Measurements and observations were conducted to study the sizes of the Primary tooth crowns and primary dental arches of the Japanese and the standard. values and frequency distribution of the primary occlusion. Maxilla and mandible dentition models were collected for the study, with the cooperation of departments of pediatric dentistry by dental colleges university in Japan, from a total 158 children - 83 boys and 75 girls - with normal primary occlusion. The following conclusions were obtained:
1. The values shown in Table were obtained for the mediodistral width of the primary crowns of each tooth. The values were significantly larger for boys than for girls in all tooth types except upper second primary molars.
2. The values shown in Table were obtained for the width, length and height of the primary dental arch, these being the standard clinical values for the two groups - one comprising children less than five years old and the other, children exactry five years or older - with the sex-difference factors added.
3. The figures shown in Table were obtained regarding spaces between the teeth. With regard to the types of spaces, primate and growth spaces were found together in 91.8% of The cases in the maxilla and 70.9% of The cases in the mandible.
4. The frequency of terminal planes was 85.4% in the vertical type,8.6% in the distal-step type and 6.0% in the mesial-step type.
5. Regarding primary canines in the maxilla and mandible,83.2% were Type I,13.0% Type II and 3.8% III.

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Composite resin inlay (CR-inlay) with the indirect system, developed several years ago, is said to have superior properties over the conventional resin restoration system. CR-inlay could be used for the esthetic restoration of premolars, but indications of this in pediatric dentistry and significance of its clinical application have not been established.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of CR-inlay restorations on young premolars by periodical clinical observation.
Fifty carious proximal surfaces of premolars were the subjects for this clinical study. On the first day of the treatment, class II cavities were prepared and impressions for working casts were taken. CR-inlays were fabricated in the laboratory according to the manufacturer's instructions. On the second day of the treatment, CR-inlays were adjusted in situ and cemented with CR cement. These CR-inlay restorations were evaluated by clinical exploration at intervals of every 6 months.
The results based on observation for 1 year and 6 months were as follows: 24restorations were sound, one restoration was fractured,17 restorations showed chipped margins,10 restorations showed marginal pigmentation while all restorations showed good or acceptable color match, although two resotrations caused pain.

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This study was undertaken to determine the objectively internal structure of bone during the course of growth and development of the mandible of children. The subjects consisted of 160 children with normal occlusion, from 3 to 6 years old, who came to the Department of Pedodontic, Attached Hospital, Kyushu Dental College as outpatients for examination. Their cortical bones at the mandibular basewere measured on panoramic radiographs.
The results were as follows:
1. The average thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular base for boys was 2.43±0.42 mm for age 3,3.13±0.50 mm for age 4,3.25±0.40 mm for age 5, and 3.48±0.50 mm for age 6. For girls, the average was 2.44±0.45 mm for age 3,3.07±0.49 mm for age 4,3.14±0.38 mm for age 5, and 3.47±0.51mm for age 6.
2. The T-test showed no significant differences between boys and girls and between the right and left sides in the thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular base. Between the two ages 3 and 4,3 and 5,3 and 6,4 and 6, and 5 and 6, the latter showed significantly greater values (p<0.01) than the former.
3. When modified by vertical magnification factor 1.34 in the panoramic radiographs at the mandibular second primary molar, the values for boys were 1.81±0.31 mm for age 3.2.34±0.37 mm for age 4,2.43±0.30 mm for age 5, and 2.60±0.37 mm for age 6. The values for girls were 1.82±0.34 mm for age 3,2.29±0.37 mm for age 4,2.34±0.28 mm for age 5, and 2.60±0.38mm for age 6.
4. The coefficient of the correlation between age and thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular base was r=0.657. When thickness of the cortical bone at the mandibular base is shown on the Y-axis and age on the X-axis, the regression line was Y=0.358×+1.243.

