This paper proposes an idea of city logistics for optimising urban freight transport by takinginto account the environment, the congestion and energy consumption. The basic concepts of city logistics as well as some measures of city logistics with examples are presented. The paper also describes modelling the vehicle routing and scheduling of pickup/delivery trucks and the optimal location of logistics terminals for evaluating the city logistics schemes. Moreover, the future perspectives concerning urban freight transport planning are presented.

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The Sobu Railway extension between Ryogoku and Kinshicho on the eastside of former Tokyo City is the first elevated railway in Japan. It used simple steel girders erected on a masonry substructure and completed a route of about 1.5km in 1904. This paper describes the planning phase of this elevated railway based on official documents in the Meiji Era, such as the record of the proceedings of Railway Conference, Urban Improvement Committee and others. From the results of this study, Sobu Railway had a makeshift plan to change the elevated railway to a horizontal railway due to financial difficulties.

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The civil engineering education at Sapporo Agricultural College, predecessor of Hokkaido Univ.; S.A.C., has begun for the purpose of the training for the reclamation engineer of Hokkaido. But it had been once abolished from the policy of Ministry of Education in the Meiji 20's latter. We had studied the history on civil engineering education of S.A.C., and recognized that there exist of strong connection between S.A.C. and railway organization of Hokkaido. In this study, the linkage of railway operation and S.A.C. is followed as a model of the individualization and survivor of civil engineering educational institute.

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This research aims at developing planning for public involvement, and application of the PCM technique used in the foreign aid project as one of the methods of group decision-making. In this paper, PCM workshop was first introduced on the topic of the Kagawa Ochi Sirotori Bypass plan, PI project was drawn up, and it clarified about the validity of the PCM technique for practical use. Furthermore, problem analysis was performed according to PCM workshop form by the specialist, and it clarified about the advantage and subject of the PCM technique.

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The purpose of this study is to show the support functions for cooperation in the river basin. This paper analyzes about the opinions hearing from the experts of water problems and key persons of cooperation in the river basin. It shows there are 3 points about validity of cooperation in the river basin. The results of structural analysis by method of ISM show substantial problems and measures to promoting cooperation. Finally, 9 functions for supporting cooperation in the river basin are constructed, and those necessary conditions and mutual relations are shown also.

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From the viewpoint of necessity of a new method instead of WTP (willingness to pay) in the CVM, this study adopts the benefit evaluation method by WTW (willingness to work). And it examines the difference between results derived by WTP and WTW through the application to the Furukawa-river environmental improvement project in Shizunai-town, Hokkaido-prefecture. The results indicate that the evaluation by WTW is more stable than the evaluation by WTP, and that the latter has higher numbers of unsatisfied people to the evaluation that the former.

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The evaluation methods of non-market environmental goods are classified roughly into two groups. In this paper, it is proposed that two method apply to evaluation of non-market environmental goods simultaneously. One is travel cost method, another is contingent valuation method. Recreational benefits in Aso crater and Kusasennri area are evaluated by these two methods. Recreational benefits by CVM are evaluatedaround 1, 200yen/trip. Recreational benefits by TCM are evaluated from 1, 322 to 7, 227yen/trip. The evaluation by TCM is larger than the evaluation by CVM theoretically. Therefore, The value, that is 1200yen/trip, is proper evaluation as recreational benefits in this area.

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The estimations of effects in improvement of roads have been done in terms of mainly benefits of travel time or travel cost reduction. However keeping relief for mobility has not been focused on in such estimations. Transportation to other towns does not have enough reliability and certainty in such large rural areas like Hokkaido. Relief for transportation and satisfaction at daily business and shopping are important. An estimation was done for improvement in rural expressway in northern Hokkaido using. Residents' relief and satisfaction were considered using CVM. As the result, it was clarified that the residents who live away from the expressway paid more than them in nearer residents. It was also clarified that the former decided their pay by needs for services in larger cities, and the latter did by experience of using ambulance.

