In this paper, a simulation model is formulated to investigate the life cycle cost of the bridge systems composed by many bridges by use of two different life cycle cost evaluation methods, i.e., average cost method and discount present value method. The deterioration process of the respective bridge is modeled by the Markov chain model, and the simulation model is applied to analyze whether the efficient R&M (Rehabilitation and Maintenance) policy of the bridge system can be realized through the disaggregated life cycle cost evaluation of the individual bridge R&M policies. In the staggered regime, the inter-temporal policy coordination can be realized by the average cost evaluation of the individual bridge R&M policies.

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This paper studies financial hedging strategies against regional economic risks due to the entry and exit of global firms. It is shown that the landowner's optimal hedging strategy based on utility maximization agrees with a dynamic portfolio replicating strategy. Comparing three hedging strategies, 1) using financial options, 2) setting penalties for firm's exit behavior, and 3) laissez-faire, we disclose that using financial options is not necessarily the best strategy for the landowner. Furthermore, we show that using financial options cannot achieve Pareto improvement.

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In recent years, the computable general equilibrium analysis which faithfully reproduced the Warlas system has been widely used as the evaluation technique of infrastructure plan.
This study aims at performing sensitivity analysis of benefit evaluation for the road investment in consideration of a future social economy environmental change such as the population reduction and the economic growth of East Asia area in the future.
Specifically, it suggests the methodology to model the influence of a future social economic scenario conformably to the conventional spatial general equilibrium model and to carry out the actual empirical analysis.

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The aim of this research is to clarify the economic value of function in a city park using Conjoint analysis. As a result, it became clear that the value of WTP has negative correlation, between a green quantity which exists in an area, and a green quantity which a park has. Moreover, it was shown clearly that the function of the same park has different economic value by the difference between the situation of urbanization, a park scale, and the accessibility.

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In policy conflict, a mediator can support communication between stakeholders. In this paper, experimental game was used for examining effects of such communication. The results of experiments show that communication promotes stakeholders' concession, and that more stakeholders can achieve cooperative outcome after communication. These results imply that mediator's roles in policy conflict are to arrange information on conflict and to show the structure of the conflict.

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This paper proposes the new methodology for a protocol analysis of a public debate around a public project in order to examine cognitive dissonance among participants in the debate. Facet theory is used to classify an utterance of a participant as the combination of three component parts (facet elements) and unveil the cognitive dissonance and discourse patterns according to the classification. The methodology presented in this paper is applied to a case example. Finally, the applicability of the proposed methodology to practical debates is discussed.

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This paper shows user perception of school bus by Analytic Hierarchy Process.
AHP is solving problem decision-making model.
This study utilizes 4 methods on AHP, General AHP model, ANP (Analytic Network Process), Weight CCM (Weight Conc urrent convergence method) and Total CCM of evaluation value. Especially this is the first application example by Weight CC M and Total CCM ever. And this paper shows possibility and availability of AHP.

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In this paper, we propose Weight Sequential Integration Method of AHP. As using AHP, there can be the difference of criteria on each alternative viewpoint. ANP (Analytic Network Process) and Weight CCM (Concurrent Convergence Method) were proposed such methods modifying criteria difference. This paper shows structure and difference among ANP, Weight CCM and Weight Sequential Integration Method.

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In order to implement the Mobility Management, which is the transportation measures that urge people to change their travel behavior voluntary, we should develop the communication measures which are used to contact many people, less cost to implement. In this Paper, we conducted two experiments to investigate the factors which affecthe response rate ofthe survey. It is indicated that several strategies such as the rewards which is given before the survey, and the distribution measures that investigator directly give the questionnaire to the subjects, were efficient to raise the survey response rate.

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In this paper, the minimum requirements of transportation system for the people with difficulties are considered. It is necessary to know how many people need STS. However, it would cause misunderstanding to merely ask “What transportation can you use?” So asking ADL is assumed to be the solution for this problem.“Can you bow?”“Can you hold the posture on a chair?”“Can you climb up a short lump?”“Do you use a supportive device in walking?” From the answers given for the four questions, it can be predicted whether or not a person need STS.

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The purpose of this paper is to propose the urban growth simulation method using the atmospheric pollution gas absorption on vegetation area. First, Cellular Automata urban growth model was developed to estimate future urbanized area. Miyake's model (1990) was used to estimate atmospheric pollution gas absorption. Urban growth simulation for 1997 to 2007 was executed on five cases of urban development control by using the model which combined CA urban growth model and Miyake's model. If Aizumi city was designed urbanization control area, increase of amount of gas absorption was estimated from the results of model analysis.

