This paper discusses on the design works of Masayoshi Kabashima (1878-1949), one of the famous bridge engineers in the modern period of Japan, for the pourpose of showing characteristics of his design thinking and examines where we should place the significance of his design methodology in the modern history of Japanese bridge design. The most important works of Kabashima is urban bridges design in Tokyo city, Kaji-bashi bridge, Gohuku-bashi bridge etc. In these works Kabashima showed the design method to create bridge appearances or landscape based on the understanding of the placeness which is reached by reading the urban context. The usual design method of urban bridges in Meiji era was to put some ornaments on bridge structures like plate girders or trusses, so his methodology based on the values of urban spaces and landscapes not on only ornaments can be placed as an epoch in the modern history of Japanese bridge design.

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This paper compares the resource allocation with the activity diary data of Tokyo, Japan and Karlsruhe, Germany. First, we compare the time and money budget allocation between two cities. The analysis shows that the people in Tokyo prefer engaging in the out-of-home leisure on a non-work day to the people in Karlsruhe. Then, we analyze the values of travel time saving (VTTS) in private travel for leisure in the two cities. The analysis results show that the ratio of VTTS to average wage rate is two to five in Tokyo whereas the ratio is almost onein Karlsruhe. These differences may reflect the preference in leisure activities, leisure facilities and transportation facilities of the two cities.

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Recently, society needs more efficient public investments because of the financial difficulty in both of the central and the local governments. To make an efficient public investment plan, planner should understand quantitative structure of benefit incidence and cost burden of the local public investments. In this study, we propose measurement methods of benefit incidence and cost burden of the local public investments between regions. Finally, we apply this model to Japanese capital investment policy in order to understand the policy target of national spatial planning in Japan.

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In long range National Development Plan of Japan, several indices were used to describe the accessibility of nation-wide intercity network. Round-Trip-Area within a Day (RTA-D), defined as the set of destination area, which is accessible by one round trip in a day from given origin area is one of the frequently used indexes. This paper aims to empirically analyze the effect of its expansion on business passenger trips and on locations of business establishments. Estimation of a Logarithm Tobit model showed that RTA-D significantly affects on intercity business trips. Estimation of Wilson type disequilibria model showed that the business trip generation can be considered as potential for location of business establishments, while attracted trips mean leakage of that potential. Simulation analysis also showed that asymmetrical improvements of RTA-D results in concentration of business establishments in the origin areas, while symmetric improvements stimulates the business location in local areas.

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It has become common to use a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for evaluation of transportation investment, recently. In this study, we apply Dynamic Spatial CGE model to the prediction of transportation demand. SCGE model has some advantages to use for the prediction of transportation demand compared to using four-step method. Firstly, we summarize the advantage of SCGE model from ex-post evaluation point of view and propose a methodology for ex-post evaluation of the prediction of transportation demand. And, we apply this method to estimate the transportation demand in Japan.

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In this study, the work of Transport Accessibility Improvement in Suita city was evaluated by CVM. We confirmed the following. The WTP>0 answers in which the negative reciprocal motive for the local government works his WTP exist. The negative reciprocal motive of individual WTP>0 answers may affect median WTP. When we evaluate the value of the public work by CVM, it is necessary to exclude not only the underestimated WIP=0 answers but also the underestimated WTP>0 answers.

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This paper studied the results of employing the Internet-based response method for a person trip survey of the Northern Kyushu area First, the survey system was put in order and described. Next, with regard to the survey results, the Internet-based response rate, the structure of respondents' attributes, and the respondents' trip characteristics were analyzed to understand the effect of employing the Internet-based survey method. Furthermore an analysis was performed on the use of the Internet-based response method. As the results, we were able to confirm the effectiveness of the Internetbased response method employed for person trip survey.

