Microwave energy had become a valuable component in the electromagnetic spectrum. Because of its unique energy source, the microwave radiation can penetrate several centimeters into biologic tissue. The energy is absorbed and converted into heat within the tissue. Clinical applications of microwave irradiation fall into two categories; thermotherapy and hyperthermia. Microwave therapy has generated great interest in the field of urology because of its safety, efficiency, and its simplicity as a surgical tool. This review analyses the fundamentals of the science of microwave energy as a therapy and presents an in-depth discussion of its theoretical principles, unique characteristics, appropriateness of application, and its potentiality as a long-term modality for the treatment of urologicallyrelated diseases.

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The effect of local hyperthermia on the prostate using 13.56MHz radio frequency wave (RF wave) was reported.
Firstly, temperature and blood flow of the prostate in normal dogs were measured during local hyperthermia. In most part of the prostate, the temperature reached over 42°C, which was considered as favorable for the hyperthermia therapy. Blood flow of the prostatic tissue rose more slowly than that of muscle tissue. Secondly, the tissue concentration of anticancer agents after local hyperthermia was measured. There was a tendency that drug concentration in the prostate tissue after local hyperthermia was higher than that without local hyperthermia. Histological findings showed interstitial edema and congestion.
As a clinical trial, 14 cases of prostatic cancer were treated with local hyperthermia after the administration of anticancer agents. Seven of them were fresh cases and the others were relapsed cases. After treatment, tumor size was reduced in 13 cases. According to “The Response Criteria for Urologic Tumor”, one Complete Response, 3 Partial Response and 10 No Change cases were obtained. There was no tumor progression. As for side effects, bone marrow suppression, loss of appetite, diarrhea and skin burns were noted. However, these side effects were mild, and did not interrupt the treatment.
Local hyperthermia of the prostate after systemic chemotherapy could be carried out safely and effectively in patients with prostatic cancer.

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The effect of double Malecot type polyurethane intraurethral catheter (IUC) was examined in 17 benign prostatic hypertrophy patients who were unfit for operation and suffered from urinary retention. Patients were aged 68 to 90 (mean 80.5) years old and the causes of IUC insertion were cardiac, cerebrovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes mellitus and aging. IUC was selected among three types (55, 60, 65mm) according to the length of prostatic urethra. Insertion of IUC was carried out easily under fluoroscopic guidance without endoscopy. All patients could void by themselves just after insertion of IUC and the longest indwelling period was 10 months. The length of IUC need not be longer than that of prostatic urethra and patients with normal or hypertonic bladder could void better than those with atonic bladder. Urinary tract infection did not get worse in any patients with indwelling IUC. Double Malecot type polyurethane IUC is a safe and an effective alternative method in place of urethral balloon catheter for inoperable prostatic hypertrophy patients in urinary retention.

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The object of this experimental study is to elucidate the limits of recovery in hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis in the rabbit kidney was made by left ureteric ligation for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, followed by relief of obstruction with uretero-ureteric anastomosis. Two and 4 weeks after relief, histopathological examination was performed.
In proportion to the obstructive period, both proximal tubule and thin portion of Henle's loop showed atrophy of epithelial cells, multilaminar thickening of basement membranes, and splitting between epithelium and basement membranes. The interstitium showed edema and subsequent fibrosis. These damages were thought to be due to severe ischemia, which such tubules did not recover and even showed more advanced damages after relief. On the other hand, thick portion of Henle's loop, distal tubule and collecting duct showed advanced compression atrophy and dilated lumen, while no severe ischemic damage was demonstrated. Therefore, after relief, they showed recovery, and, even in the case of no recovery, they showed no advanced damages.
In hydronephrosis, severe ischemic damages brought about a loss of the ability of recovery.