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In this study, continuity of CBD housing is analyzed by using duration model for CBD housing period. The expected CBD housing period in future is calculated for household characteristics, former housing location, house ownership, and for the generation of household representative, based on the estimated duration model. As the result of analysis, the categories with longer CDB housing period in future are the house owners with 25 -29 generation of household representative and the tenants with over 55 generation, while the category with shorter CDB housing period is the tenants with under 40 generation.

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In this paper, we build the simulation system for the minimization of waste management cost. This system could simultaneously search for the optimal route of collection and transportation and locations of disposal facilities. Then, we set six scenarios, which have different processing systems of waste and urban forms. As a result, waste management costs also depended on urban forms and processing systems. Moreover, waste management costs were different from the introduction of large-scale facilities and the relay transportation. And we showed the possibility that the introduction of the relay transportation bring to the increase of the fuel consumption.

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In this Paper, the access road construction project in Kitakyushu-City that adopts the community participation is introduced and the construction process is analyzed in the district where the project was carried out comparatively smoothly.And we analyzed the resident's evaluation of the project by questionnaire survey.
As the result we clarified two ideal methods for good community participation.
(1) The events in the district create the familiarity to the district, and help good community participation. And it is important to inform the generalresidents of the project.
(2) Resident representative organization should negotiate carefully and hard with land owners.

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To implement Educational Mobility Management (MM), school organization for the acceptance of the lecture and which subject is well suited to MM are recognized as the important issue. One of the way to solve these problems is to develop the program being able to implement easy and short duration. In this study, we implemented an Educational MM program in Hadano city, and measured the effectiveness for the children before and after the program, and ten months after the program by questionnaire survey, and collected advice to improve the program by interview survey for the teachers. We analyzed the data measured by questionnaire, the data suggested that the effectiveness of the program was continued after the ten months of the lecture.

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Transportation infrastructure such as highways and high-speed rail, which reducespace resistance, have historically changed the urban hierarchy and structure. In the near future, they will be influenced by increasing development of Information Technology, but no surveys have examined this topic. This study is intended to elucidate the updated distribution pattern of cybershop location in Japan by extracting them from the internet. Results clarify that cybershops tend to concentrate in the Tokyo region more than usual shops. Some cybershops locate in rural regions in which usual shops cannot be located.

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In metropolitan area, traffic congestion will be serious and it will effect to the economic growth of national level in long term. Traditional traffic demand forecasting approaches was not able to estimate the economical impact on the current situation. Because of the traditional approach suppose that economic incidents were exogenous in the simulation. The purpose of this study is developed dynamic SCGE model with agglomeration economy that it can be comprehended quantitative economic impact of congestion simulation. By using developed dynamic SCGE model with agglomeration economy, it solves problem of multi equilibrium solution and evaluate quantitative economic impact.

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In this paper, we analyze the differences of the same categories household's and car ownership's preferences among three metropolitan areas which have difference in population density and the level of transportation service. For this analysis, we apply a same integrated land use-transport model to these areas considering 8 household types. As a result, the same categories household's and car ownership preference and action are different among metropolitan areas that are different from the population distribution and size and the level of transportation service.

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Many Land Use Transportation Models are estimated its parameter used single time point data. And almost case it is not examined which its parameter is stable or not according to time point. In our study we estimated a parameter of Land Use and Transportation Model by 3 time point data of SMA.And analyzed parameter's stability and time transfer possibility.
As a result we confirmed parameter's size is different from time point. For the time transfer possibility household's estimation is better than commercial employee's estimation, and ten years after simulation is better than twenty years after simulation.

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Recently, society needs more efficient public investment because of the financial difficulty of central and local government. Beside, regional economies through the interregional trade are connecting each other more strongly. To make a plan of the efficient public investment, planner should understand quantitative effect from the regional social capital investment. In this study, we analyze the regional propagation of the social capital investment by spatial computable general equilibrium model. In this analysis, we suppose 3 cases about contribution to Total Factor Productivity of social capital stock and estimate production functions in each case.

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In the present study, the location equilibrium model was built which has three advantages. They are 1) application of fuzzy reasoning for describing ambiguity and complexity in the location choice behavior, 2) using the GIS data for performing the detailed spatial analysis in urban area and 3) make use of the rules of fuzzy reasoning for analyzing the change of Cohort-based urban population distribution for the horizon years. This model evaluated the effect on the change of location distribution caused by the flood control works and the flood risk perception of citizens. As a result of that, the significance of implementing the promotion measure of flood risk perception was shown.