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As a means for determining the internal structure of bone tissue, there is bone mineral analysis from the clinical standpoint. There have been reports involving the radius, vertebrae lumbales and others. No reports involving the mandibular bone at the growth stage however have yet been made. For determining the internal structure of the jaw bones in childhood, sixty children, from six to eight years old, visiting the out-patieent ward, Department of Pedodontics, Attached Hospital, Kyushu Dental College, for examination and treatment and who had normal occlusion without dental caries or substantial tooth defects were selected as subjects and the bone mineral quantity in the mandibular bone was measured.
The results were as follows:
1. The results of the measurement of the bone mineral quantity by age showed an increasing tendency with age for both boys and girls. The average bone mineral quantities for boys were 3.45±0,41 mmAl for age six,3.96±0.61 mmAl for age seven, and 4.91±0.75 mmAl for age eight, and for girls were 3.16±0.41 mmAl for age six,3.76±0.51 mmAl for age seven, and 3.99±0.61 mmAl for age eight.
2. The results of the T-tests between the sexes and between the ages showed no significant difference between boys and girls from six to eight years old. In comparison of bone mineral quantities by age, between the ages of six and seven, the age of seven showed significantly greater values (p<0.01) than the age of six; between the ages of six and eight, the age of eight showed significantly greater values (p<0.01) than the age of six; but between the ages of seven and eight, no significant difference was seen.
3. The coefficient of the correlation between age and bone mineral quantity was r=0.646. The expression of the regression line, with age on the X-axis and bone mineral quantity on the Y-axis, was Y=0.503X-0.005.4. As basic examination items for reproducibility of measurement, coefficients of variation were obtained using skulls of the seven-year-old Indian children for (i) variation based on the focus, subject, and film position, and (ii) variation in bone mineral quantity based on the exposure dose of X-r0y irradiation. The value for (i) was 1.19% and for (ii) was 0.41% and it was confirmed that variations in measurement were small.

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Base monomers of light-cured base materials, ULTRA-BLENDTM and IONOSIT(R) BASE LINER and their curing characteristics were examined. The results were as follows:
1. The total amounts of monomer in one gram of the base material before exposure were 72.88±3.32mg/g of Bis-GMA and 97.26±3.38mg/g of TEDMA in IONOSIT® BASE LINER, and 497.95±12.38mg/g of UDMA in ULTRABLEND^TM.
2. The longer the exposure was, the less the residual monomer tended to be. However, changes were scarcely seen with over 30 seconds of exposure for the IONOSIT(R) BASE LINER and over 40 seconds for ULTRA-BLEND^TM.
3. The amounts of residual monomer with 60 seconds of exposure were Bis-GMA: 7.63±0.53mg/g, TEDMA: 1188±0.85mg/g, and UDMA: 91.93±4.63mg /g.

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The purpose of the present study was to clarify the role of the major salivary glands on the transition from suckling to chewing in new born guinea pigs.
Fifty five guinea pigs were used and the major salivary glands such as the submandibular, sublingual and parotid were surgically removed under an anesthesia with Ketamine (2 mg/kg body weight, i. p. ) 7 days after birth. Depending on the removal of single or combined salivary gland, the animals were grouped into following seven, group 1 submandibular only, group 2 sublingual only, group 3parotid only, group 4 submandibular and sublingual, group 5 submandibular and parotid, group 6 sublingual and parotid, and group 7 control, to which only surgery necessary for salivary gland removal was performed.
After removal of the salivary glands, the intraoral pressure was recorded by a pressure transducer (Gould statham Co., P231-D) and the jaw movements by Saphon Visi-Trainer CII (Tokyo-Shizai Co. ). Transition time from suckling to chewing was then evaluated based on the intraoral pressure and the jaw movements as reported in our previous paper.
There was no difference in the beginning of chewing movement between group 3 and group 7. While it was delayed for 1 day in group 2, and for 2 days in group 1, in group 4, it was exceptionaly delayed for 12 days. There were some effects in every group of the suckling period. It was delayed for 3 days in group 2, for 4 days in group 3, and for 7 days in group 1.
These results disclosed that the salivary gland, particularly the submandibular gland plays an important role in the transition from suckling to chewing, and it is also suggested that the quantity of saliva may be related factors on the transition from suckling to chewing.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various tooth surface conditioners, primers, liners and bonding agents on the resin adhesion to the primary dentin.
The labial surfaces of 9 extracted or exfoliated human primary anterior teeth and 74 extracted and frozen bovine mandibular primary incisors were used. Three adhesive treatment groups were prepared. The CA Liner Bond group (CA agent, SA Primer, Protect Liner: Kuraray Co. ), the 10-3 D Liner group (10-3solution, Superbond Primer, Superbond D Liner: Sunmedical Co. )and the phosphoric acid Photo Bond group (K etchant, Clearfil Photo Bond: Kuraray Co. ). The composite resin used in this study was Kuraray Co. Clearfil Photo Anterior (shade: A2). In the thermal cycled groups, thermal cycling tests consisting of water baths with 10,000 temparature cycles between 60°C and 4°C were attempted. The effects of tooth surface conditioners were observed in the SEM. The shear bond strength was tested and the test surfaces of the dentin and the resin specimens were observed in the SEM.
1. For the effects of the tooth surface conditioner, the 10-3 solution showed the highest efficacy, followed by the K etchant and CA agent. However, tooth to tooth difference greatly influenced the tooth surface conditioning efficacy.
2. In the non-thermal cycled groups, the bond strength of the phosphoric acid Photo Bond group(8.78±3.82 MPa)was significantly lower than those of the 10-3 D Liner group(30.67±7.38 MPa)and the CA Liner Bond group (29.92±5.70 MPa).
3. In the thermal cycled groups, the bond strength of the 10-3 D Liner group (25.99±6.41 MPa)was significantly higher than those of the CA Liner Bond group(14.31±6.33 MPa)and the phosphoric acid Photo Bond group(13.02±8.78 MPa).
4. In thc CA Liner Bond group, the bond strcngth of the thermal cyclcd group was significantly lower than that of the non-thermal cycled group.

