Knowing the incidence of HSV-1 positive rate is important for pedodontist to undertake diagnosis, treatment and prevent of herpetic gingivostomatitis that is manifested severely in some cases.
No report investigating the incidence of HSV-1 in latent infection using a more improve detected method than the usual PCR in saliva has been.
The Nested PCR-Real-time PCR method was first established as a method of high sensitivity and detection of the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) by the authors. Samples of saliva were collected from 253 healthy children 3 to 12 years of age. All of the DNA was extracted from the saliva and the DNA of HSV-1 was amplified using the nested PCR method using the Real-time PCR.
The results were as follows:
1. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in saliva increased for ages 3 to 12 in healthy children.
2. The positive HSV-1 was detected in around 85% of the saliva samples in aged children 12 years of age and 27% of the saliva samples in children 7 years of age by the nested PCR - Real-time PCR method.
It was suggested that the majority of primary infection of HSV-1 has changed from the period of infancy to schoolchildren, and most humans experience the primary infection of the virus until the age of 12.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the maximum amount of the mouth opening in infants. We investigated the relationship between the maximum amount of mouth opening and the physical growth. The subjects were 186 infants aged one or two years old.
The following results were obtained;
The mean values of the maximum amount of mouth opening were 28.2 mm in one year old and 33.6 mm in two year old boys, and 27.7 mm in one year old and 33.8 mm in two year old girls, respectively.
The maximum amount of mouth opening increased significantly with age (p<0.001), from one to two years of age for both genders. There were no significant differences between gender in each age group, however, a significant correlationship between the maximum amount of mouth opening and the physical growth in terms of the height and weight were found in children two years old.
In conclusion, it is suggested that the maximum amount of mouth opening in one or two year old infants increased with age from one to two years of age, and there was a significant relationship between the maximum amount of mouth opening and the physical growth.

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Whether fluoride mouthrinsing was regularly performed at home was investigated using questionnaires, asking parents (guardians) of pediatric patients who had previously been given fluoride mouthrinsing instructions at our dental clinic more than 3 months before this investigation. Regular fluoride mouthrinsing was performed in 121 homes, and was discontinued in 60 homes. In homes where fluoride mouthrinsing was performed,62.8% of parents answered that their children voluntarily performed mouthrinsing. The percentage of homes, in which children themselves took the mouthrinse from its container and determined the mouthrinsing duration (using watches, or counting numbers), was higher in homes where there was regular mouthrinsing than in those that discontinued it. In homes where there was regular mouthrinsing, only 37.3% of the parents actually felt that fluoride mouthrinsing was effective. These results showed that the voluntary attitudes of the children themselves are important for regular mouthrinsing. In addition, that the effects of fluoride mouthrinsing could not be readily recognized, this may have been the reason for discontinuing mouthrinsing. Our results, therefore, suggested that it is necessary not only to explain the purpose and method of mouthrinsing during mouthrinsing instruction, but also for the staff to praise sufficiently the efforts by the patients and parents at regular examinations to cultivate a voluntary attitude on the part of the patients, and to explain accurately the long-term effects of fluoride mouthrinsing to encourage the patient and parents to do it regularly.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the root surface condition on autotransplanted canine permanent teeth with premature roots, and their periodontal ligaments.
Bilateral maxillary second incisors with premature roots were extracted, the periodontal ligament on the right hand side tooth (the experimental tooth) was injured, and the tooth was then autotransplanted into the left-hand side socket.
The extracted left hand tooth was autotransplanted into the right hand socket without any injury to the periodontal ligament as the control tooth.
Changes to the periodontium were assessed after 13 weeks.
The teeth were clinically monitored by measuring their mobility, together with intraoral photography and standardized X-ray examination.
Non decalcified polished specimens were labeled fluorescenty for histological observation, and were evaluated with microradiography, fluorescence microscopy and polarizing microscopy. The following results were obtained.
1. A significant difference in transplanted tooth mobility between the experimental and control teeth was observed 5 weeks later.
2. Much more external root resorption was recognized in the teeth used for the experiment in comparison with the control teeth.
3. The width of the periodontal space was recognized to be almost even around the roots of the control teeth, whereas the width of the periodontal space was uneven with constriction in the experimental teeth, and ankylosis could be observed
4. There were few periodontal ligament fibers in the experimental teeth, but they could be seen covering large areas of the control teeth.
5. The teeth used in the experiment was malpositioned distolabially in comparison with the control teeth.
From a clinical and histopathological standpoint, the results suggested that the condition of the root surface can affect the regeneration of periodontal ligaments, and our data implied that the periodontal ligaments play an important role in compensation for the position of the teeth.