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Although the various measures are taken now, which decrease the influence of construction on the street, the effect of each measure is not necessarily clarified. Therefore we need more consideration about the existing construction management method in terms of Benefit/Cost. In this paper, we focused on the time loss of the road user by traffic congestion among the social influences of construction, measured it from the survey of construction site, and showed the congestion cost in national highways in Tokyo approximately. Although this is only a part of social cost of construction, it corresponds to about twenty percent for the utility companies' construction cost. We considered about the influence that introduction of the lane rental system will affect companies' decision making based on the idea of making utility companies pay.

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New travel speed survey methodologies by prove cars with advanced information systems are examined in many places. It is considered that the methodologies enable temporally and spatially continuous observation. In order to know the relationship between the number of prove cars and the performance of the new travel speed survey system, a simulation system is developed in this study. Results of this study indicate that 0.3% of total cars are necessary to obtain travel speed data for every hour during daytime on roads with 30, 000 traffic volume, and more cars are needed to cover lower-volume roads.

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In the public meeting for infrastructure project, it becomes common to make concensus among people with interest. The managers of the meeting should encourage the participants to state their opinions; what they expect to the project. Particularly in Japan, where people are not often willing to state it, the public meeting may fail to find out their real opinions. This study develops the model how people state their opinions in the public meeting. To describe the situation, evolutionary game is used. By using this model, what measure should be taken to encourage people to state their real opinions is disccused.

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In this paper, the optimal repairing model is presented to design the reparing rules for road pavement that can minimize the expected life cycle costs under uncertainty. Taking the idivisability of repairing rules into account, the Monte Calro simulation methodology is presented to find out the optimal rules in an efficient manner. The applicability of the model is investigated by case studies.

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User benefit in Cost Benefit Analysis of transport project is usually calculated by each OD pair. Especially in traffic assignment on transport network using logit model, we cannot calculate user benefit by each link because utility of each user are stochastically given. So that we cannot know the benefit of improvement or new construction investment for a link by each link including not only the invested link but other adjoining links. Therefore we proposed an approximative approach for calculation of “link-based” user benefit by introducing “posterior utility” which is an average utility of only actual users of the link. And we calculated the “link-based” user benefit on simplified network.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate subway systems in Japan from the viewpoint of management and use by Window Analysis on Data Envelopment Analysis. By applying DEA, the following were clarified: Which subway system is managed the most efficiently under the severe management situation, which transports passengers the most efficiently. And then, by Window Analysis time series analysis was carried out. The numerical value goal for the improvement on each subway system was presented on the basis of these results of analysis.

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In this paper, a computerized travel data collection system was developed. It is a network based client server system and integrates GIS function to display, collect and calculate geographic data. A stated preference survey on travel mode choice was carried out using both this system and paper questionnaire. Then each type of data was compared through estimating mode choice models. In this time, concerning the goodness of fit of models, paper questionnaire survey was better. Other important result was the grade of evaluation of respondents about survey system such as the reality of hypothetic alternatives influenced the goodness of fit of models.

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Recently, attitude survey analysis is carried out in great numbers in participative city planning. Then, AHP is noticed as one effective technique. However, there is problem that increase in evaluation burden of examinee, when criteria become large.
Then, “Relative Position Measurement Approach” in which reduces evaluation burden of examinee was possible was proposed. In addition, the questionnaire was carried out using new method and existing method. As a result, it was verified that high correlation was in the estimated result by two methods.
And, group consensus building support method in workshop that utilized Relative Position Measurement Approach was proposed.

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It has become usual recently using road design CAD (Computer Aided Design) on personal computers for efficient road alignment design. There is, however, no function to simulate various road alignments under given constraints by road designers. We developed a program for personal computers that enables us to find the almost optimal vertical alignment by short time simulation. This program makes it possible to design road vertical alignment more efficiently even for persons with a little experience of vertical alignment design or with no technical skill in operation of road design CAD. The optimization method used here will be a basis for the road planning optimization system currently under development.

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In this paper, we proposed a new passengers' benefit evaluation method. This integrated travel demand model is composed of mode choice and destination choice and trip generation model. The distinction of this model is that we are able to consider the demands induced by the project anda interzonal ripple effect. Then we estimate passengers' benefit accrued by airport improvement projects such as the extension of the runway.

