial stage. First, we constructed the model where players take actions depending on action norms. Then we analyze players' strategic choices of action norms. and find the relationshin between the types of planning conflicts and outcomes.

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The establishment of an effective track maintenance method is a very important issue for the stability, of train riding comfort, cost reduction management, and soon. This paper examines the “Wavelet theory” as an analyzing tool for detecting specified information of the track such as evenness-irregularity data. Moreover, space-frequency and multiresolution analysis are performed using the trackirregularity inspection data at the medium wavelength domain. And the potentialities of this theory of the future evenness evaluation methods are discussed. Furthermore, the self-similarity and the process of deterioration and restoration on the tracks are discussed by the continuous wavelet transform.

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Recently, It has become more common to use a computable general equilibrium model for evaluation of social capital investment policy. This is because that planner wants to know not only social net benefit, but also benefit incidence and cost burden of the project. However, when using CGE model in the urban area, the following issues are concerned.
(1) Input-Output data in urban area, being the base data in CGE analysis, do not actually exist.
(2) Closed economy assumption, which is the basis in conventional CGE model, cannot be applied to the analysis of urban area.
We have already developed an estimation method for urban area Input-Output table using non-survey. The purpose of this study is developed the CGE model in the context of open economy assumption. We apply this model to evaluate urban transportation policy.

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This paper presents a method for use in the construction of a 47 region-interregional input-output table at the prefecture level in Japan using intraregional input-output tables. When input-output tables are constructed, Estimation of interregional trade coefficients is important. In this study, we propose a method for estimation of interregional trade using a distribution census. The input-output table presented in this study is extremely precise.

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In this paper, we consider the methodology of benefit measurement of transportation improvement under the core-periphery model, which has market distortion and multi-equilibrium. The result shows that when the transportation improvement takes a discontinuous path; i. e., it involves a jump from an equilibrium to another equilibrium, the traditional methodology cannot be applied. In that case, the method shown in this paper is useful. In addition, we examine how to use project evaluation under the existence of multik-equilibdum.

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In this paper, it was discussed whether the school educational program using teaching materials of public works can be justified, based on the basic concept of Japanese Governmental teaching guide and the fundamental findings and theories in educational psychology. It was concluded that the teaching materials of public works would be appropriate because to know public works that would enhance social welfare may increase public spirits and the educational program which help students to commit themselves to the public problems voluntarily have been developed.

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For local governments in cold, snowy regions, snow removal is an important public service. The cost of snow removal fluctuates greatly each year, since it is influenced by snowfall. This study proposes to apply risk financing for snow and ice control project, especially snow removal service of Sapporo in order to hedge the risk of snow removal cost fluctuation. We show how insurance and derivative can level the snow removal cost fluctuation.

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This paper provided the economic evaluation of AHS with conjoint analysis, in order to measure not only effect occurring from the reduced traffic accidents but also the impacts given to drivers' mental part. In this study, we applied the non-linear utility functions, CES type, Sugeno fuzzy integral and Choquet fuzzy integral, to the linear utility function in the precious conjoint analysis. From the results of mathematical simulation, we clarified that the onset effects for the introducing two type AHS are gotten by CES type analysis, and the offset effects are obtained by fuzzy integral type analysis. And we expressed the range of AHS introduced benefits through the simulation analysis.

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This study has proposed an economic valuation model to distinguish between the independent effect and the synergy effect of plural public works in the framework of conjoint analysis, and proposed a new method to allot the synergy effect to each project. From a case study on economic valuation of public works in the remoter mainly rural districts, the result indicates that there exist not only the positive value but also negative value of the synergy effect. When we pay attention to allotment of the synergy effect of each two project, it seems that the allotment ratio does not depend on the ratio of the independent effect of each project.

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Under the Civil Law in Japan, the contractors shall be under strict liability for defective work, while they shall be under liability with negligence under the common law of England and the United States of America. In this paper, “good faith” which characterize the contractual environment of Japan is focused upon as the institutional complement condition. We point out that strict liability rule makes more efficient than negligence rule under the premise of “good faith”. Moreover, we give some prospects as to the construction contracts in Japan.

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Land readjustment projects in built up area have severe problems such as extension of period and increase of cost, because this kind of projects requires many relocations. Land readjustment management of construction and relocation, which can calculate the minimal cost by using CPM is necessary. For using CPM, sequence of constructions and relocations is required. Common sequence should be given previously.
In this paper, a questionnaire survey was carried out to investigate the common sequence for the model projects. The sequence obtained from questionnaire was applied to a virtual project which includes the object of break relocation method. Finally, the usability of proposed sequence was proved by a model case study.