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Twenty-three patients with bladder cancer (TCC; 18 patients, SCC; 5 patients) were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (day 1: methotrexate 20mg/m², vincristine 0.6mg/m², cyclophosphamide 500mg/m², adriamycin 20mg/m², bleomycin 30mg, day 2: cisplatinum 50mg/m²; MVP-CAB). A total of 3 cycles of MVP-CAB were given as preoperative or postoperative therapy. The following results were obtained. Group 1 (purpose to preserve the bladder, preoperative MVP-CAB): Four of 7 patients achieved a partial response. It was possible to perform bladder preservation surgery in 3 of these 4 patients. All 3 patients had pedunculated, solitary tumors, and there was no carcinoma in situ. Group 2 (purpose to improve the prognosis; preoperative MVP-CAB): Hydronephrosis did not resolve in the 4 patients with this complication. They recieved total cystectomy, and 2 patients died of cancer 23 months later. Group 3 (purpose to improve the prognosis; postoperative MVP-CAB): Ten of 12 patients (total cystectomy; 10 patients, partial cystectomy; 2 patients) survived disease-free for an average of 17 months (5-44 months), 1 patient developed recurrence 12 months later, and 1 patient died of cancer 6 months later. The 1-year survival rate in Group 3 was 86% for TCC, 100% for SCC, 80% for grade 3 TCC, and 89% for pT2 or more advanced cancer.

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Kazusamycin A (KZMA) is a new anticancer antibiotic, which has been proven to have strong anticancer effect and several characteristic features different from currently available anticancer antibiotics. However, there has as yet been no report which had concerned itself with the effect of KZMA on urological cancer. This study was undertaken to determine the inhibitory effects of KZMA on transitional cancer cells in vitro, the augmentation of the inhibitory effect by combining thermal treatment and the effect of KZMA upon DNA distribution. Human transitional cancer cells, KU-1, and T-24 were used as targets. Fifty % inhibitory concentration of KZMA was determined after these cells were exposed to graded concentrations of KZMA for 2 to 48 hours, and to the concentration of KZMA for 2 hours at the temperature of 42°C. Viable cells were counted by dye exclusion assay (DEA) and by tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT-assay) exposure. KZMA inhibited the growth of the three transitional cancer cells strongly and this inhibitory effect appeared to be depend upon the exposure time and the concentration of KZMA. IC50s after 2-hour exposure at the temperature of 42°C was shown to be decreased to 23 to 87% of that at the temperature of 37°, indicating an augmentation of the inhibitory effect of KZMA by combining thermal treatment. MGH-U1 was the most sensitive to the combination of KZMA and hyperthermia. The cell cycle analysis showed that KZMA had G₂-arresting and M-retarding effects, which were different compared with currently available anticancer antibiotics.
In conclusion, KZMA has strong anticancer effects on various transitional cancer cell lines and the addition of hyperthermia could increase the effects. Therefore the results presented here suggest that there may be a role of KZMA in the treatment of bladder transitional cell carcinomas and particularly as an effective instillating agent into the bladder.

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Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecularmetal binding protein with multiple biological functions. Recently, MT has been implicated as a factor involved in resistance to anticancer drugs, which presumably inactivates anticancer drugs, including cisplatin, and doxorubicin. In this report, we investigated the relationship of MT expression with the clinical features in bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma.
In 35 cases of bladder cancer, 10 cases of renal cell carcinoma and 3 cases of normal mucosa of bladder, the expression of MT was immunohistologically examined by avidinebiotin-peroxidase (ABC) staining of paraffin-embedded tissue specimens with anti-MT antibody.
Intense MT expression was noted in all cases of normal mucosa of bladder. MT was detected in 10 of 35 cases of bladder cancer, with the incidence of MT expression being significantly higher increases with lower pathological tumor grade. MT was detected in 8 of 10 cases of renal cell carcinoma, and all of the their normal renal tubules showed more intense staining.
A number of hypotheses can be proposed from these observations. First, our observation of decreased MT expression in poorly differentiated carcinomas, which are the more proliferating tumors, this suggests correlation of MT expression with proliferative status of cancer. Second, the higher incidence of MT expression in renal cell carcinoma than in bladder cancer may suggest that it is a factorresponsible for the lower efficacy of chemo-therapy in renal cell carcinoma than in bladder cancer.

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Metallothionein (MT) in tumor cell has been indicated as one of the factors involved in the mechanism of resistance to anticancer drugs. The relationship between expression of MT and chemotherapy with anticancer drugs was studied with bladder cancer culture cell lines and tissue samples from clinical cases.
In drug-resistant cell lines, MT expression was studied by immunohistological staining of the avidine-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method, and by the radioimmunoassey (RIA) method, using an anti-MT antibody.
As for tissue samples from clinical cases, 114 paraffin enbedded samples of 29 cases before and after chemotherapy were subjected to immunohistological staining of MT.
Human-bladder cancer cell lines with resistance to anticancer drugs (C1-7/CDDP, T-24/ADM) showed increased of expression of MT compared to each parental cell lines (C1-7, T-24), saggesting relationship of resistance to anticancer drugs and MT expression.
In the clinical cases, those with continuous administration such as intravesicle chemotherapy or oral administration chemotherapy showed greater incidence of positive staining of MT expression in comparison with cases with fewer administrations, such as intra-arterial infusion therapy or intravenous administration chemotherapy.
These results demonstrated that repetitive and continuous administration of anticancer drugs cause increase of MT in bladder cancer cell, which may be a possible mechanism of acquired resistance to anticancer drugs.