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In 1979, P. Allen presented a dynamic model of central places based on the mutual interaction of the spatial distribution of population and employment opportunities. The model is developed inwhich the change in the population distribution of a region is linked to the employment pattern and this latter in tern to the population distribution through the concepts of central place theory. The result is a dynamic model of interacting urban centers in which the fluctuations of the system play a vital role, and with which the effect of an infrastructure decision can be estimated in the long term.
This paper is analyzing the effects, which is related distribution of regional population by Yuhbari-Shimizu Highway.

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This study aims to find the desirable location of welfare facilities for the regional demand. As factors of facility planning, travel time to welfare facilities and waiting time for servies are introduced. Waitingtime is calculated based on the queuing theory. We propose the system to search the desirable location of facilities which is obtained by minimizing time to travel and wait for receiving services. The system is applied to Tokushima city and show the location plan of facilities. Also, we compare this result with the location plan which is obtained by another system without considering waiting time. As a result, the facility location based on the objective of minimization of travel and waiting time is more effective than that in consideration of only travel time.

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We modified the inter-regional business interaction model proposed in our previous paper, which considers substitutability and complementarity between face to face communication and telecommunication, and applied the model to longitudinal inter-regional interaction data. In 1990's, the telecommunication cost was remarkably reduced to 1/2 to 1/5 levels, but the telephone traffics did not increase accordingly. We clarified that the effect oftransportation cost, inter-regional business administrative relation are stable on the inter-regional interaction in different time points. Centralities of both cities became insignificant for the interaction, and it may result the stable trend of the telephone traffics.

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The law of large-scale retail stores (LSs) had economically regulated their new location and operation until 2000, and a completely new law for the location of LSs came into effect from June 2000. The study analyzes the location ofLSs and consumers' shopping behavior during 1990's in Niigata Prefecture, and assesses traffic and living environment around some of LSs as a case study. The number of newly opened LSs grew very high during 1990's throughout Niigata Prefecture. Vitality of central shopping areas declined in most of cities. Inhabitants around the LSs revealed a unsatisfactory opinion mostly towards traffic jams of access route and traffic noise, particularly during operating hours late at night. The paper discusses several enforcement and operation issues to be faced by the new location law which are to environmentally assess impacts of the location of LSs.

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Recently, the purpose of waste management system has been expanded on the key word “recycling”. Worldwide researches and activities to the resources preservation, such as a global environment, are activated all the more. The waste management problem that is the big factor of those problems is coming to be taken greatly. Moreover, in Japan there is a problem of the securing difficulty of the final disposal place. The waste management system is coming into the time of the reform in our country. I n this paper we developed the planning model of the waste management system as a tool of creating the information for support a desirable planning of waste management system including recycling, and model analysis on actual level was examined through case study analysis at Kusatsu-City, Moriyama-City, Ritto-Cho, Yasu-Cho and Chuzu-Cho.

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In this paper, the model was applied to the actual city area with the existing road network. After constructing network of wider city area in computer model, we simulate the traffic impact generated by new development in the CBD. It was found that road congestion due to the new development is observed not only on immediately surrounding road but also in much wider area in the city, because of the change of the shortest path demanded by other traffic flows.

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A part of Chiyoda Ward in Tokyo includes the area where recovery of domiciliation population and development have been behind and there are lots of alleys. To help promote rebuilding faced such alleys, “Townscape induction type District planning” was founded in 1995.In this study, we build a simulation model to grasp change of lot, the floor space, the space occupation degree of each means and the preparation standard of a street. From estimation of the model, we suggest a desirable quantity of surface of a wall retreat in each district.

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Recently, heat pollution in urban area is becoming dominant in the urban environmental problems. As for this, this heat island phenomenon is considered to be caused by the urban development due to the change in the urban structure, increase in artificial waste heat, the progress of concretize of the ground surface and decrease of green open space so on In this study, the actual condition of the whole heat environment of the city was grasped by using the surface of the earth surface temperature data which were one of the LANDSAT-TM data to evaluate the heat environment of the city from the viewpoint of wide area, and various city activities indexes are used, the land use which influences the surface of the earth surface temperature closely in detail analysis go result model-type surface of the earth surface temperature calculate, and the possibility when a relaxation countermeasure was done from the model-type was examined.