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In order to promote communicative planning, effective participatory communication issues have become more and more important in case of public works projects. Recently, 3D visual simulation methods are commonly used for the explanation of projects. In this study, an experimental survey was carried out using WEB questionnaire for a hypothetical project including railway elevation and urban renewal issues in a local city. By changing the presentation sequence of merits' explanation, demerits' descriptions, and 3D visual simulations showing images of project's effects, the change of attitudes such as respondents' trust sense in explanation, approval sense and so on are examined, so that information of demerits should be shown before the presentation of visual simulation.

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It is thought that the disparity in the living activities has arisen by a change of living environment. This paper analyzes the disparity of activities and satisfaction with a change of living environment. It is represented as the relation of the change of living activities, regional characteristics, and individual attributes to satisfaction. It is shown that the satisfaction is affected by the present environmental level a lot, and there are some residents who are living in feeling inconvenience in the surrounding area of city center.

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This study aims to clear determinants of participation behavior to planning process and regional differences of them. We conducted questionnaire survey in some large cities, local cities and counties. As a result, following findings were suggested. 1) Procedural justice encourages people to participate the planning events. 2) Procedural justice encourages participating more than interest on the planning. 3) Determinants of participation behavior differ by regions. 4) People in local counties value relationship to the local government more than people in large cities, when they think of participation. 5) To improve procedural justice by daily administration act is the most important to increase participation behavior.

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The paper discusses the relativity between household-based earthquake preparedness behaviors and indirect disaster experience in their inhabited area or witnessed through media. A questionnaire survey has been carried out to know what kind of experience (in distance and hazard type) triggers what kind of countermeasures. Based on the ratio of initially adoptions before the experiences and triggered adoptions after-the-fact, the survey result shows that (1) disasters occurred in a neighborhood area triggers (2) low-cost countermeasures in the sense of the number of their adoptions. Local circumstance also brings significant on behavior after disaster experiences.

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In this research, the important road links for cultural heritage disaster mitigation in historical cities are identified. Concretely, distributions of cultural heritages, fire stations and road network in Kyoto City are analyzed and the important road links and areas for disaster mitigation of urban cultural heritages are identified. The important road links and areas are analyzed comparing with the safety evaluation of cultural heritages and the traffic demand estimation at the earthquake disaster situation, in order to examine the road network development and the traffic management.

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The paper investigates the distribution activities of relief goods conducted by local municipalities (Cities and Towns), Niigata prefecture, the Self-Defense Forces, and others in case of the Chuetsu Earthquake in October 2004. The distribution routes of relief goods are classified into two types: a direct route to local municipalities and another route via Niigata prefecture to local municipalities. Package offers by the prefecture and relief activities of the Defense Forces played an important role for supplying daily foods to refugees. One of future issue is to construct distribution information systems among municipalities and theprefecture.

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Sumatra earthquake (that occurred on December, 2004.) had a devastating impact on both of the human damages and the physical damages, like physical assets and economy. Especially, economic damage by the catastrophe has spread not only stricken area but also not stricken area. However, it is difficult to assess the damage directly. So, the purpose of this study is to build spatial computable equilibrium (SCGE) model in order to estimate economic damages of Tsunami and applied this model for asses of the catastrophe. To be concrete, we build new SCGE in order to estimate economic damage by decreases of human resource, physical resources and Technology on stricken area.

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Recently, the physical evaluation of water environment improvement measures has been performeds patially in detail by the technological advance and the expanded database of GIS. Therefore, in this study, we builtthe basin economic assessment model based on the CGE model by adopting the GIS database, in order to evaluate economically the water environment improvement measures. Furthermore, we developed the comprehensive model of combining the basin economic assessment model with the basin environmental assessment model that is able to evaluate physically the basin environmental condition. We tried to assess some water environment improvement measures in the Nagara river basin with this comprehensive environment assessment model.

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This study aims to analyze how a flood risk affects land prices and land use. The economic activity being easily affected by flood would not locate at the spots with high flood risk, and then the land prices of high flood risk spot would be lower than the spots with low flood risk. In our study, a hedonic land-price model considering flood risk as an explanatory variable is applied for land price and land use in order to make economic evaluation of flood risk. The proposed hedonic land price model is a hybrid model that integrate conventional hedonic model estimated from limited observations, with land use model estimated from plenty observations.

