We elucidate the fundamental principles and distinctive features of photoelectron spectroscopy, a powerful experimental technique for studying electronic structures in materials. Additonally, we provide an overview of the recent development of a micro-ARPES spectrometer, which can achieve a spatial resolution of 10 microns.We demonstrate several examples that unveil electronic structures in the microcosmic realm, previously unobservable. The micro- or nano-focusing ARPES will dramatically broaden the scope of materials amendable to analysis by using photoelectron spectroscopy. We hope that this article serves as a useful refrence for research ers venturing new avenues of investigation through the advanced electronic structure analysis.