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The purpose of this study is to build an CGE model in the context of OLG model in order to evaluate optimal policy rules for provision of social overhead capital. The model includes a capital stock both of social overhead and private sections among economical behavior of industry and household, and evaluates economical effects of the two kinds of capital stocks. The model can explain productivity effects of social overhead capital, intergenerational income distribution effect of public loan, and substitutability between public service and social overhead capital. Empirical simulation based on macroeconomical data reveals the relationship between policy changes and social welfares, and the relationship between change of social economical conditions and optimal policy rule.

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The individuals are faced with two types of uncertainty when they are expected to vote the best alternative for a certain project. In this paper, an incomplete information game is formulated to investigate communication processes between a government and an individual. The model describes how the individual is motivated to believe what the government says. Alternative message systems are presented in order to encourage the individual to trust the government. It is shown that the infomation systems to verify whether the individual's interests are congruent upon the government's ones can induce the individual to make the rational choice of the project alternatives.

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The government is required to be accountability clearly about the priorities of construction route by the citizens. In this paper, we applied to help the decision making of construction route priorities, and analyzed the construction route priorities in rural areas that are only produced less traffic volume and benefits as Net Present Value (NPV). So, we incorporated the adjusted cost-benefit analysis (CBA) with regional weighting due to deal the differences of each region explicitly. As the result, we showed that changing the construction route priorities might occur with rural areas by using the adjusted CBA.

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Since 1996 Community Zones in every region of the country have been maintained, and have reported a variety of positive results. However, some problems have arisen, which can be divided into three categories: 1. Technical problems for improving existing access roads, including controlling automobile traffic. 2. Process problems for residents' participation. 3. Problems of social equity. Focusing on problems 2 and 3, we have surveyed residents in three areas of Nagoya. We analyzed the surveys using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Covariance Structure Analysis. This analysis revealed the level of awareness residents had of the Community Zone project as well as the value they placed on it.

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Today, many people hope improvements of pedestrian spaces. And, because of social condition, efficient investment is necessary public works. However, benefits of the pedestrian space improvements have not been estimated quantitatively and synthetically.
In this paper, we estimated benefits of the pedestrian space improvements quantitatively and synthetically, dividing ‘the benefit of the pedestrian environment improvement’, including not only use value but also non-use value. Further we estimated ‘impact on traffic’, and ‘impact on commercial activity’, and estimated the benefit of improvements of the pedestrian space svnthetically.

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District Planning (DP) has been introduced in a lot of the Land Readjustment Project (LRP) Area by landowers' association at suburbs for restricting land use activities. This paper studies application situation and actual condition of DP in the LRP Areas by landowners' association at suburbs in the whole country. As results of the study, the introduction effects of DP are clarified and some proposals for improvement of application situation in LRP Area are described.

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This paper intends to find out and analyze the status of floor area ratios set for the downtown, dispersion of satisfactory floor area ratios, determinants for the satisfactory floor area ratios of Seomyeon in Busan, Korea. It also aims to clarify influences of the determinants on the extent of satisfaction. Through these examinations, this study purports to evaluate effectiveness of floor area ratio restriction and also to provide fundamental information necessary for finding out ways to make improvements. The results from this study are as follows.(1) The average Realization Ratio of the floor area ratio in Seomyeon, Busan is 0.51.(2) In terms of the subject of development, highest Realization Ratio is found in many individuals and individuals rather than companies and public organizations. In terms of the building use, the highest Realization Ratio is found in business facilities (0.577) and commercial facilities (0.515).(3) It is front road width that has the biggest influence on Realization Ratio of floor area ratio. Analysis by Infrastructure Ratio shows that building use has the biggest influence.

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This study aims to measure the effect of utilization of underutilized land by using the land price model on concept of the rank-size distribution. It was clarified that the land price model on concept of the rank-size distribution gave the stable evaluation on a time-series, although the general hedonic model gave the unstable evaluation. When attributes of the model are selected in consideration of buffering on the GIS, the effect of attributes is evaluated only in that buffering area. The land price model is, then, extended to the form, which could evaluate the difference in influence of attributes accompanying distance. As a result, the impact of effective utilization of underutilized land is measured quantitatively.