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In order to understand the historical evolution of the Chizu-Ichinose community disaster risk mitigation conflict, The dispute is modeled as a static structure for each of two phases, one from 1985 to 2002, and the other from 2002 to date (2005). The GMCR model (Graph Model for Conflict Resolution) is used to systematically describe the process of changes in the structure of this conflict. Then we focus on the structural change, which is interpreted to have occurred instantaneously between the end of the first phase and the beginning of the second phase. This structural change is qualitatively interpreted as the outcome of the intervening social shocks identified as a natural disaster impact, which may have been compounded by some political shift in the local government. This combined approach is found to be a useful methodology to systematically describe the combined process of both static and dynamic structure of the real conflict focused in this paper.

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To realize safe autonomous evacuation, citizens should obtain well developed “mental model” for evacuation which includes appropriate perception mechanism to preserve flood risk and flexible “alternative set” for evacuation actions. Aiming at const meting well developed mental models which citizens' evacuation actions are determined based on, the paper develops a flood risk communication support system. Through communication among stakeholders assisted by the system, changes in flood risk perception and increase in the flexibility of the alternative plans of evacuation actions are observed in the experimental workshops in Kiyosu City, Aichi prefecture.

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Though the word Environmental Justice has become popular in the field of planning, its meaning and definition remain unclear. This paper is intended to clarify the reality of Environmental Justice based on web search and philological analyses. Results clarify that, in the U.S., it has come to mean equality among different ethnic groups among most cases. Several countries already have planning tips and systems based on the concept of Environmental Justice. Score Cards in the U.S., Environmental Tribunals in UK and Environmental Police in a few counties are typical examples.

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In this paper, we developed the system which can evaluate dynamically the fire prevention effect of one tree. Conventionally, it was only dealt with as a green space mesh.
Therefore, the fire-spreading model was used as the polygon type from the mesh type, the comparison simulation was carried out, and it checked that there was no big deviation.
In the application example, presentation of a fire risk and the effect by fire prevention trees arrangement were able to be dynamically shown for the area where the independence disaster prevention organization was formed.

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In this study, we examined an ideal method of disaster prevention education about sediment disaster, and carried out the meeting to organize the voluntary evacuation system by residents. Then, we measured the attitude and behavior change of the residents who attended to the meeting. On the other hand, we grasped the actual situation of influence for neighboring residents who did not attended to the meeting by having carried out it, for the purpose of letting an effect of a social experiment for one such district spread to the other area effectively.

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In this study, we took notice of the decision making evacuation from tsunami, and carried out the survey about actual situation of residents' evacuation from tsunami. Then, we build a prediction model about decision making evacuation from tsunami, and researched measures to minimize the casualties by tsunami. Besides, we calculated casualties by using Tsunami Comprehensive Scenario Simulator under those measures had done. As a result, the tsunami disaster consciousness of residents influenced the decision making evacuation from tsunami. And it developed that many casualties decrease if we urge residents to improve their consciousness by disaster education.

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This study quantifies the environmental loads from medium capacity passenger transport systems (mono rail, AGT, LRT, GWB and BRT) by employing LCA. The estimated environmental loads are compared with those of ordinary railways. The results of the sensitivity analysis carried out by the passenger demand, are used to determine the transport modes with minimum CO₂ emissions for different levels of demand. The reductions in SyLC-CO₂ by the modal shifts from passenger car are calculated to prove the very likely ease of environmental loads from some adequate amount of modal shifts.

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This paper aims at presenting a framework of assessing economic impact from catastrophic earthquake disasters, and at applying for the Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake in 2004 as a case study. A spatial computable general equilibrium (SCGE) model is formulated which is integrated with a transportation model, which can consider estimate traffic volumes of freight and passenger's trips. Considering damage to production capital and transportation infrastructure, it shows how much economic losses arrive at each region through intra- and inter-regional trade in regional economy from the earthquake.

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In this research, city formation process with an electric tramway network is verified, and it aims to apply the knowledge into future city planning, city institution maintenance, and a public measure. After investigating the construction circumstances of an electric tramway network and city development from historical records, it analyzed about city activity from the trend of location of typical urban facilities. Furthermore, it was considered that the station space affected city formation from the point of space use and urban landscape at four stations in Gifu city. As a conclusion, it turned out that the electric tramway network was organically connected with the city development and produced urban cultural environment and supported several city activities in modern Gifu city.

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The number of re-used and recycled construction material has increased since it is an age of the maintenance. Stone that is the construction material has been used for the stone wall and the base course material, etc.However, the research that is focused to distribution and re-use of stone is a little though a stone architecture of such as the cultural heritage is researched. This study paid attention to distribution and re-use of stone in civil engineering, and investigated process of production to skill of use, and re-use with tram's paving stone in Kitakyushu City. In conclusion, skill of pavement and historical process in combined use orbit is cleared. And process of skill of use and distribution and stock is cleared.