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FK506, a newly developed immunosuppressive agent, has recently been used for human liver and kidney transplantation. The present study was carried out to assess the functional and morphological changes by acute or chronic administration of FK506 in heminephrectomized rats. FK506 was given intravenously at the dose of 0.384mg/kg/hr for 90min in acute experiment. FK506 was administered by gastric gavage at doses of 1, 2.5, 5mg/kg for 21 days. Blood and urinary biochemistries were monitored every week. Inulin and PAH clearance studies were conducted during the infusion of FK506 for acute study, and at day 21 for chronic study. Some of the rats were treated with diltiazem (Dilt), captopril or prazosine for 21 days to prevent FK506 nephrotoxicity. Acute infusion of FK506 did not change renal and systemic hemodynamics. Creatinine clearance showed a dose dependent decrease by 10-20% in the rats with chronic administration of FK506. Inulin/PAH clearance indicated a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow with an increase in renal vascular resistence. The renal histology showed vacuolization in proximal tubuli and media of smooth muscle cells of arterioles. The administration of Dilt functionally and morphologically improved renal impairment induced by FK506. In conclusion, FK506 induces a dose dependent decrease in renal function with significant histological changes in tubuli and arterioles in rat kidney. Intracellular calcium deregulation seems to be involved in FK506-induced nephrotoxicity.

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A retrospective analysis of 59 patients with renal pelvic and ureter cancer (56 transitional cell carcinomas, 2 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 adenocarcinoma), which were treated surgically, was performed in relation to postoperative recurrence, particulary distant metastasis. Of the 59 cases, postoperative recurrences developed as distant metastasis in 9 cases (15.3%), as bladder cancer in 19 cases (32.2%) and as contralateral renal pelvic and ureter cancer (bilateral metachronous cancer) in 3 cases (5.1%). Three of the 9 cases with the development of distant metastasis were squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, and the others transitional cell carcinoma. All the metastases occurred within 2 years. In cases with transitional cell carcinoma, nonpapillary tumor, grade 3, high stage (pT3 and pT4), positive vascular invasion and IFNβ or γ had a significant influence on the rate of distant metastasis. On the other hand, location, diversity and previous or coexistent bladder cancer did not seem to be related to the frequency of the development of distant metastasis. Thus, tumor aggresiveness was the only predictive valuable of the development of distant metastasis after surgery for renal pelvic and ureter cancer.

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To determine the influence of endocrine factors on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP), the levels of three sex steroid hormones i. e., total testosterone (Total-T), free testosterone (Free-T) and estradiol (E2), were measured in serum of healthy 154 men. Their ages ranged from 18 to 91 years old. In 59 men, prostatic size was estimated by digital examination and was subdivided into three groups: smaller than or equal to walnut size, small hen's egg size and equal to or larger than hen's egg size.
Firstly, relationships of sex hormone levels with age were studied. There was a slight decrease in Total-T over 60 years old, a significant decrease in Free-T, and no change in E2 with age. Thus, E2/Total-T and E2/Free-T ratio increased significantly after middle-age.
Secondly, relationships of hormone levels with prostatic size were studied. In the larger prostate group, a significantly lower level of Total-T and significantly higher level of E2 were detected. But there was no difference in Free-T. Thus, the prostatic size was correlated positively with E2 level, E2/Total-T and E2/Free-T ratio.
These suggest that the endocrine environment tended to be estrogens-dominant with age, in particular, after middle-age, and that patients with large prostates have more estrogens-dominant environments. We conclude that estrogens are key hormones for the induction and the development of BPH.