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Pareto improvement can be achieved by congestion toll policy if toll revenue is appropriately redistributed to users. However, such redistribution is very difficult particularly if users are heterogeneous. This paper analyzes Pareto improvement conditions of the first-best policy optimizing both congestion toll and road investment against the policy optimizing only road investment with tax financing the investment. The results of the analysis show the existence of Pareto improvement and that the Pareto improvement conditions depend on the ratios of value of time, inverse demand function and population between high-income and low-income users.

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In this study, a discrete choice logit model was developed to estimate location choice probabilities by lkm2-mesh for regional logistics facilities within Tokyo Metropolitan Region, using the Tokyo Metropolitan Region Freight Survey data in 2003. The study also analyzes policies to direct the location for such facilities. Consequently likelihood of logistics facility location was estimated in the areas around expressway interchanges (IC) currently under construction. It was estimated through calculating location probabilities by mesh using the location choice model.

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This paper studies real option problems with stochastic interest rates and the tam structure of interest rates. Numerical experiments reveal that both threshold value of the project cashflow and option value show wrong value in the conventional methods with deterministic interest rates. For a typical example, threshold value of the project cashflow is about 5 times larger than that in the conventional methods, and the option value is about 4 times larger than that in the conventional model. We conclude that we need considering stochastic interest rates and the term structure of interest rates, when we deal with real estate investment problems.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify how to develop people's trust in the government. The scenario experiment was conducted to verify a cognitive process model for trust development which was proposed in previous research (Fujii, 2006). As a result of the regression analyses, the hypotheses were supported.
These results imply that at first, although the people watches an administrative reliability action with eyes of suspicion, if people understand that the government perform public works to bring up social benefits, a crisis of collapse of trust would be avoided.

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In Japan in recent years, the agreement formation which aims at decentralization of responsibility and clarification of responsibility has increased. In such inside, its attention was paid to consensus building process as practiced in the US. So, the example of Tokushima town is taken up in this research. By this research, participatory observation and hearing investigation were conducted. We study on participants' evaluation of organizing and managing a citizen's committee in Japan by a third party.

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We conducted a fundamental study for automatically abstracting citizens' interest toward infrastructure project by using interrogative sentences of the open-ended text data from public involvement activities. We also focused on features of the text, particles, adverbs and expression of sentence end. A Support Vector Machine-based automatic abstracting system was developed and applied to interrogative sentences from citizens in various PI methodologies. It is found that the interest by citizens were automatically classified into the following four categories named “Asking”, “Claiming”, “Dissatisfaction” and “Objection”.

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This study paid attention to the difference of WTP (Willingness to Pay) by the difference of payment unit in CVM (Contingent Valuation Method), and measured the discount ratio which was based on difference between the Annual WTP and the Life WTP, by applying the discount function which was discussed well in behavioral economics as psychological approach. Then, we discussed the time preference of people and the validity of current discount ratio (4% annually) which is being used in evaluation of public works in Japan. This result pointed out the problem that the current discount ratio may have the possibility of over-estimation and/or under-estimation of total benefit which depend on conditions.

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There is an urban policy called 'Transit Mall' which restricts vehicle access to central areasand reserves main roads in central areas only for pedestrians and public transport. In this paper, we have worked on this'Transit Mall' and estimated the effect to people's shopping destination choice when the policy is introduced. More precisely, we built a destination choice model and estimated the value of the introduction. Then, we put the value into the destination choice model and estimated how trips to the city centre would change under the assumed condition. From the result, 'Transit Mall' has a potential to increase the number of people coming to the city centre for their shopping.

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The introduction of LRT is advanced as a solution of the traffic problem in Europe and America. A new introduction of LRT is being examined by Utsunomiya City in Tochigi prefecture. At this occasion, We study on introducing of Transit Oriented Development (TOD), which is effective for promotion of utilization of public transportation. In the case of analysis, We compared the place along railway-tracks population etc, 12 cities in Western countries and Utsunomiya City. The concept of the method of classifying TOD was constructed from overseas example and the TOD concept of P. Calthope. Utsunomiya City was investigated and analyzed by the basic concept. As a result, We proposed some models of TOD which is suitable for each area for Utsunomiya city.