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In dental restorations, bonding agents, a combined etching, priming and resin bond application to achieve bonding with a one-component resin formula, known as all in one adhesive, are now widely used.
In this study, properties of all in one adhesives were examined to determine whether all in one adhesives can be used instead of pit and fissure sealants. Microtensile bond strengths of all in one adhesives for enamels showed sufficiently good values compared with those of sealants for enamels. These materials also had a fluoride release and uptake function, which is necessary for caries prevention. The cell viability of Xeno CF II Bond and AQ Bond plus were significantly lower than those of other materials tested. The low pH values of the all in one adhesives and consequent cytotoxic effects were thought to be due to release of acidic monomers. The results showed that all in one adhesives can be used instead of pit and fissure sealants.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of frenulum labii superioris on lip closure by measuring the position of the frenulum labii superioris, the lip closing force, the upper lip pressure, the lower lip pressure and the upper-lower lip pressure ratio. Data were obtained from 259 patients (119 boys and 140 girls) ranging from 4 to 18 years of age. The subjects were classified into five groups based on of their ages. The results were as follows:
1. For all five groups, a significant statistical positive correlation was observed between the position of the frenulum labii superior and the lip closing force.
2. For all five groups, no significant statistical correlation was observed between the poison of the frenulum labii superior and the upper and lip pressure or the lower. A significant statistical positive correlation was observed, however, between the frenulum labii superior and the upper-lower lip pressure ratio.
3. A significant statistical correlation among all five groups showed no significant difference.
These results suggest that the high position of the frenulum labii superior inh ibits lip closure in children.

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Oral manifestations such as stomatitis, gingival hyperplasia, local hemorrhage and ulceration are seen as onset symptoms or during treatment in children with malignant tumors. Such oral lesions disturb swallowing and eating and seriously affect general health. It is, therefore, very important to prevent oral lesions in pediatric patients. For this purpose, we performed oral examinations and microbiological examination of Candida species at the pediatric clinic of Niigata Cancer Center Hospital between June 2003 and September 2004.
Materials and Methods: Fifty-four patients (22 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia,12 with acute myeloblastic leukemia,7 with malignant lymphoma,4 with neuroblastoma and 9 with other malignant tumors) were examined. The patients consisted of 33 males and 21 females. Their ages ranged from 6months to 15 years 1 month. All of the patients were undergoing remission induction therapy, consolidation therapy, maintenance therapy or radiation therapy and all were given antifungal therapy orally (Amphotericin B syrup) and povidine iodine solution as a mouthrinse. Oral examination was carried out 1-11 times per child (ay.5.6 times) at the bedside using a dental miller and explorer under a small light every 2 or 3 weeks. Coating samples taken from the dorsal surfaces of the tongues were cultured on CHROMagar Candida plate medium. After incubation, Candida colonization was confirmed.
Results and conclusion: Oral lesions were present in 32 patients (59%). These consisted of gingival swelling and redness in 13 patients, stomatitis in 10 patients, hairy tongue in 7 patients, oral cadidiasis in 4 patients, petechia in 3 patients, erosion or ulcer in 2 patients, graft versus host disease in 2patients and aphtha in 1 patient. Stomatitis appeared after 5 or 7 days due to the chemotherapy. Candida was positive in 9 patients (17%) and 4 were diagnosed with oral candidiasis. Candida was positive several times in two of four patients with oral candidiasis. A periodical Candida screening test and oral examination are therefore important. Six of nine patients had untreated caries teeth. After beginning of the cancer therapy, dental treatment is very difficult for them. Dental examination prior to cancer therapy and dental care during treatment are very important.