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In this paper, considered the role of the university persons concerned, the river persons concerned, the educational persons concerned, or a specialist carefully. It was considered by “the series of the study exchange WS”, and it elaborated the plan and was held by the educational persons concerned and the river persons concerned A study grasped the theme and necessity for “The period for Integrated Study” for having used the river. And it becomes clear that the school staffneeds the information about the river which the river persons concerned and the specialist have by it.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the features of planning process, negotiation among the governments on national, regional, and municipal levels, and the public involvement in regional planning in Denmark. The major findings are as follows: 1) The regional councils have the responsibility for planning. The regional plan is revised every four years. 2) The upper governments may control local autonomy, which is called ‘Framework control’. 3) Various measures are utilized for promoting public involvement. 4) Denmark has the problems such as large-scale retail shops outside cities, depopulation in countryside, which give useful information for planning in Japan.

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This paper aims to review the transport planning system in England and to discuss its implication to Japan. Recently many new transport policies have been introduced into England since the New Labor Party headed by Prime Minister Blair started in 1997. For instance, the transport planning in regions is one of the most important issues in the new transport policy, because the regionalism is a key trend in terms of decentralization of the United Kingdom. We review the present England's transport planning system and analyze their strong and weak points. Then, we discuss how Japan's transport system should be in the context of revision of the national plannins system.

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In Japan, mom than one alternate paths exist for many intercity OD pairs. This paper proposed amethod to evaluate improvements of rail/air network, considering alternate paths. In order tobuild the evaluation method, route choise model was estimated using modal split data, and gravity model was estimated using aggregated utilities of available routes for the OD pair. Rail/air network improvement was evaluated by consumer's surplus based on two models above. The method was applied to the following two network improvement senarios: Speed increase of Tokaido-Shinkansen and increase in the number of flights between maijor cities. Annual benefits for each pair of inter-regional passenngers were caluclated.

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This research has grasped the value, which a citizen holds for the preservation of a natural tidal flat and the reclamation an artificial tidal flat of Ise Bay and Tokyo Bay. Consequently, the value of Fujimae-higata and an artificial tidal flat in Ise Bay for the Nagoya residents were approximately ¥9000 and ¥5000, for the Edogawa residents were both approximately ¥3000, for the Sendai residents were approximately ¥3000 and ¥2000. Moreover, the value of Sanbanze and an artificial beach in Tokyo Bay for the dogawa residents were both approximately ¥7000, for the Nagoya residents were approximately ¥3000 and ¥2000.

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In Kitakyushu, the site which exceeds from the environmental standard value for over 6db (A) in the arterial road at the night exists for about 30%. Authors notice the utilization of sound insulation ability such as stone wall and block fence of the roadside as the countermeasure. However, the noise reduction depends on positional relation among sound source, top of wall and observation point. It is better of the theoretical examination which can assume various situations than the experimental examination. Authors have already reported the calculation method of noise reduction by the wall and equivalent level noise from mad traffic. Purposes of this study are as follows. A) By practical vehicle driving experiment, it is verified that the calculation method which authors have already reported can also apply to the calculation of noise reduction of stone wall and block fence. B) The possibility of the noise reduction over 6db (A) is judged by the utilization of stone wall and block fence with the height seen in the roadside.

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The purpose of this study is provision of the basic data about the reduction effect of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration in the roadside air by tighter control on exhaust emissions from automobiles. On the study, it was predicted the environmental quality standards of NO₂ and SPM will be attained in general by 2020.

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Many vehicles scraped in Japan are exported to East Asia as used cars, used parts and materiaL These vehicles cause environmental problems due to change of operation environment, inadequate inspection system ad lack of proper recycling at the usage and disposal stage in East Asia This paper aims to develop on estimation method of vehicle ownership and end vehicle scrap considering interregional used car flows. First, we devise the estimation method and examine accuracy of this method using Japan data Next, we analyze an impact of vehicle ownership and vehicle scrap on income, dismantler cost and transport cost through inter-regional used car flows using this method.

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This study aims to evaluate the risk of chronic mortality in monetary term from road transport using CVM. In this study, the value of mortality risk is defined as losing one year from life expectancy. Mortality risk due to air pollution is set to be linear with age. The value of the risk is estimated, although the sample size was limited. The results indicate the importance of carefully setting the lifespan in survey design.