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Lowering of noise reduction quantity that originates for the low wall installed in the roadway edge for the existence of the opening and degree of the effectiveness as a countermeasure with it were examined, and following results were obtained. 1) The lowering of the noise reduction quantity is proportional to path difference and open width of the wall. In the meantime, it is inversely proportional to the length of the wall. And, it becomes small, as it goes to the center of the wall. Still, the lowering of the noise reduction quantity of the opening is seldom equal to the edge of the wall. 2) Whether it was effective as an adaptation countermeasure to the environmental standard in arterial road was examined. The height of observation point is 1.2m from the ground level in the sidewalk edge. As the result, it is possible that the wall of the 1.3m heights gives 3.3dB noise reduction quantity in edge of the wall and opening of the wall. Then, 5.3dB noise reduction quantity is given from the wall in 3m places. The wall of the length over 20m gives the above?mentioned noise reduction quantity, even if the open width is 6m. The proportion suited to the noise environment standard in all time increases formerly 28%, latter 37%.

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This paper presents risk analysis methods of project adoption based on cost-benefit criteria. One is confidence interval estimation method of net present value in consideration of reliability of estimated. costs and benefits on project. Second is Probability estimation method of net present value is over zero in consideration of reliability of estimated costs and benefits on project. Both methods use parametric simulation method. Illustrations are executed with hypothetical project data and real project data to evaluate performances of these proposed methods.

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Most of the estimation methods of transport related environmental loads are the applications of those existing transport demand estimation methods. Conversely, this paper is aimed to examine the problems with road traffic data and the demand estimation methods with the view to estimating environmental loads. The existing methods are classified, while their characteristics and ranges of applications are also showed. A test calculation included, the main problems that are related to 1) grasping the amount of environmental loads, 2) using average travel speed as an index of traffic conditions, and 3) using traffic flow simulation are examined.

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In a state of volcano eruption, it is assumed that desire of returning home of the inhabitantswho are taking shelter is amplified by the anxiety consciousness about their life revival after volcanic disaster, fatigue of mind and body, and so on. Then it is guessed that the inhabitants begin not to think about crisis of volcanic eruption and necessity to continue theevacuation.
In this study, we grasp about inhabitant's anxiety consciousness in a state of volcanic eruption, and the intention of evacuation and desire of returning home on the assumption that the volcanic erupts.

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It is very important that correspondence of the disaster prevention organization at the time of disaster. We have to organize quickly and exactly a structure of communication network to disaster. In the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transfer, simulation training in order to strengthen a structure is carried out several times. This paper explains the crisis management and describes the necessity for crisis management simulation training system. Moreover, a manual for making a training system is presented.

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Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (IEEA) advocated by United Nations (U. N.) isspreading over the world as a statistical concept that indicates a true welfare index of a country incorporating environmental burden on her economy. One may, however, find some ambiguous concepts in the guideline of the U.N. Thus estimation method and economic implication of IEEA should be further examined from the viewpoint of economic theory. Among others in this point, Mäler's study may particularly be worth pointed out. He considers a closed economy with natural resources in an intertemporal framework, and derives an IEEA taking account of the environmentalexternalities. The present article basically follows Mäler's formulation, but significantly differs from his study. That is, two kinds of species in an ecosystem are introduced as environmental stock resources. In the ecosystem, competitionbetween the different species is explicitly considered, indicating natural environmental fluctuation in the populations. Moreover, a new environmental evaluation and an ecosystem conservation strategy, which completely differ from the economic approach, are proposed for the ecological dynamics.