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The water-soluble fluoride compound, hexafluoroboric acid sodium salt (FBNa), was coated with a polysiloxane layer by treatment with γ-nethacryloyloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (MPTS). The polysiloxane-coated FBNa was added to the experimental UDMA-based composite resin as a fluoride releasing source to regulate the fluoride releasing property. The coated FBNa-added composite resin showed approximately half the amount of the fluoride release (cummulative value for 28 days) of non-coated FBNa-added composite resin. There was no significant difference in mechanical properties (transverse strength and elastic modulus) between the coated FBNa-added composite resin and noncoated FBNa-added composite resin. The results of this study suggested that the coating of the fluoride with a polysiloxane layer could regulate the release rate of fluoride over a long duration.

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The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship in children between dental fear and the noise of the dental drill. The subjects consisted of 104 patients (52 males and 52 females) at the Pediatric Dental Clinic of Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital. They ranged from 4 to 15years of age (The mean age being 8.5). The patients were allocated into two groups based on their age: The low-age group (from 4 to 8 years of age) and the high-age group (from 9 to 15 years of age). The patients themselves evaluated their impressions of 3 sounds: The control sound (familiar music), thunderstorms and the noise of the dental drill, by using the Face Pain Rating Scale (FS). The CFSS-DS questionnaires were then used to assess their dental fear.
The results were as follows:
1. In both the low-age and the high-age groups the mean scores of FS with respect to the sound of thunderstorms and the noise of the dental drill were higher than those of the control sound. It was suggested that the noise of the dental drill was squeakier than control music from the child point of view.
2. The results from factor analysis with varimax rotation indicated that the noise of the dental drill in the low-age group was related to the sound of thunderstorms. On the other hand, in the high-age group, the noise showed a positive relationship to the CFSS-DS score as the amount of dental fear.
3. In the low-age group, dental experience tended to raise the score of the impression of pain when hearing the noise of the dental drill. The CFSS-DS score, however, showed a negative relation to the age of the patients. These findings suggest that in the low-age group, older patients have a lower fear toward the dentist and dental treatment, although they have feelings of pain with respect to the noise of the dental drill.
4. The present investigation shows that female patients in childhood have higher sensitivity to the noise of the dental drill.

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Moyamoya disease (Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle o f Willis) is defined as stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery arising from Willis' circle, associated with abnormal hypervascularity comprising the collateral circulation. This disease has been reported on more in Japan than in the West. Although moyamoya disease is not a rare illness, the cause and pathology are still not clear. In childhood, the typical symptom is cerebral ischemia induced by hyperpnea, and it is known that the wail causes cerebral ischemia. The wail in dental treatment may therefore cause ischemia attack and impede cerebral development.
In this report, a child patient with moyamoya disease and extensive severe dental caries underwent concentrated dental treatment under general anesthesia. After this procedure, the patient had no symptoms with respect to the teeth we treated and, were avoided spontaneous pain or complaints, while severe complications. We suggest however that the most important thing for patients who run a high risk in dental treatment is to endeavor to decrease their caries risk and to prevent stomatopathy by periodic dental examination.

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Children tend to put all things they find interesting into the mouth. The following report describes two cases of removal of foreign bodies in young children.
Case 1: A 1 year 8 month old boy visited our clinic for gingival swelling and resorption of the alveolar bone of the mandibular right primary central incisor. A foreign body considered to be a straw was impacted around the mandibular right primary central incisor, and was removed by cutting out. Although resorption of the alveolar bone was severe and extrusion of the primary central incisor was observed, regeneration of the alveolar bone was seen six months after removal of the foreign body.
Case 2: A 2 year one month old boy visited our clinic saving impacted of a sewing nee dle into the oral mucosa. Location of the impacted sewing needle could not be confirmed by inspection and palpation, so that the location of the sewing needle was confirmed by X-ray examination, and removed. The prognosis after removal of the sewing needle was good.
When foreign bodies are removed, it is important to diagnos ie appropriately by choosing the examination method which is effective in terms of quality as well as in confirmation of the position of foreign bodies.

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