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The aim of this study was to estimate three kinds of fluoride (F) releasing resins, compared with one kind of glassionomer cement. The F releasing materials used were: light cured F releasing bonding agent for orthodontic treatment(FB), light cured F releasing composite resin (FE), light cured F releasing resin for fissure sealant (TF) and glassionomer cement (HY). The amount of F released from these materials was measured for 30 days. The uptake of F with the apatite pellet, which was immersed in distilled water for 30 days in contact with F releasing materials, was determined.
The apatite pellet was characterised by X-ray diffraction study. The results obtained were as follows.
1. The amount of F released was the greatest with FB, followed by HY, FE and TF.
2. The greater the F released, the more the F uptake with apatite pellet was. The amount of F released from each F releasing material was similar to its F uptake with apatite.
3. The X-ray diffraction analysis could not reveal any formation of CaF2 in the apatite pellet in contact with the F releasing materials.

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The taste sensitivity of preweanling mice was studied by examining the responses of the chorda tympani (CT) and glossopharyngeal (GL) nerves to various taste stimuli, and comparing them with those of adult mice. In mice of 7-10 days age, compared to that of the CT nerve, the threshold of the GL nerve for glutamate was low, while those for Sucrose and NaCl were high.
Sensitivities to HCl and Quinine-HCl were similar between the CT and GL nerves, although that to Quinine-HCl was larger in the GL nerve than in the CT nerve in adult mice. Enhancement of MSG responses by addition of GMP was observed in the CT nerve but not in the GL nerve in this age group. In mice of 8-16 weeks of age, the threshold of the GL nerve for MSG became higher while that for NaCl became lower.
Enhancement of MSG responses by addition of GMP appeared also in the GL nerve. The inhibition of NaCl responses by Amiloride was observed in the CT nerve, but not in the GL nerve. These results suggest that, in mice, the GL nerve is an important taste input for umami substances especially during the preweanling period, whereas the CT nerve is important for sweet and salty substances. Properties of the umami and salty receptor systems change during the postweanling period.

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To develop a pit and fissure sealant for partially erupting permanent teeth, we produced several trial cements combining tetracalcium phosphate (4CP) and CaF2. We investigated the release of Ca, P, and F from them into distilled water and their remineralizing effect on artificial subsurface lesions in vitro. From 4CP cements, more Ca and P was released than from a glassionomer cement used as the control, while little F was released from even cement combining 4CP and fluoride. Furthermore,4CP cements, whether fluoride was combined or not, promoted the remineralization on artificial subsurface lesions for seven days. The glassionomer cement did not remineralize the artificial subsurface lesion under the cement. These results suggest that the promoting of remineralization by 4CP cements is chiefly due to the Ca and P released from them.