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Environmental spaces are important for residents to enjoy in daily life and to take refuge in case of earthquake disaster. Therefore spatial planning must be considered with both situation and their consciousness. This paper makes clear the location of space for mitigation and the relation between user's mental factors and these characteristics.
Fieldwork and consciousness research concerning natural spaces at Hokusetsu region in Osaka prefecture were done. These characteristics that give influence to users are structured with ISM, and these are classified to hierarchy by area. The districts where new space needed were made clear by the analysis using earthquake hazard map. Above relation is modeled with latent variables that are given factors by exploratory factor analysis model. These relations are analyzed with covariance structure model, and made clear by every hierarchy.

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In this paper, the efficiency of interregional risk allocation induced by decentralized disaster mitigation investment is investigated. Due to the fiscal externality which arises when people can freely migrate among regions, the efficient interregional allocation of disaster risk cannot be attained. The paper shows that the interregional income transfer system should be introduced together with decentaralized mitigation in order to improve the efficiency of risk allocation.

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The paper aims at examining short-term and long-term effects of natural disaster upon urban economy taking account of capital and road damage and analyzes regional spillover effects of disaster mitigation investment for capital or road. As results of the analysis, disaster mitigation investment for the city under the disaster risk does not always improve social welfare in the long-term. Disaster mitigation investment brings about positive spillover all over the economy, when the economy largely depends the supply of goods on the city under the disaster risk.

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A street network is often closed caused by the occurrence of an earthquake, so that emergency traffic, such as rescues and ambulances, cannot get to their destination. An estimation method of the damage by street blockades in a densely residential area has been developed in this study. The data of the factors of a street blockades, such as building age, building height, fence height, street width and so forth, were collected by a field survey. Using the data, locations of street blockades and the number of inaccessible buildings are calculated.
By changing the input conditions that intend to indicate the level of street blockade, we can investigate the change of the network structure that will be partially disconnected and the increase of inaccessible buildings. Also the effects of repairs or reinforcements of buildings and streets are estimated.

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The Purpose of this study is to evaluate benefit of snow removal with stated preference method, and to show the optimal level of snow removal. In order to do so, the questionnaire of pair comparison form is performed and benefit is computed by using Logit model. It focuses on an automobile driver's comfort and scheduled arrival time stability. Consequently, the total benefit was calculated for various snow removal levels, and it turns out that a present snow removal level is almost optimal.

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We focused on inhabitant's acceptability for disaster information and responses. Based on the questionnaire in Hiroshima area, we clarified following two points.
First, physical threats of disaster are too difficult for inhabitant to understand or easy to be overlooked. Instead, probabilistic information such as evacuation warning can result in evacuation behavior especially for whom having high reliance on evacuation warning. Second, subjective reliance on evacuation warning is increasingly revised by actual disaster experience, less strengthened by announcement of evacuation warning only. Because of decrease in actual disaster damage occurrence, evacuation warning fails so often that reliance on evacuation warning can be reduced significantly.

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This paper presents the effectiveness of conducting statistical analysis of the post-earthquake disaster. The Port of Kobe is chosen as a case study and hypothesis tests based on cargo time series data are conducted to determine the long-term effects of the earthquake. This test procedure is applied to the exported cargo data. It is shown that there exist not only systematic shocks but also deterministic decreasing trend. This proposed statistical test can be extended to measure the effects of implemented policies for removing the earthquake effects. This extended procedure is examined by conducting time series analysis of transhipped cargo.

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The characteristics of the behavior of injured in Nishinomiya City at the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster are analyzed to propose an estimation method of the number of the injured to medicalinstitutions. This estimation method is composed of the logistic curve with some parameters, and correlated with the true value. Through a case study, it becomes clear that the location of medical institutions would bring the over-concentration of the injured and that the traffic jams by broken bridges would not be main factors. Transport plan of the injured should be handled explicitly into local disaster prevention plan.

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In recent years, Urban canals have been criticized with their stereotyped use patterns due to monotonous space structure. In view of this state of affairs, this research was designed to disclose “administrative canal plans, ”“relationship between canals and residents, ”“characteristics of canals, ” and eventually “space structure contributing to the formation of the said characteristics” regarding canals in Koto-ku, Tokyo, for the period from the Edo Era to the present. To attain these goals, we implemented literary search and personal interviews. As a result of such research, we pointed out that past canal development was limited to steps for “tree planting” and “promenade development” within the waterfront area, not for space (area feature) creation surrounding canals. Furthermore, we revealed, as “design vocabulary” for future development of canals, nine “characteristics of canals” and seven elements of “space structure”(character of canals).