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The conflict between people insisting on environment and people insisting on development comes to be seen frequently. Management of such conflict and inducing consensus between them must be considered on a future development project. Without such understanding, appropriate development would not be achieved. In this paper, people are defined as groups categorized by some features, and assumed to have distribution of opinions. Then, the conflict incidental to development project is modeled as interactive phenomenon of conflict situation and residents' opinion distribution between development and environment Through the model analysis, it can be seen how the conflict would reach stable states.

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Water transfer has not been commonly used to reduce drought risk because it is difficult to resolve the conflict among the water users. This study focuses that this conflict can be resolved by introducing the incentive mechanism to transfer water. Specifically, we design the contract over the water transfer by use of game theory and dynamic programming. Under this contract, we show that water users contract so as to minimize the total expected discount cost from now to infinite horizon. Numerical examples show that the number of the drought can be decreased when water users obey the optimal contract policy.

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It is difficult that the risk control such as the structure constructions only mitigate the catastrophic flood disaster. So, we have to carry out the integrated flood risk management including the non-construction measures as the land use regulation and the risk finance as flood disaster insurance. In this paper, we structured the model that integrate the location equilibrium model and the runoff-inundation model for evaluating the integrated flood risk management. And it was shown through the simple simulations that this model is able to comprehensively evaluate the integrated flood risk management, especially, the disaster insurance systems, the land use regulations and the flood controls.

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The law of large number does not work well for catastrophic risks hie great earthquake. Insurance companies which provide insurance based on accuracy fair insurance may face high possibility of insolvency. Therefore, there is a need to share risk to every different area which makes insurance structure contain too much dimensions which can not be solved by ordinary mathematical programming methods. This paper shows the way how to create a hybrid design model which consists of earthquake damage simulation and stochastic optimization calculation to solve the above problem. A numerical experiment illustrates its applicability for real world problem by designing earthquake insurance structure of the pilot area.

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In this paper, we formulate the emergent water supply problem as a compound problem of a facility location problem to determine water supplying points, and a vehicle routing problem. The former is a problem minimizes the number of supplying water points with the condition of covering of all residence place within the limit distance for water carrying. The latter is a problem which makes minimizes the total vehicle distance to distnbute water to all water supplying points determined above the facility location problem. Using heuristic methods, a calculation procedure to propose efficient water supply work in an emergency is established. We propose a sensitivity analysis based on this procedure to investigate the influence of the destructions of water storages and bridges on the water supply work is calculated, and the effect of the pre-disaster earthquake-proof countermeasures for these facilities. The applicability of the method is illustrated by a case study in the Saijo area in Higashi-Hiroshima City.

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In this paper, in order to examine the factors which affect the people's importance beliefs about administrative and self-help measures for disaster prevention and their causal relationships, we sent out the questionnaires for the citizen of Kyoto city and tested hypotheses.
As a result of the statistical test, it was shown that the disaster risk cognition affects the importance beliefs about administrative and self-help measures for disaster prevention, and the knowledge about an earthquake affects the disaster risk cognition. And, further, the knowledge about an earthquake affects the importance beliefs directly.

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This study aims to estimate the flooding areas by Tsunami in Susaki city and analyze the escape behavior of citizen using GIS, and also to evaluate the current refuge facilities in terms of their location. Using the results of analysis, the number of people suffering is calculated and the dangerous areas when Tsunami descends on are shown. The results of this study are very useful when the location plan of refuge facilities is discussed in which the number of people suffering is minimized.

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In order to analyze past and future loss caused by natural disaster, it is important to know potential loss which could be brought about if the spatial and temporal scenario of disaster occurence were changed. Spatial and temporal distribution of human activity is one of the important factors which can influence on the potential loss. Especially this research focuses on the fact that the human activity is related to an SAR activity after disaster, and we developed the SAR model considering people's behaviors after the earthquake, characterized by age, residential location, and spatial and temporal activity location. Then, an SAR simulator system is constructed to simulate potential losses of human lives depending on both the time of the occurrence of the hazard and the place of human activities by combining the developed SAR model and spatial-temporal database. As a result of case study in Nagata, Chuo in Kobe, influence of spatial temporal distribution of human activity was estimated quantitatively.

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The purpose of this study is to point out an attitude to practice travel study about traffic pollutions and show effectiveness and problems to be solved of travel study about traffic pollutions. The characteristic of this study is to pay attention that a child makes a discovery through an investigation of traffic and environmental situation. The results of this study clearly shows that travel study lead to a discovery of usual behavior and a proposal of transportation problems.