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The current practice of continent urinary diversion still places the patients under the restraint of the stoma and intermittent catheterization. To overcome these problems, we developed a new technique of urinary diversion of which continent is controlled by the anal sphincter. The isolated ileocecal segment is intussuscepted and interposed between the ureters and the rectum. The conjoined ureters are anastomosed to the stump of the ileal limb, and the antimesenteric portion of the cecal limb is joined to the anterior wall of the rectum. The surgical procedure is simpler than that of the continent reservoirs currently employed. The intussuscepted ileocecal segment prevents fecal reflux to the upper urinary tract and may also inhibit carcinogenesis at the ureterointestinal junction. Additionally, the rectal capacity is augmented by the side to side anastomosis between the cecal limb and the rectum. Our preliminary experience in 10 cases were satisfactory with respect to voiding function, antireflux mechanism of the intussuscepted ileocecal segment and quality of life. The results will jutstify further trials with this stomaless continent urinary diversion for those in whom the urethra cannot be used.

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The diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence in the elderly out-clinic patients were reviewed. Sixty-three patients (24 males and 39 females) over 60 years old, who consulted our clinic complaining urinary incontinence, were subjected to the present study. The patients' ages ranged from 60 to 91, with the mean age of 72.9 years old. The types of the incontinence were urge in 44 cases (69.8%), stress in 10 (15.9%), outflow in 5 (7.9%) and mixture of urge and stress in 4 (6.4%). Urge incontinence resulted from unstable bladder in 63.6% and from neurogenic bladder (overactive detrusor) in 36.4%. Cerebrovascular diseases were the most common cause of the neurogenic bladder. Fifty-four patients (85.7%) were out-patients and 9 (14.3%) were hospitalized for other diseases. Thirteen patients (20.6%) with dementia were included. Diagnosis was made on the basis of a detailed questionnaire, physical examination and voiding chart, and confirmed by urodynamic study. Treatment was positively made by means of drug therapy, operation, clean intermittent catheterization and/or behavior training. As results, incontinence disappeared in 52.4% (frequency of incontinence/day: 5.0±2.6times/day to 0), was fairly improved in 30.2% (5.1±2.3 to 1.2±0.8), was slightly improved in 7.9% (3.4±1.4 to 2.4±1.4) and unchanged in 9.5% (8.2±2.3 to 8.3±2.2). Severe neurogenic bladder (overactive), dementia and physical disability were proposed to be important factors responsible for treatment failure. Agressive therapy should be tried to treat the urinary incontinence in the elderly, since favourable results can be expected in most of the cases.

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A rare case of urinary retention due to tuberculous pyometra is presented. A 70-year-old woman visited our hospital complaining of dysuria and pollakisuria on January 26, 1990. In spite of medication of cholinergic agents, urinary retention developed on April 6, 1990. Cystoscopy revealed elevation of the urethra and bladder neck. Physical examinations disclosed a child-head-sized tumor in the lower abdomen, which persisted following catheterization. Excretory urogram showed a large retrovesical mass. Chain urethrocystogram revealed anteriorr dislocation of the bladder neck and the proximal portion of the urethra. CT scan and MRI demonstrated a fluid-filled pelvic mass, which positioned above the vagina and compressed the urinary bladder anteriorly. Total hysterectomy was performed on August 6, 1990. Pathological diagnosis was tuberculous endometritis. Urinary symptoms disappeared immediately after the operation. Postoperative chain urethrocystography revealed complete cure of the dislocation of the bladder neck and urethra.
We collected 34 cases of urinary retention due to gynecological disease in Japan, and 110 cases in English literature. Among the frequent diseases were retroverted gravid uterus, prolapse uteri, uterine leiomyomas, ovarian cyst, imperforated hymen and vaginal atresia. The mechanisms of urinary retention in gynecological disease are discussed. No case of urinary retention due to tuberculous pyometra was found in the literature.

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The case is a 77-year-old man who was first examined in August 1980 (at age 67).
Prostatic biopsy revealed a poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, and clinically, diagnosis was made as stage B. Castration and DES administration were carried out. Subsequent chemotherapy with BLM, MMC, and 5-FU led to CR.
A periodical check-up in September 1985 detected a pelvic lymphnode metastasis, which was, however, completely remitted by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
In April 1990, local relapse was noted in the left lobe of the prostate.
Biopsy revealed a poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Three courses of intravenous administration of CDDP, THP, and VP-16 caused no change.
From August 1990 on, anal submucosal injection of MTX was started. 20mg of MTX administration once a week, for consecutive 5 weeks, followed by 4-week interruption on ambulatory basis formed one couse.
The tumor was distinctly reduced following one course, disappeared (MRI) following two courses and showed only a few viable cells (biopsy) following four courses.
We consider that the present method is a hopeful new therapeutic approach.

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