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In this paper, we discussed what kind of city is the ideal city where a company harmonizes with a community through an international comparative study of two typical automobile industry cities in Japan and Germany, Toyota and Wolfsburg. Furthermore, we discussed that, in order to build this kind of city, what kind of roles for the company are expected from the community when considering the company as a corporate citizen. Here, the comparative study was implemented on the basis of the different backgrounds, such as a difference of industry structure and a difference of the view of the land use in the two countries. As compared with Wolfsburg, since urbanization and motorization advanced very quickly in a short time period, Toyota City is thought that planning consideration was not completed. From now on as a corporate citizen, the company is expected to participate in city planning positively and contribute to the community so that to realize the harmonizing society.

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The purpose of this study is to suggest indexes to evaluate the pattern of urban retreat and development in the district. To analyze features of urban retreat and urban sprawl, indexes were applied on three different types of residential zones. Results showed, that features of urban retreat are different in different types of residential zones. In particular, it is clarified that urban retreat goes disorderly in a these there residential zone types.

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It is known that the model that expresses the city accumulation phenomenon by the change of transportation cost has multiple equilibria for two or three cities. However, there is no research on the pattern of spatial accumulation and decentralization of the population when the number of cities was increased further. In this research, the numerical analysis procedure based on computational bifurcation theory is carried out on the Core-Periphery model for many cities with the same population that are located evenly on a circle. As a result, complex bifurcation behaviors of the model has successfully been traced by means of this procedure.

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We propose a novel long-term migration dynamics that can overcome the equilibrium indeterminacy of Core-Periphery (CP) model a la Krugman [1991d] This goal is achieved by introducing uncertainty of economic environment into CP model with forward-looking migration dynamics. We first disclose that the equilibrium condition of migration dynamics can be represented as a NCP (Nonlinear Complementarity Problem) and then develop an efficient solution algorithm for the problem. We demonstrate from a numerical experience that an equilibrium path of migration dynamics can be uniquely determined in accordance with each stochastic sample path.

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The potential index is defined to discuss the cooperative development of railway station and local area (surrounding zone) in Kansai urban region. The database relating with railway station and area is established based on the national census, PT survey and so forth. The index indicating the potential capability of development is discussed and the calculation process for the potential of railway station is proposed. Collaborating with railway companies, the potential estimation system for potential of railway station with pair comparison such as AHP is developed. The collaborative development of the station and area can discussed for some railway stations. Finally, the different types of potential capability of development can be summarized in Kansai region.

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In this paper, we studied the effects of compact city policy on infrastructure maintenance cost such as water supply and sewage systems. Defining compact city policy as the policy which increases population density, we estimated how much reduction in infrastructure maintenance cost would be expected if such policy was adopted. According to our study, the policy would save about 71 billion yen annually in 2030. However, we also noted that the number of the people who will be exposed to the risk of earthquake attack might increase if compact city policy is adopted without paying attention to it.

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In this paper, we proposed a scenario simulation system for evacuation planning in urban areas at earthquake based on Petri-net simulator. Firstly, we construct fundamental Petri-net models to describe four parts of evacuation scenario at earthquake and show they are easily refined, expanded by connecting Petrinet components, based on both commonness of them and driving rules of nets. Secondly, we construct obstruction nets brought by fall down of buildings and by fire spreading. Finally, we demonstrate several scenario simulations, and discuss necessity of evacuation drills imbedded obstructions coursed by quake.

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This study provides a framework for quantitative analysis for cost-benefit of anti-seismic reinforcement, using geographical information systems (GIS) and the user equilibrium with variable demand (UE/VD) traffic assignment model. In our framework, seismic intensity maps are estimated by using GIS, corresponding to 23 earthquake scenarios that are supposed around the Kobe urban network. Probabilities such that a road bridge is damaged by an earthquake are evaluated from the seismic intensity map and the fragility curve for each road bridge. The social benefit loss for each earthquake scenario is evaluated by using UE/VD applied to a maximum-likelihood damage network conditional to the scenario.