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To prevent pit and fissure caries of partially erupting permanent teeth, a cement combining tetracalcium phosphate (4CP) and CaF2 was developed. We evaluate the effects of the 4CP cement in clinical study. The caries incidence of the 4CP cement was 14% after 6 months,17% after 12 months, and 28% after 18months, while that of the control was 17% after 6 months,34% after 12 months, and 41 % after 18 months. The caries incidence of the 4CP cement was less than that of the controls in every period. The caries reduction rate of the 4CP cement was 20% after 6 months,50% after 12 months, and 33% after 18 months. These results suggest that a cement combining 4CP and 1 % CaF2 is efficient as a temporary caries preventive sealant for caries till resin sealant can be used.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of the prevalence of the Temporomandibular Joint dysfunction syndrome, of the signs, and the prevalence distribution of the form of the signs among primary school children, junior high school children and senior high school student as compared with the our previous study which was performed with the same methods.
The subjects were 898 children and 2245 students (1665 boys and 1478 girls).
A subjects displaying any one of the three major signs of the Temporomandibular Joint dysfunction were considered to be a sufferer of the Temporomandibular Joint dysfunction syndrome. The three major signs are sound during condyle movement, limitation of mandibular movement and pain in the region of the muscles for mastication and in Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ).
The results obtained were as follows;
1. The prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome increased with significant differences among all of the subjects in this study as compared with the our previous study of eight years ago.
2. There was significant difference in the increase of the prevalence between the sexes. The increase of the prevalence in girls was marked.
3. The serious signs or multiple signs of TMJ dysfunction syndrome tended to increase in this study as compared with the our privious study.

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In order to conduct as epidemiologicainl vestigationo f the TMJ dysfunction syndrome,4 604s tudentso fj unior high schoola nd high schoolsin Tokyo( 930b oys and 843 girls)a nd Kagoshima( 1507b oysa nd 1324g irls)w erei nvestigatedc linically according to the clinical signs.
The TMJ dysfunction syndrome has been defined as the prevalence of one or more of the following three signs: (a) sounds during condyle movements, (b)limitation of mandibular movement, (c) pain in the region of the mastication and the temporomandilbuajro ints (TMJ). The resultsw ere as follows:
1. The prevalencei n the TMJ dysfunctions yndromei n these subjectsi n Tokyo and Kagoshimao f similart endencyw as determinedi rrespectiveo f the region.
2. The prevalenceo f the TMJ dysfunctions yndromei n Tokyo and Kagoshima, was more common among girls than boys. The prevalence of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome classified particularly by schools was found to show a differencein the prevalencein two schoolsin whicht here were more girlst han boys, the number of studentss howingn otabled ifferenceb y sex being marked. However, there was no statisticallys ignificantd ifferenceb etween the sexes
3. The most frequent sign of the TMJ dysfunction syndrome in Tokyo and Kagoshimaw ass ingles igna nd concerningth e frequencyo f the individuals igns, the most common one was that of the TMJ sounds. It was found that the singles ign of the TMJ dysfunctions yndromet ended to decrease, i n portion to the advancemenot f age, whilet he pain and the limitationo f the mandibular movement were shown to have a tendency to increase.
4. As to the form of the signs, the single sign had a greater prevalence than the combineds igns. Amongt hose subjectsi n Tokyoa nd Kagoshimaw ith combined signs, girls showed greater prevalence than boys.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate by "Occlusogram" the forced cross-bites of primary dentition before and after occlusal adjustment.
The subjects examined in the study were 10 children with forced cross-bites (FCB). These FCB children who showed premature contacts during the mouth closing pathway from the muscle position were given occlusal adjustment treatment by grinding. The cast models of the dentitions and the bite checks were obtained before and after treatment with the black silicon paste in the intercuspal position. The occlusal changes were then examined by a computerized image detection system designated as "Occlusogram" which was a newly developed measure in our department. An outline of each tooth of the upper and lower jaw, and occlusal contacts input by CCD camera to a computer were superimposed on the occlusal plane.
The following results were obtained;
1. Significant increase of the coronal arch length of the upper jaw and decrease of that of the lower jaw were found, after occlusal adjustment.
2. Over jet and terminal plane changed significantly after treatment.
3. After treatment, the mandible of the FCB children shifted backward with rotation of the lower dentition as compared to the upper jaw. In conclusion FCB children show not merely functional mandibule protrusion but accompanied rotation of the mandible as well.

