This study examines the pavilions and landform-water in the Chengde Summer Resort. The pavilions and the spatial composition of pavilions and landform-water nearby were classified and analyzed, and the representative characteristics were examined. The following conclusions were obtained: the pavilions are widely distributed and mainly situated in the Lake and Mountain Zones, showing that the Lake Zone combines natural and artificial scenery, while the Mountain Zone was mainly designed according to a natural style; the pavilions have abundant shapes and ordinary pavilions are used widely; the many functions of the pavilions indicates the comprehensiveness of the imperial garden; 8types of spatial composition of pavilions and landform-water were obtained, pavilions and various types of spatial composition diversified spaces and sceneries; the shapes, sizes and openness of pavilions vary according to functions and the spatial composition of the pavilions and landform-water.

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The study focused on the landscape assessment to clarify the actual conditions of investigation and prediction methodologies in the assessment process based on the survey for environmental consultants. And advanced methods and challenges were also cleared by the interviews and questionnaires. As a result, following points were derived; As the number of application cases of landscape assessment is not so big at present, the application range for assessment should be expanded. And, based on the questionnaire, the photo montage was stood out from the view point of usefulness as well as frequency of use for forecasting. Moreover, the importance of reflecting the positive factors created by the projects on the evaluation was implied.

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People seems to be interested in ″greenery in the field of vision″ and ″city noise″. This paper describes ″greenery in the field of vision″ and ″city noise″ in Sagamihara city, Kanagawa Pref, Japan affect on the recognition of local people for its urban landscape or crime prevention through a relationship between the results of questionnaire survey and audio-visual reference, measured noise in broad area and given pictures from 8 angles of every 45 degree around one shooting point in the city.

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In 1995, the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake occurred. Because the transportation on the water worked as a rescue operation at the time, the Metropolis of Tokyo set river station of disaster prevention as a provision for direct earthquake above its epicenter. In this study, we took nine river stations of disaster prevention which central government, Tokyo, and wards set up as an object and we grasp maintenance of barrier-free and barrier of the way from refuge to river station of disaster prevention to obtain assignments for maintenance of river stations of disaster prevention which is easy for disabled people to use during a disaster. As a result, some barriers for wheel chair users to be evacuated to river station of disaster prevention emerged.

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Various new types of pavements considered design and color have been used recently, which is one of pedestrian space improvement based on universal design. This paper examines the effect of surface roughness of sidewalk pavement on running wheelchairs. It investigates a numerical analysis based on measured vibration acceleration of running wheelchairs with acceleration sensor and questionnaire of seated persons. As a result, this study indicates that sidewalk surface whose amplitude spectrum numerical values conspicuously exceed 5m/s affect running performance of wheelchairs.

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Concentration of visitors in natural park is one of the most important subject because it causes the deterioration of visitor experience and park resources. In this article, author examined a possibility of visitors dispersion while taking up Mt. Fuji in Japan as a case study. The purpose of this study is 1) to grasp the attributes, behavioral patterns and the consciousness of climbers, and 2) to discuss the issues related to the climbers behavior and psychological state, the park planning and management. As a consequence, the pattern of climbers concentration at 5th station was quite different from that at the top and 4 trail heads were chosen for various reasons including evasion of crowding. Besides, some specific attributes of climbers could evade crowding by choosing time and space.

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Act for Promotion of Ecotourism was established in 2008 and the ecotourism become popular for making regional improvement plans. The ecotourism guides, who work as main character of ecotourism, were expected to lead the roles of the environmental conservation. The aim of this study is to clarify the roles and ability of the ecotourism guide from literature review dating from 2002. The result shows that ecotourism guides are expected to perform four roles, 1) Customer Service, 2) Environmental Education, 3) Resources Management, and 4) Regional Contribution. The abilities of guides have certain relationships with each role but it is the Customer Service role that showed the most connection to other abilities. In promoting ecotourism, it is necessary to discuss not only the improvement of the quality of the guides' individual abilities, but also improve influential factors (i.e. training, law) that could enhance the abilities of the guides.

