It has been generally assumed that the movement of immigrants in Hokkaido was rather exten- sive during the period of colonization and that some of them migrated from the western part of Hokkaido, which was colonized early, to the eastern part, with the advance of colonization. How- ever, because analysis of the movement of immigrants has relied either only on statistics or on the intensive study of some sample districts, and has not focused on the behavior of the immigrants themselves, the size and the geographical patterns of internal migrations of immigrants within Hokkaido have not yet been clarified.
The aim of this paper is to shed light on the processes of emigration to Hokkaido and the geo-graphical and social aspects of internal migrations within Hokkaido, using as the primary source the lists for each existing households printed in the “Chiku-shi(Chronicle of the Rural Community Society), ” which was published recently as a monumental historical document of the district. These lists give some indications of emigration and internal migration at the household level, such as the year of emigration to Hokkaido, the place-name of the district first settled, the year of im- migration into each study district, the year of the establishment of the branch household, and so on, since the existing households were recorded on the lists. The study districts number 22 (Fig. 1), and the number of households is 1, 303. 706 households are “immigrant households” which emigrated directly from their homelands to Hokkaido; 442 are “branch households” which sepa-rated from the immigrants, while the origins of the remaining households could not be specified. The results are summarized as follows.
The immigrant households in the study districts are mainly from prefectures in the Tohoku, Hokuriku, and Shikoku regions (Table 2); this finding coincides almost exactly with the results of statistical analysis. In some of the 22 districts the proportion of immigrant households originating from the same prefecture is large(over 40%). The reason for this high percentage has been thought to be that early immigrants moved continuously into the same districts from the same homelands. Less than 50% of the immigrant households in these districts, therefore, migrated internally within Hokkaido. The other districts, where over 60% of the immigrant households migrated within Hokkaido, reveal a low proportion of households originating from the same prefecture (Fig. 3), but were settled by immigrant households of many different origins.
Of the 614 immigrant households which settled in all the study districts before 1945, 398 (64.8 %) migrated within Hokkaido, and the mean frequency of their migrations was 1.42 times (Table 8). However, the immigrant households which settled finally in the eastern part experienced much more internal migration (68.3%), and the mean period of their migrations was also shorter (9.2 years) than that of those in the western part (61.8% and 11.8 years). This implies that the degree of colonization affected the difference between the two regions: the peak periods for emigration and settling in the western part were 1891-1900 and 1906-1915, while in the eastern part the correspond-ing periods were 1896-1910 and 1911-1920 (Table 2). The peak period for internal migration was 1906-1920. It has been considered that the immigrants resettled during this period in order to ex-ploit arable land (Table 3), because at this time agricultural production rose and stabilized.
On the other hand, the percentage of long-distance, the inter-subprefectural migration was about 20%, while short distance migration was prevailing. After emigration to Hokkaido, immigrant households largely migrated short intra-and inter-city (town or village) distances.

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Miura City is located in the outskirts of the Tokyo metropolitan area. Taking full advantage of this easy access to an enormous market, it has developed vegetable farming. As the area has been urbanizing, however, the circumstances have been getting worse for farmers. Other producing re-gions have supplied more fresh vegetables and more varieties to the wholesale market in the met-ropolitan area since World War II. As a result, the farmers in Miura City are facing difficulties, not in producing vegetables but in finding new ways to ship their products.
The most commonly grown agricultural products of Miura City have been watermelons, daikon (Japanese radish), and cabbages. Recently, however, some farmers have begun to grow pumpkins and melons in place of watermelons.
This paper attempts both to explain how each individual farmer has made a decision on crop rotation and to clarify the agricultural situation in Miura City. This is based on our field work in Onori Village, the southern part of Miura City, which has been carried out since 1988.
Our findings are summarized as follows:
(1) Onori Village is located at the tip of the Miura Peninsula. The major part of the farmland on Onori is on a plateau, and the remainder, formerly used as paddy fields, lies in the bottom of a narrow valley. These paddy fields were converted to vegetable fields as part of a rice crop adjust-ment to solve overproduction problems (Fig. 4).
(2) There are 44 farm households in Onori; their total acreage is 48.5 hectares. The number of farm households with one or more male farmers between the ages of 16 and 60 is 32 (72.7%). The abundance of both farmland and farm labor is important to the highly productive farming in this village.
(3) Farmland acreage per household in Onori is as follows: 16 households have more than 140 ares, 18 have between 50 and less than 140 ares, and 10 have less than 50 ayes. Many households with less than 140 ares produce melons or pumpkins in place of watermelons in summer in order to rationalize their management. Melons are grown by house-holds with relatively many farm laborers, while pumpkins are grown by those with fewer workers (Fig. 5).
(4) Most farmers in this region ship their daikon, cabbages, and pumpkins cooperatively through the Miura Farmers' Cooperative and individually transport watermelons to the markets in Tokyo or Kanagawa Prefecture by truck. These methods of delivering products are important factors supporting the high, stable profitability of this village.
(5) Hatsuse Agricultural High School has raised many heirs to the farming tradition in this area, and the Miura Farmers' Cooperative and Miura Agricultural Experiment Station offer ex-tension service to local farmers. These institution also play an important role in the development of agriculture in Miura City.

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In an earlier paper (Nishina, 1989), the author pointed out that a six-hour precipitation distribu-tion in Central Japan during the winter monsoon can be divided into three types: the TT type, the EF type, and the WA type. The TT type is associated with the high-precipitation areas of which there are two: one around Tsuruga, the other around Takada. The EF type is associated with the high-precipitation area ranging continuously eastwards from around Fukui through Kanazawa and Toyama to around Takada. The WA type has the characteristics of both the above types; in this last type, high precipitation occurs around Tsuruga and around Takada, and also in the area ranging from near Fukui to around Takada; consequently, a high rate of precipitation is obtained in almost the whole of the Japan Sea side of Central Japan.
In thiss paper, the synoptic features of these three types of daily precipitation distribution are discussed. It is pointed out that the location of cyclones and troughs under a large-scale situation and the upper wind directions at about the 850 mb level over Central Japan differ for the three types. Judging from the general locations of cyclones and troughs, the following can be stated:
1. In the TT type, cyclones are located to the east of the Kamchatka Peninsula from the sur- face to the 500 mb isobaric level. Troughs are located to the east of or in the Japan Islands. A northwesterly upper wind at about the 850 mb level blows over Central Japan.
2. In the EF type, cyclones are located in the central part of the Chishima (Kurile) Islands, to the east of Sakhalin, or in Primorskij. Troughs are located over the Japan Sea. A westerly upper wind at about the 850 mb level blows over Central Japan. A steeper thermal gradient is found than in the TT type at the 850 mb level.
3. The WA type has synoptic features of both the TT and the EF types; it can be found when the synoptic features in the EF type gradually replace those of the TT type, and this is par-ticularly clear below the 700 mb level.
This paper emphasizes that the difference in the dynamic conditions is more important than the thermal conditions. However, it is also mentioned that the thermal conditions may cause the dif-ference between yamayubi (the snowfall obtained high along the mountainous range on the Japan Sea side of Central Japan) and satoyuki (the snowfall obtained high along the plain range of the same area).

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