The static charging theories analyzing the relation between the charge-to-mass ratio and the mixing ratio of toner-to-carrier in the two-component developer were reexamined. This study showed that the conventional contact electric field theories were deduced from the surface state theory in the limited case that the surface state densities of toner and carrier are exactly equal to each other. In our improved modeling, the dielectric constants of toner and carrier correspond to those of the surface state densities, respectively. As a result, our improved contact electric field theory was almost consistent with the surface state theory.
In addition, the saturated toner charge-to-mass ratio deduced by the surface state theory was consistent with the result of the kinetic tribocharging theory. This study also suggested that the surface state theory can be developed to the kinetic tribocharging theory.
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