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We set up the hypothesis paying attention to the stress which the virtual human relations in an information environment bring about. It is ″If virtual human relations become active, virtual interpersonal stress will increase. And that worsens loneliness, actual human relations, and Quality of Life (QOL). However, these bad influences can be inhibited by reading of good books.″ We investi-gated in university students and analyzed the results using the structural equation model. The re-sults appeared to verify our hypothesis. Therefore, the bad influence of virtual personal stress was suggested as the negative side of communication through the Internet, and the importance of promo-tion of reading of good books was shown as the preventive measures.

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We had been trying to inspect how promoting the use of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) has effect on writing and colloquial expressions, human relations and Quality of Life (QOL). And we examined the causality among those factors including the effect of reading good books by Covariance Structure Analysis. As a result, i shows there was an improvement of writing and colloquial expressions only by reading good books and there was no relation between the use of E-mail and Social Networking Service (SNS) and an improvement of writing and colloquial expressions. From now on it indicates, ″reading of good books″ should be encouraged in this information environment.

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The research is to analyze the influence on depression tendency caused by informational environments. We investigated techno-centered tendency, depression tendency, loneliness, the purpose and the tool of the Internet use overall. We investigated the university students who study information sciences. The effect was assessed by the structural equation model. The result verified that a rise in the techno-centered tendency causes the increase in the depression tendency. We also proved that the influence depend on the purpose of the Internet use. As a preventive measure against the depression tendency in the information society, we concluded that it is essential to prevent techno-centered and refrain from using the Internet for escaping from reality.

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The chance to go to forest in limited in the forest environmental education in elementary and junior high schools. To resolve this restriction, it is thought that the image teaching material is effective. Then, the effect of spatial and temporal spread of image teaching material was examined by the class after the fieldwork in the forest. The class with an image teaching material was done to the student of the first school year in junior high school, and the text which the student had described before and after the class was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. As a result, it was likely that the effect of the spatial expansion is of benefit, and it was suggested that the effect of the temporal spread was of benefit in the point of improvement of the achievement stage of the environmental education target.

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A forest bathing experiment was conducted on 33 male students. They were divided into three groups: the Higher Group (12), the Lower Group (14), and the Other Group (7), according to their degree of neuroticism and anxiety. Recognition, awareness, appraisal, and the healing effects of the forest environment were examined for each group, and the results of the Higher Group and the Lower Group were compared. The Higher Group, which was in a high state of stress before the experiment, naturally appraised the forest environments as more agreeable and friendly than the Lower Group. Consequently, in the Higher Group, it was suggested that (1) feelings of anger and hostility effectively decreased in short walking activities; and (2) short viewing experiences could increase energy levels and decrease fatigue.

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Factor analyses were performed on 58 national fishing ports in Korea, with respect to their latent tourism potential, and they were classified as festival sightseeing type, marine products sale type, natural sightseeing type, and fishing port-dependent type. Then, cluster analyses were performed to examine these fishing ports from the perspectives of natural environments type, marine products industry function type, festival culture type, and complex sightseeing type. The results of our analyses showed the most important contributing factors were production quantity of fisheries products, festival, cultural tourist sites. Therefore, measures are required to enhance fisheries industry bases for maintaining the function of fishing grounds, and projects for improving the environment, such as purification of harbor water, are necessary.

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We conducted interviews to migrants in a rural village and considered about relations between migrant's attribute and their leisure activities. As a result, migrants were classified into Retire Type, Child Raising Type, Nature-Oriented Type and Others. Their Leisure activities were classified as Rural Leisure, Semi-Rural Leisure and Urban Leisure. Male migrants of Retire Type spent Rural Leisure and some of female migrants of Retire Type made relationship with neighbors through Semi-Rural Leisure. Migrants of Child Raising Type were busy and they did not have enough time to spend leisure. Migrants of Natural-Oriented Type enjoyed many kinds of activities and communicated with neighbors through Semi-Rural Leisure. Among Others, some migrants were not attracted to village environment and they spent their leisure time outside the village.