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The bifurcation area (external furcation area) of 39 primary first and second molars of 10 mandibulars of Indian sculls was investigated with a scanning electron microscope for the presence of accessory formaina. Accessory foramina were also studied with respect to size, form, location and frequency. The results were compared with our previous study of accessory foramina on the pulp chamber floor (internal furcation area).
The following conclusions were obtained.
1) The accessory foramina on the bifurcation area were observed in 9 mandibulars (90%) out of 10 and in 33 teeth (84.6%) out of 39 teeth. These values were higher than those values of the accessory foramina on the pulp chamber floor. There was a significant difference between the values of the two areas.
2) The maximum 20 and minimum one accessory foraina were found with an average of 5.5 per tooth on the bifurcation area. This average value was 2.8times of the value on the pulp chamber floor.
3) Accessory foramina were observed with high frequency in the central portion of the bifurcation area. It seemed to show the same tendency as that obtained on the pulp chamber floor.
4) The diameter of the opening of the accessory foramina on the bifurcation area of mandibular first primary molars was 76.1 μm on the average, while 96.1μm in the mandibular second primary molars. These averages values were higher than those average values on the pulp chamber floor. There were significant differences between the average values of the two areas.
5) The round shape accessory foramina was found most commonly on the bifurcation area in 95 cases (52.2%). This result was the same as that obtained on the pulp chamber floor.
6) Accessory foramina on the bifurcation area tended to be present bilaterally in the same individual. It seemed that there was an individual difference in the presence or absence of accessory foramen. This tendency was the same as our previous study of the accessory foramina on the pulp chamber floor.

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The purpose of the present study was to establish the mean values and the standard deviations of the sizes of teeth crowns and dental arches for the Han children in the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong based on the dental casts from the Joint Survey (1990) between Japan and China concerning dental diseases of Chinese children in Beijing, Leshan and Hong Kong (1990), and then to compare the differences among them. The following results were obtained.
1. There were no right-left differences in the mesio-distal and the bucco-lingual diameters of the deciduous and permanent teeth, but values of the boys tended to be greater than those of the girls.
2. Penrose Size Distance by using the crown sizes of the permanent teeth showed that the regions of Beijing, Leshan and Hong Kong could form the same subcluster with the region of the Atayal Tribe of Taiwan aborigines and the Japanese.
3. The various dimensions in the dental arch width and length tended to increase with aging.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the condition of the dental arches and the pattern of occlusion for Han Chinese children in the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong based on the Joint Dental Survey (1990) between Japan and China concerning the dental diseases of Chinese children in Beijing, Leshan and Hong Kong. The following results were obtained.
1. Inter-dental space: The proportion of the crowding in Leshan was higher than that in other regions. The portion of the crowding decreased from the 3-yearold children up to the 6-year-old ones, and then increased up to the 12- and 53515-year-old ones.
2. Alignment of the teeth: The proportion of the dislocation increased with aging.
3. The pattern of the malocclusion: The proportion of deep overbite was the highest in the 3- and 6-year-old children and that of maxillary protrusion was the highest in the 12- and 15-year-old children.
4. Degree of the attrition: It was relatively high through all of the age groups.
5. The major malocclusions in Chinese children were deep overbite and maxillary protrusion, while those in Japanese ones were edge-to-edge occlusion and mandibular protrusion.

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Among the 2,272 patients who visited the Kyushu University Dental Hospital, the incidence of dens evaginatus on the occlusal surfaces of the 1st and 2nd premolars of both upper and lower jaws has been studied with the use of the dental X-ray film and oral examination. The results were as follows.
1. The dens evaginatus of the 171 submerged premolar teeth were able to be detected among 81 patients by X-ray examination and oral examination.
2. The order of the occurrence of dens evaginatus was the lower second premolars >lower first premolars>upper second premolars>upper first premolars. The concordance rate of the occurrence on the left and the right sides was 56.8%(46 cases out of 81 cases).
3. The number of dens evaginatus which the doctor in charge of the patients was able to discover before the eruption, involved 28 teeth (16.4%),75 teeth (43.8%) just after the eruption and before the fracture, and 21 teeth (12.3%)after the fracture. Also the number of dens evaginatus of the patients who stopped visiting our hospital before detection, involves 47 teeth (27.5%).
4. The treatment for dens evaginatus was classified into the following 6 categories, observation (waiting up to the eruption) in 6.4% (11 teeth), grinding treatment 38.6% (66 teeth), endodontic treatment 8.2% (14 teeth), no further treatment 29.2% (50 teeth), root canal filling 1.8% (3 teeth), and the others 15.8% (27 teeth).