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For the inhabitants of the city, the importance of history and culture of the city has been recognized gradually. The purpose of this is to understand the city formation process of Akita from a historical aspect in the Edo Era by the method of document investigation. As a result, Akita City was made premediately constructed and controlled from the aspects of defense, scenery and economic activities. Also the city structure has been changed gradually with the activities of inhabitants, such as economic, amusement, and community development activities.

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Average individual time allocation for leisure has increased in recent years in Japan. A time-series analysis considering tourists' characteristics such as gender, age, generation is very important in order to suggest efficient tourism policies. This study focuses on:(1) the domestic tourist behavior by generation;(2) tourism trend from 1970 using data such as household census, person trip survey, and tourist behavior survey;(3) tourists' behavior using time-series analysis of Age-Period-Cohort profile data; and (4) effects of ‘Age’, ‘Period’ and ‘Birth Cohort’ on tourism demand.

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This study considered transition of the community, which is located along waterside and also aimed to design an attractive waterside space. Therefore at first, data have been collected on consciousness of people who are along and same have been analyzed. In addition, the data on a methodology has been developed while the data was collecting through listening comprehension along waterside more. Influence of social infrastructure maintenance was big, and, as result of this study, the transition community confirmed that there was a difference in accessing waterside and aware of consciousness for river improvement in that area. This study was able to consider the community along waterfront, which has flood control and activity of both waterside use and developed in a thing which has flexible original system.

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In a street design or improvement planning process, interactions between pedestrians and street environments should beconsidered at least implicitly, because they often become obstsuctions for pedestrians walking on the sidewalk. We have nostandani criterion or useful methodology how to design a sidewalk considering with a various environments, such as streetfurniture, sculptures, benches, and vegetations.
We collected the data of pedestrians' spatial trajectories along a sidewalk from a field survey using videopicture. Also wedeveloped a visual database system for analyzing pedestrians' behavior efficiently. As a result of a careful observation andanalysis, we can see a pedestrians' trajectory has a tendency toward the center of sidewalk even if the pedestrians are undervarious conditions.'Effective width' as an existent factor of pedestrians' sidevvalk is insufficient for spatial street designconsidering with various street environments.

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Truck origin-destination (O-D) matrix is necessary for urban goods movement planning and there are not many researches that estimate truck O-D matrix together with passenger car O-D matrix. This study, therefore, proposes a model that estimates multiclass origin-destination (O-D) matrices consisting of passenger car and truck. A genetic algorithm (GA) is implemented to search the optimal multiclass O-D matrices. This study also suggests usingthe average value from running the GA several times because of fluctuation of the results. From a numerical network, the model provides better results than the others, especially when the objective function does not rely on the initial O-D matrices.

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This paper proposes a commodity distribution model that views commodity flows as the result of interplay between the shipper and customer of commodities. The commodity flows are originated from the customer who makes decision on purchasing a commodity from each of the suppliers. The model utilized a discrete choice framework accommodating the spatial interactions among customers in choice decision. The model is applied to the urban goods movement in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The results show significant improvement of the model that considers the spatial effects which confirms the assumption that the decision of customers is influenced by the others.

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This paper proposes the simplified network which consists of two types of links, one is “aggregate link” that represents many routes and mainly deals with streets, the other is“arterial link”that represents the road section and mainly indicates arterials. The simplified network can be formed with smaller number of links comparing to one including all roads, arterials and streets. Moreover, this paper shows the equivalence between the assignment on the simplified network and on the network of all roads on the assumption and using the special utility function in the route choice model. As for the assumption, the study is assuming that the cognitive travel time of all routes from Origin to Destination is the same within the streets area, which is surrounded by arterial links. On the other hand, the special utility function is adopted that can be divided into several road sections.

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In this study, the behavioral intention method was applied for future travel demand forecasting of a newly opened railroad Minato Mirai Line in 2004. The behavioral intention method is a new method for measuring behavior after policy implementation developed by Fujii & Gärling. The forecasting demand was compared with the actual demand after the opening of the railroad. As the result, it was shown that the behavioral intention method was effective as a simple and easy demand forecasting technique for new railroads, especially in case future forecasts were short-term and the new railroads' influence area seemed to be smaller. Some new knowledge about the behavioral-intention consistency was also shown, comparing with the actual consistency using panel data from a survey implemented before and after the opening of the railroad.

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