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Some countiries, such as Germany and the Netherlands, recently utilised environmental subsidies as a policy measures against the global warming at the local level. The present study chose LIP(Local Investment Programme), which was one of these subsidies and implemented by Swedish government to reduce carbon dioxide emission, to evaluate its effects on the emission in LIP municipality. This study also identified determinates on the emission in both LIP and non-LIP municipalities. Results derived from t -tests indicated that LIP brought narrow difference in effects on carbon dioxide emission between LIP and non-LIP municipalities. The results of applications of the two-step multi-regression analysis also suggested that not LIP but other policy measures contributed to decrease in the emission in the municipalities.

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The sea level rise by global warming brings various economic influences. In the present study, the area of devastation by the sea level rise has been extracted from the altitude data. 40 percent of the population of Tokyo resides in the district of 13 where 0m zone exists, and about 40 percent of the amount of Tokyo of the products shipment and 60 percent year of the amount of the commodity sales have concentrated on this region in an economic activity. In addition, the influence of the sea level rise was seen from the amount of money of the amount etc. of the work-piece shipment of the industrial, statistical mesh data. As a result, the amount of the production loss is expected to mount up to 8,034,320,000,000 yen by the sea level rise of 0.59m, and it has been understood to receive an economically big influence around Tokyo Bay.

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This paper examines how large growth rates of rice yields will be necessary for long-term national food security of Bangladesh in the climate change era, using a food demand-supply model. A criterion of 2% growth rate for dry season rice production and 1% for rainy season rice production, which was presented by a previous study, is shown to be enough for sustainable food security under a climate change scenario with 2.6 degrees Celsius rise in temperature by the end of the 21st century, but it is also shown not to be enough for a climate change scenario with 3.4 degrees Celsius rise.

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River water samples taken from a region uniformly covered by pyroclastic materials were chemically analyzed, and subjected to multivariate statistical analysis and thermodynamic calculation. The multivariate statistical analysis classified the river waters by mixing process among reference waters. The statistical analysis also suggested that the water-rock interaction is the major factor to control the water chemistry. The hydrochemical process was thermodynamically understood on the basis of water-rock interaction.

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Ecological impact assessment of Mn on P/R ratio in experimental microcosm system was investigated. As results, 1) m-NOEC of Mn was assessed as under 1.0mg/l, 2) high sensitivity of microcosm test was shown in comparison with singler species test, 3) effectiveness of the assessment from P/R ratio of microcosm because of its similarity as the assessment from individual numbers of microbiota was indicated, and 4) further investigation is necessary for m-NOEC calculation.

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We investigated stomach contents of alien largemouth bass and aquatic biota in Lake Shoji, Yamanashi Prefecture during 2008-2009 and compared feeding habits and prey selection of bass among different habitat types within the lake. Bass in sand/gravel area mainly preyed prawn and those in both lava and cobble area preyed a freshwater goby. Furthermore, bass in sand/gravel and cobble area selectively preyed a minnow and bluegill, whereas those fishes were avoided by bass in lava area. Differences of food habits and prey selection of bass was related to both the presence of cover for prey species (e.g. rocks or submersed plants) and foraging strategy of bass.

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The purpose of this paper is discussing basic subjects of tree risk management to provide useful perspective of improving domestic tree management program. Discussed matter based on academic research and grasping the harsh reality within our country are as follows; concept of hazard and risk, differences of damage situation and decay among species, aspects of structural strength of tree, inspection and evaluation of tree risk, and priority of corrective action. Result showed that tree risk management was systematic process of assessing tree risk by assessing tree structural stability and target value and identifying and mitigating hazard trees to minimize the risk of physical harm or property damage. We conclude that tree risk management program should be designed to be fully integrated with the planting, tree care maintenance programs, and should do interdisciplinary study for providing scientific basis of making this program and consensus.