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It is reappraised from the ecological viewpoint for the scene formation whose building blocks had area nature in the engineering-works field. Moreover, events, such as civic building-blocks experience, come to be performed in various places, and civic concern is also increasing. However, the talented people with the technology run short, and education is not performed in university education. Then, in this paper, in order to examine the possibility of building-blocks technical training towards a citizen or a student, building-blocks practice for students was performed in a tentative way a total of 4 times for 45.5 hours, and the possibility of the future production of a training program was clarified from there. It is restoration of the building blocks which performed practice in the terraced farm of Misato-mura, Tokushima, and were stacked before Taisho Era.

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This study attempts to prove property of perceptual stability of Coastal Landscape through psychological experiment. 3 pillars with different distance or size drawn on ocean and check surface are shown to examinees to guess difference of size. Then, we analyzed relationship between percentage of correct answers and similitude ratio or distance ratio, through cross analysis.
It proves that ocean surface makes perceptual stability lower, compared with the case of check, and that ocean surface makes objects located with farther distance perceived smaller. Furthermore, logit analysis permits estimation of contribution of each variable to percentage of correct answers.

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In this paper, the landscape with a mountain road was interpreted from a new viewpoint of composition of nature and road. From this viewpoint, relation between perceptual process and landscape evaluation was revealed. For this, perceptual process of roadscape elements was analyzed by a tachistoscopic experiment, Landscape evaluation with a mountain road was analyzed by a SD method experiment. Major finding are as follows: 1. Roadscape with cut slopes or retaining walls resembled nature visually, was evaluated highly. 2. Roadscape with road structures united with road visually, was also evaluated highly. The former is existing finding and the latter is new finding. These results showed clearly attributed to the viewpoint.

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The purpose of this paper was to describe the walker's experience across the river in urban area by the score of image. This experience is formed by visual changes. They have three points of view, “Possibility”, “Recognition”, “Directivity”. This paper surveyed five bridges, including approach, in Sirakawa-River of Kumamoto-City, and took pictures of move direction and right-angle direction. Respective pictures were sorted to six elements based on the above-mentioned viewpoints, and the area-ratios were plotted to graphs. Through analysis of the graphs, important features, which give suggestion to city and river design, were pointed out.

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Design with human recognition is very important for human square and plaza. In this paper, the relation between human behavior and places was observed in square and plaza. As a result,
1. Eleven types of place, in the human common recognition in square and plaza were identified, and they are overlapping behavior as place to eat and read, place to drink and read, place only to read, et. al.
2. Basic pattems of physical element showing the differences among types were identified, and they are on a location, place and structure.
3. A location and place had an impact upon human recognition more than structures.
4. Relation between the subtleties of pattem and the change in types and behavior were shown clearly.

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This paper aims to reveal the design for a development on the northeast part of ‘Yoshidayama’ by a man of prosperity in the modem era. The upper area was set as a wide garden for tea-ceremonies, using the hill's terrain. Exceptionally around the tea-houses plenty of view-points were created by manipulating terrains to enjoy the transition of scenery. The lower area was set as a high-quality residential zone, formed on stair-like platforms. It is identified that these areas create a proper order when people approach toward nature, by manipulation of terrains and composition of architecture, gardens, and paths.

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In city planning workshop is often carried out in recent years. In the Nagaoka-naka park workshop held in Minami-ku, Fukuoka-city, the technique of the non-determining process planning was adopted from basic plan to construction. The aim of this research is to show the validity of process planning and the problems concerning workshop. It became clear through this research that it is necessary to correspond flexibly for agreement of participants, etc. Moreover, the change for suitable administration system, and the cognition of a workshop are essential in order to spread the workshop. The planning technique, needed for planning of the public space for the future, is shown by the durable procedure.

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Urban landscape is largely affected by land-use patterns, the design of individual buildings, and the spatial harmony among these buildings. In this paper, we have developed a building spatial distribution model for visualizing urban space in blocks. In this model, it is assumed that the developers determine rebuilding and a choice of building type (i. e., land-use type and building height) according to the expected profit. Their decision probability is formulated by disaggregate logit model with explanatory variable of the expected benefit. Then the simulation method and its algorithm are developed. Finally, the validity test of the model is implemented in blocks in the city center of Nagoya.

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