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This paper studies the landscapes from coastal batteries in kyusyu region of Meiji Era, to give a model of observer's translation for the relation between events and landscapes in the place. This relation has two elements; first one is to forecast the events in the place, and second is to participate in imaginary events. Landscapes from coastal batteries are divided into four types by the patterns of events, as follows:“Speediness”, “Diagonal”, “Skimming”, and “Going-round”. From the viewpoint of reuse as parks, “Skimming” and “Going-round” are many examples, because their types enable to forecast or to participate.

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The concept of visual anchor is introduced to explain the spatial orientation and rating its degree. The spatial orientation contrib utes to urban legibility and it is important to control by methods in urban planning. 26 subjects evaluate the effect of perspective composition including landmark on the orientation. They are requested to point out from where some pictures of landmark are taken on the map. The degree of orientation is rated as errors on distance, location, and direction between standing point and landmark. Results imply that the spatial relationship of visual elements on the perspective image is effective.

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It is an important subject how to evaluate the city park as a habitat.In this study, the pot-ential evaluation was performed with six elements; area, shape, form, the number of plant communities, green coverage, and a slope inclination about the city park which has a possi-bility of becoming the core of a habitat in the city. There was a correlation between the area of the park and the number of plant communities. The authors also tried to use the form index to evaluate the city park and it was considered reasonable and proper.

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This research aims at verifying the conditions for the operation in applying VRML to a landscape simulation. The conditions of frame rate, moving speed, and the rate of a detour became clear from experiments. By employing the experiments for the evaluation of space designs, it is clarifiedthat VRML is effective in space evaluation with differences in objects' height.

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Recently, the recreation activities in the rivers have increased, and playing with boats on rivers has attracted people. This study aims at quantifying the potential of utilization of boating. The results are effective in zoning, which contains the area for natural conservation, recreational activities and coexistence of all elements. First, comprehensive environmental factors are selected. Second, their evaluation functions are defined. Finally, the evaluation system qualifying the river environment could be established and the system is applied for the evaluating the case of the Tama River.

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In this paper, we deal with the water-front of Okazaki Area in Kyoto Higashiyama as the space for amenity based on the Lake Biwa Canal under the modernization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Lake Biwa Canal in planning of water-front, and show the knowledge and process of creating the urban amenity by using historical materials. As a result, this infrastructure have sustained the urbanization of Okazaki Area directly and indirectly, and contributed creation of water-front amenity for citizen.

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Landscape formations of Maruyama temples firstly depended on inclinations of the lands. The most steep one, Choraku-ji, was built up with several flat area connected each other, between which they created beautiful gardens. In Anyou-ji, also steep one, there were six separated sites which had ups and downs abundantly, in each site various relations between gardens and buildings made people turn their eyes toward various directions. Finally, Sourin-ji had gentle slope, so they made artificial heaps in their gardens to make their landscapes complex, or they use Syakkei. Afterward, these temples were used as places of cultural communication.

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Since SCM isn't developed in construction industry, the bullwhip effect that is caused by decentralized demand information and lead time brings about overstock of materials in the supply chain. In order to evaluate quantitative effect of inventory reduction by SCM in construction industry, this paper constructs an inventory control model by combining the inventory policy with the theory of bullwhip effect in a supply chain under the leadership of general construction. The simulation analysis shows that SCM system achieves the reduction of inventory over 30% less than the system without SCM.

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In this paper, we give a solution for traveling salesman n person M town problem (TSP (n/M)) which is an extension of traveling salesman problem (TSP) by the genetic algorithm (GA). TSP (n/M) is a generalized problem of the ordinary traveling salesman to a problem when n person exists. Here, we propose a new algorithm named multi-parents exchange method that generates one offspring from several parents. Moreover, we propose a new method by combining this algorithm with the Saving Method is a method in the area of The Transportation Planning.

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