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A risk of heat disorder was analyzed at three outdoor spaces (paved open space, densely buildings, and farm) by means of long-term measurements of WBGT (West-Bulb Globe Temperature). The number of days when WBGT of more than 31 degrees was recorded was 23 days in the paved space and 21 days in the farm while only 3 days in the densely buildings. From the comparison between heat disorder patients transported by ambulance and daily maximum WBGT values, it revealed that the day when daily maximum WBGT exceeded 30 degrees rapidly increased a risk of heat disorder. The exposed time of WBGT over 30 degrees also makes a greatly difference between paved open space/farm and densely buildings. At the densely buildings, building shade suppressed an increase of WBGT.

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Temperature distribution of an urbanized area in Osaka was observed in Aug. 2009. Stationary observations and moving observations using sightseeing boats were made. As a result of the observations, it has been clearly that there is a spatial correlation between temperature above the river and surface water temperature of the river. The surface water temperature is about 2-4 degree C lower than the temperature above the river at 10:30. Temperature above the river is lower than that or urbanized area on a clear day at 10:30 when the sea breeze has not yet come into the city center. The difference is getting smaller until 16:30 when the sea breeze has already prevailed.

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Japan and local government have worked hard on the prevention of global warming, but the amount of CO2 emission in business section have been increased recently. In Kobe-city, one of the global warming prevention measures is the introduction of ecological architecture to public institutions. In these papers, we will clear the relation between the condition of the ecological architecture methods and the awareness of the managers by the questionnaire and the hearing survey.

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We analyzed meteorological observation data collected from the urban districts in Kawasaki-city, to clarify the actual condition of the thermal environment within urban canopies in the summer time. The results of this study showed that the spatial variations in air temperature were larger in urban canopies than in open spaces. The dominant factor influencing temperature variations appeared to be building shadows. This study also suggested that although meteorological data acquired in open spaces have been used in many previous studies, it is important to include the urban canopy effects when evaluating the thermal environment.

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Recently, energy service providers(ESP) have increased due to deregulation in the power market. They install energy supply equipment at their own cost and supply the necessary energy to the clients. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government started cap-and-trade program in April 2010. This program caps energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from some 1,330 offices and factories in Tokyo. Then, ESPs have to manage the many risks of energy service project directly linked to the profits. This paper describes the risk analysis and investment optimization for energy service project using financial engineering.

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The necessity of personnel training for risk communication is increasing more and more. ln this study, the risk communication work-study method with role playing technique for graduate students was improved for efflective learning. The learning effectt is promoted by the teacher's remarks, two added image trainings and the exercise theme using for real social problems. A systematic figure of the risk communication main point was made by summarizing the records of the 5-year's role-playing exercise.

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In recent years, PRTR system promotes management of toxic chemical substances, and risk communication among stakeholders. While risk communication tends to be held between companies and residents, practical cases are limited. This would be mainly because experiences and abilities for risk communication of each company are still insufficient. Through a questionnaire survey for chemical companies, we analyzed key factors to promote cooperation among neighboring companies as well as their obstacles. The results suggest that companies would be in favor of a cooperative style of various types of neighboring companies lead by local governments.

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This study estimates productivity change considering CO₂ emission at chemical products industry in 23 OECD countries from 1995 to 2006. We apply Directional Distance Function approach to calculate productivity change and potential reduction amount of CO₂ emission. We compare this result by region and characteristics. We clarify that productivity improved from 1998 to 2005 and this improvement due to technological change of efficient countries. On the other hand, productivity of ex-communist states countries had not improved.

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In this study, willingness to pay (WTP) was evaluated for discussing consumers' price acceptability for purchasing an LED light bulb as one of the low carbon products. Firstly, the WTP was calculated by the contingent valuation method (CVM) based on questionnaire survey. As a result, the mean value of WTP showed 1,495 JPY. Secondly, the price difference between the price of LED light bulb that consumers consider as possible to purchase and its actual price was investigated. The resulting price difference was 1,215 JPY, which we implied as one of the reasons for prohibiting its widespread use. To resolve such hindrance, the cost payback time (CPT) was also calculated, and we found that the CPT to recover the price difference was 6.5 months. A presentation of the CPT may promote LED light bulbs.

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