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Fails of lifeline supplies are triggered by many factors such as natural disasters. Development of their impact assessments and countermeasure methodologies for each trigger are critical tasks in disaster risk management of lifeline systems. Therefore, this paper conducted the CVM type of economic impact survey on local residents, considering the multiple lifeline (electricity, gas, water) disruption scenarios, which is peculiar to the earthquake disaster case. One of the obtained results is that WTP for avoiding all the lifeline disruptions produces larger values than the sum of WTPs for avoiding individual lifeline disruption respectively.

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In high risk regions against natural hazard, there are disaster cultures that are knacks to reduce damages from disaster. This study revealed the actual situation of tsunami disaster culture in the coastal region to take the relation between parents and their children into consideration. As the results, the occasions that parents havetold about tsunami to their children have decreased, and children have not known how to evacuate from tsunami. In addition, we have proposed to carry out disaster education at school as the method for rooting the disaster culture in coastal regions.

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This paper proposes a methodology to valuate mental damage in a flood disaster with CVM and covariance structure models. The mental damage which the victims receive in a flood disaster is essentially unobservable. Hence, the set of mental damage are expressed as quantitative variables in the form of structural concepts, which are used as explanatory variables of victims' utility function in order to measure their mental damage. The structural concepts of mental damage are regarded as outputs of the psychological production structure of stresses, which is modeled by a covariance structure model. The applicability of the methodology presented in this paper is investigated by an application example.

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This paper focuses on the principal's ex-post unobservablity of housing quality after the construction. If the principal expects that the agent takes an opportunistic action, she would not offer the contract in the first place. We analyzed the performance-based contract to solve this problem, and proved that with the framework of performance-based contract, the social optimal contract can be concluded between the principal and the agent. Furthermore, we clarified the effect of inspection accuracies on the efficiency and possibility of the contract agreement.

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In the view of social needs of low years, the appropriate corporate disaster risk management is required to firms. In this paper, we aim socially desirable implementation of disaster mitigation investment and proper fulfillment of corporate stock prices. We analyse the model representing managers' voluntary actions of disaster mitigation investment and risk disclosure. In conclusion, we denote that the aims are accomplished through the disclosure both information of disaster mitigation investment and disaster risk level which their firms are exposed. And more, when either of these disclosures is lacked, the variance with socially desirable disaster mitigation investment can be occurred.

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In this paper, methodological development are attempted to survey and estimate the economic loss of industrial sect or in the disaster-affected region. In specialty, double counting problem of direct and indirect economic loss are focused on, which is pointed out but not much investigated in the previous works. As a result, it is theoretically shown that the sum of profit loss and recovery cost in each anonymous term can be the consistent measure of economic loss avoiding the double cou nting problem. The methodology is applied to the economic loss survey in the mid-niigata region, which was damaged by th e serious damage, and total economic loss in the region was estimated.

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The questionnaire about 15kinds of preparedness to flood disaster was carried out to residentswho live flood basin area, we analyzed the gap between flood risk awareness and self evaluation or disaster preparedness andself evaluation based on this questionnaire. We built the model for estimating degree of flood risk awareness (the amount ofknowledge of flood risk) by using fuzzy reasoning. We analyzed degree of risk awareness and self evaluation using value calculated by this model. We analyzed disaster preparedness and self evaluate. And last, the problems of disaster preparedness ware clarifiedfrom the result of this two analyzing.

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This paper discusses how the landscape assets could have been durable in the reconstruction of Meisho-Scenic Beauty-such as Giouji, Rakushisha, Enrian, in Sagano, Kyoto. The landscape characteristics of such scenic beauty is made by literary works, poetry, etc., And their images played an important role to reconstruct the Meisho and to inherit their historical landscape assets.

