The purpose of this study was to develop criterion-referenced measurement items for play analysis of top players in the game of tennis. The sample size was 752 shots, with 157 points, at a five-set match in the finals of the 2014 US Open Championship. The tactical play structure and the measurement items, with criteria, were constructed using qualitative causal-effect analysis by the Delphi technique, with the assistance of three tennis experts. The measurement item criteria were extracted using decision tree analysis with a CART algorithm. The characteristics of the criterion-referenced measurement items and test were statistically analyzed using item response theory (IRT) analysis with the two-parameter logistic model (2PLM). The resulting 26 criterion-referenced measurement items of the three play phases of serve, return, and rally were selected to be measured. In the three phases of tennis play, the play items were found to have local independence, unidimensionality and conformity to the 2PLM, as well as invariance of the item difficulty, item discrimination and ability values. The tennis play items constructed using the qualitative analysis conformed to the ICC of the 2PLM and constituted an achievement rating scale for play in the game of tennis. In conclusion, firstly, the tennis play of top players was divided into three main phases: the serve phase, the return phase and the rally phase. Second, the test items for assessing achievement in a tennis game were found to be unidimensional, fit to the 2PLM, and invariant to the estimates in each phase of play. Third, the achievement assessment tests of play in the game of tennis were found to be reliable, valid and fit for each phase of the test. Finally, the criterion for assessing the degree of achievement in tennis, consisting of item difficulty, was found to be valid.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Shorinji Kempo experience on toe grip strength, sole shape, and anterior-posterior foot pressure ratio. The participants were 39 healthy male university students (13 Shorinji Kempo athletes, 13 athletes (volleyball and handball athletes), and 13 non-athletes). All Shorinji Kempo athletes and athletes had more than three years of experience in each athletic event. Shorinji Kempo athletes had significantly lower rates and numbers of floating-toes than those of athletes and non-athletes. Toe grip strength, foot angle and anterior foot pressure ratio were significantly higher in Shorinji Kempo athletes than in non-athletes. It was inferred that Shorinji Kempo experience affects the toe grip strength, the foot shape (floating-toe and foot angle) and the anterior-posterior foot pressure ratio. Future studies, such as those using longitudinal data, are needed to further this research.

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This study examined the effect of exercise intensity on establishing exercise habits by comparing the difference in the retention rate of exercise habits when provided exercise intervention groups (exercise programs, exercise classrooms) with different exercise intensity. Participation (requirement) of exercise intervention were 20-64 years old women without exercise habits (30 minutes or more, once at least twice a week) for one year or more, outstanding sports history in the past, confident in physical strength and athletic ability, and special consideration to exercise by a doctor. Twenty-nine women participated, 17 participants were assigned to low- to moderate-intensity exercise intervention group, 12 participants were assigned to moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise intervention group. All groups participated in the same number of sessions (90minutes a session and twice a week) and the same periods (12 weeks). The main exercises were stretching and walking in low- to moderate-intensity exercise group, and walking and jogging in moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise group. One year after the end of the exercise intervention, the survey showed that the retention rate of exercise habits in low- to moderate-intensity exercise group was 7 out of 12 (58.3%) and that in moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise group was 2 out of 11 (18.2%). There was no significant difference in the retention rate of exercise habits between two groups (χ2 test, p=0.089). Self-efficacy for exercise did not increase significantly in either group (low- to moderate-intensity exercise group: baseline 8.8±3.0 → post 9.4±2.5 → survey 8.5±3.1 points, moderateto vigorous-intensity exercise group: 11.3±2.9 → 11.0±3.7 → 10.8±2.2 points. Interaction: p = 0.694, simple main effect of time: p=0.585, simple main effect of group: p=0.061). These results suggest that the effect of exercise intensity on establishing exercise habits and self-efficacy for exercise-related establishing exercise habits might be small.

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　Oral hygiene is important for the prevention of many diseases. In particular, the prevention of poor oral health (oral frailty) is essential to prolonging the healthy life expectancy. Reduced immune response in the saliva has been associated with oral frailty. Previously, we focused on human-β-defensin-2 (HBD-2), which specifically regulates the immune response in the oral cavity, and demonstrated that the reduction of salivary HBD-2 results in poor oral health and increases the risk of opportunistic infections. In this study, focusing on water exercise training considered to increase intraoral immune function, we investigated the influence of water exercise training on the oral local immune function and Streptococcus mutans-suppressing effect. The salivary HBD-2 levels were 24.2±6.2 and 48.6±9.6pg/mL before and after intervention, respectively, showing that it significantly increased (p<0.05). Regarding the Streptococcus mutans-suppressing effect, a significant bacterial growth-inhibitory effect was noted after intervention compared with that before intervention (p<0.05). Focusing on water exercise training considered to increase intraoral immune function, the influence of Water exercise training on the oral local immune function and Streptococcus mutans growth-inhibitory effect was investigated.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect and sustainability of basic knowledge about water accidents and the knowledge necessary for safety management on students' awareness of water accidents. The subjects of analysis were 59 junior high school students. The survey items were fear, perceived susceptibility to the threat, perceived severity of the threat, and perceived response efficiency. The results of the analysis were as follows：1) The effect of the class was recognized only in the boy's perceived severity of the threat, and the effect persisted even in the delay condition. However, the effect of the class was not observed in fear, perceived susceptibility to the threat, and perceived response efficiency. 2) The confidence of swimming in the pool and the experience of having a conversation about a water accident with a family did not affect the students' perception. 3) In the future, it is necessary to consider effective lessons for preventive measures against water accidents.

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This study aims to clarify the factors that influence career maturity for nurses and nursing students from previous research. We selected twelve previous studies that fulfilled our conditions from a search of the web edition of the Japan Medical Abstracts Society literature database. We selected descriptions of factors that influence career maturity, made one code per factor, and categorized them by similar content. The categories were as follows: “internal factors,” composed of the six sub-categories of a “self-concept” including a professional identity, “ability to self-educate,” “goals” for the future, “motivation” for one’s job, “role models,” and “self-efficacy;” “environmental factors,” composed of the two sub-categories of “social support” as support in the workplace, and “systems” such as working conditions; and “individual traits,” composed of the six sub-categories of “clinical experience,” “nursing curriculum,” “age,” “sex,” “parental status” (i.e. presence or lack of children), and “family support.” We found that career maturity is affected by internal factors that affect the formation of one’s identity, by surrounding people, and by one’s work environment. In addition, career maturity differs on the basis of individual traits such as one’s age, sex, and experiences to date.

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