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Cat Ccry syndrome is a disorder due to the partial deletion of the short arm of the fifth chromosome. Thus, it is called also the 5p-syndrome and characterized by a cat-like cry during infancy, manifesting severe mental retardation. However only a few have been made to research the dental and craniofacial abnormalities. The findings of the 16-year-old boy affected with the Cat Cry syndrome, who had underwent a dental caries treatment under the general anesthesia at Kyushu University Dental Hospital, were as follows.
1. Chromosomal examination showed partial deletion of the short arm of the fifth chromosome.
2. Ocular hypertelorism, oblique palpebral fissures, squint, left preauricular ear tag and osteoarthritis of the spine were observed.
3. Tooth eruption was delayed, although congenital missing or abnormal form of the permanent teeth were not observed. The mesio-distal and bucco-lingual diameters of the teeth were larger than normal.
4. Severe crowding was observed in both of the upper and lower dental arches and also anterior open bite might be associated with finger sucking.
5. Cephalometric analysis showed a micrognathia of the mandible, while the facial asymmetry was shown especially around the orbit and both jaws.
6. The patient received a dental treatment under general anesthesia because he had a severe mental retardation and could not cooperate at the chair side in the clinics.
7. Recession of the labial gingiva of the lower anterior teeth may become worse due to self-injury with a mental door key.

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Since we have had an opportunity to observe the condition of the oral cavity of patient who had received Cyclosporine A (CsA) postoperatively following liver transplantation, we shall principally report on the dental and histopathological findings. The patient was 3 years 3 months old, the dose of CsA was 180 mg/d and the duration of therapy was 28 months.
Papillary gingival enlargement was found throughout the entire gingival of both the maxilla and mandible. The color of the hypertrophic gingiva was pink, and it was elastic hard. The pockets in the areas of the gingival enlargement were 1-4 mm deep, and there was no drange or hemorrhages. Discoloration of the teeth was observed. No particularly abnormal findings were detected on the radiograph.
Histopathologically, partial parakeratinized squamous epithelium, acantosis and elongation of epithelial projection were detected in the epithelium of the enlarged gingiva. In the deeper connective tissues, an increase of dense collagen bunddles was exhibited.
What is important in the oral management of this patient is the prevention of dental caries and infection originating in the area of the gingiva enlargement. Since gingivectomy cannot be employed to treat this disease, it is important to suppress the progression of gingival hypertrophy by proper brushing as well as aggressively to pursue caries control by topical application of fluoride, pit and fissure sealant, etc.

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Two cases of the temporomandibulajro int dysfunctions yndromei n early adolescencew ere examinedt aking into considerationth e growth and development of the jaws and occlusiona nd the psychologicaclh aracteristics.
The first case was a 10 year 0 month old girl. Her complaint was difficulty opening her jaw. Cross bite at_??_and the psychological characteristics tending toward raising the temporomandibular joint dysfucntion syndrome were found. The condition of the temporomandibular joints was closed-lock. Treatment was performed with the splint added finger spring at_54. About two months later, the cross bite was corrected, the occlusal contact in bilateral premolars appeared and the symptom disappeared.
The second case was an 8 year 2 month old boy. His complaint was discomfort and clicking in the right side temporomandibular joint. A special feature of the psychological characteristics and the unstable intracuspal position probably caused by the setting of stainless steel crowns at the right and left side lower first deciduous molars at the age of 7 years 3 months were found. Only psychotherapy was performed. About five months later, the symptom was disappeared.
It is very difficult to decide whether to perform or net to perform ccclusal treatment for the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome in early adolescence.
In order to decide this, the growth and development cf the occlusion, jaws, temporomandibular joints and masticatory muscles, the development of psychology, and the individual psycholcgical characteristics should be considered.

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[in Japanese]

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