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In recent years, social concern has gathered for preservation and practical use of the modernization inheritance as a cultural property. It is thought that the philosophy and technique for preservation of a modernization inheritance differ for every area. Furthermore, many of engineering-works structures are the institution group stuck to the area as a public facility. As for them, maintenance and management of an institution, and preservation and practical use have an inseparable relation. The purpose of this research is considering preserving-as local property-modernization inheritance philosophy, and its technique from a civil engineering-standpoint. In order to consider preservation of a modernization inheritance from the viewpointof local management, It puts in a database by grasping the local feature of the engineering-works structure first Next, the questionnaire survey about the preservation was conducted to the entrepreneur.

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In the downtown, the change in the residence landscape that has been formed up to now at nighttime is remarkable because of a decrease in the dormitory population. Especially, the installation such as surveillance cameras increases, and a current residence landscape is supplemented in the shopping street. Then, the residence realities in a present downtown are clarified, and the characteristic of the landscape at nighttime that it brings is shown in this research. Ten districts of the Tokushima City downtown were comparing considered as an object region.

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A case study on the landscape management at Old King's Highway in Massachusetts was conducted. The findings include the followings: The OKH Regional Historic District Commission is a regal body that is given the power of managing the historic quality and context of any buildings along OKH. Cape Cod Commission is a regional growth management agency that contributes the management of OKH by conducting scientific researches and providing professional advises for the local communities. The collaboration of these two bodies along with concerned agencies and citizen groups enables efficient and practical management of the historic landscape along OKH.

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This study manifests the transitional process of social image on wind power generation in view of social expectation or discussions. We extracted 2, 604 related articles out of Asahi News Papers (# of data is 4, 817, 940) published betweenAugust 1984 and December 2005 to grasp the transition of their contents of expressions. As a result, social image on the wind power generation changes from period of technical establishment (till early 1990), period of icons of environmental preservation to the recent period of superficial signs to which concrete meanings, such as generation systems or contribution for environment, are rarely reflected.

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This study aimed to manifest the property of space of renovated civil engineering facility, taking old Inabachi Watertower in Nagoya as case study. We traced its history to be built and renovated from watertower to library and then exercise room for drama, and surveyed present evaluation of landscape and space by questionnaire. Visitors from within 3km tend to reflect the meaning as regional landmark and its history relatively with large percentage. On the other hand, visitors from out of 20km are inclined to recognize present use and superficial image such as form or color of the architecture.

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The purpose of this paper is to consider issues of participatory project from the relation of decision making process and design review in finished space. The major findings include the followings. 1. Quality of citizen participation is not reflected easily in the cost of public works. 2. Quality of decision making process tends to appearemarkable difference in a safety measure and design of playground equipment 3. It is easy for a comprehensible physical maintenance to be proposed as solutions in decision making. 4. The problems that should be recognized are settingoals in initial stage of participatory project and maintaining them.

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This paper focuses on the effect of the redevelopment around the station in local cities and aims at the proposal for the case with Kumamoto. At first, analysis cases used for comparison with Kumamoto are 5 stations. Next, analysis tools are “Map”, “Schedule” and “Graph where price of land was edited”. From the analysis result of five cases, considerations to schedule and relation of city are arranged. In addition, use point that case analysis showed and problem of case with Kumamoto are extracted. Finally, _it proposes the redevelopment around Kumamoto Station from these results.

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In this Paper, we evaluated the event about economic effectiveness and changes of consciousness to its purposes intended for visitors and program participants; case study of “TOCHIGI FARM FESTIVAL 2005”. In economic evaluation, we estimated the number of the visitors and consumption and estimated visit benefit from each element constituting the event by Stated Preference data of visitors, and considered cost-effectiveness. About consciousness changes, we analyzed them about each of visitors and program participants of the event by covariance structural analysis, and compared results of the analysis.

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In this paper, I report and consider the contents of performed small group lessons at university, in the town wrestles with activation of a town. The object place is Otsu. There is the town on this side that leaves from Kumamoto-city for Aso. Otsu wrestles with activation of a town. This small group lessons at university was accepted by this town. In this article, report the contents. I illustrate university education and relations of inhabitants. And I consider the change. Furthermore, I consider continuation of activity from a then state and listening comprehension.

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Increasing leisure time and opportunities in the recent years have changed the characteristics of inter-regional tourism demand Further increase is expected after the retirement of the baby boomers in 2007. Forecasting thechanges in tourism demand is extremely important in planning inter-regional transportation. However, very few studies havebeen conducted in this field as it is very difficult to obtain quality data on low-frequency and long-distance tourism transport routes. In this study, we investigate inter-regional leisure travel by merging various existing database, aggregate and disaggregate, and using the relative advantages of each data in characterizing this market segment

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In this paper, we propose the measurement methods of movement burdens by pedestrian mode type from both physical and psychological point of view. We also show that these measurement me thods can be well applied to the quantitative evaluation of various barrier-free devices for pedestrians through an example of a railway terminal.

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The expansion of global logistics networks and growing in size of trucks cause many transportation problems in metropolitan area. Lack of capacity for large size truck, limitation of height or weight, generates “bottle neck” or “missing link” in road network. This study examined new route choice model for large size truck. It derived from the “Maximum Overlapping Model” suggested by our past research. The model can estimate the Value of Time (VOT) by assuming generalized cost function. We applied the estimated model to the future road network in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, and it was shown that the model has reasonable applicability.

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Airline's behavior in the market is an exogenous condition in the existing “practical” air demand forecast models. However domestic air transport market is competitive nowadays and airlines can almost freely choose their strategies. Policymaker therefore needs to estimate how aviation policy influences not only passenger's behavior but also airline's behavior. This paper proposes a model which integrates an oligopoly market model and a demand flow assignment model to analyze policy alternatives in above situation.

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In this Paper, we consider the method of applying Support Vector Machine, which is attracting attention as the nonlinear discriminant analysis, to optimize model parameters of a complex system simulator for civil planning by proposing the simple algorithm and trial calculation of test-functions. As the conclusion, when the case of the time for function approximation is shorter than the probability optimization techniques represented by simple GA, the possibility of shortening calculation time was shown by using the response surface methodology and Support Vector Machine simultaneously.

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This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of domestic air transport market relating to Osaka Metropolitan Area by applying the Bi-Level market model. First, we evaluate the model accuracy with 2002 data. The results show that the model duplicates the PAX flow well but service frequencies are over-estimated. Second, we examine the scenario studies in order to understand the structural relationship among three airports. The results show thatthe strict capacity constraint of ITM leads to the demand shift to KIX but the demand will shift to KOB when KOB has more capacity.

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It is important to understand the movement of “Person” that is a traffic subject in planning urban traffic, and person trip (hereafter, it is assumed the PT investigation) that understands an individual traffic situation during a day plays an important role. However, the content of an actual activity is not accurately recorded because filling in tothe investigation table is done after all the activities during a day in the conventional PT survey methodology. Then, in this research, we propose a PT investigative tool, named “e-Trip System” that uses the GPS cellular phone and the personal computer to resolve these problems. The process makes the content of the activity recalled by acquiring the movement tracks by using a positionspecifying function of the GPS cellular phone when actually acting, and showing the movement tracks obtained in the sight on the personal computer, and operates by those who answer oneself and completes the trip data. In this research, some dozens of persons used this tool after the prototype is designed, and the perfection of the tool was improved by feeding back the obtained opinion. And, to prevent the lack of record and improve accuracy, we conducted small PT survey experiment by e-Trip System, and the effect was verified by the comparison with a conventional investigation form.

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