HIKAKU BUNGAKU Journal of Comparative Literature
Online ISSN : 2189-6844
Print ISSN : 0440-8039
ISSN-L : 0440-8039
Volume 6
Displaying 1-27 of 27 articles from this issue
ARTICLES
  • Koichi Kodama
    1963Volume 6 Pages 145-128
    Published: November 10, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Takasumi Shimizu
    1963Volume 6 Pages 1-18
    Published: November 10, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     C’est depuis le 8e année de Shôwa que Hideo Kobayashi a décidé d’étudier Dostoïevsky. On peut trouver dans cette résolution trois motifs suivants :la recherche du réalisme qui peut dépeindre le désordre de son temps, le problème de la conscience de soi et l’influence de “Dostoïevsky” de Gide.

     Après avoir examiné ces trois points,j’ai étudié le caractère de l’interprétation de Dostoïevsky par Kobayashi. D’abord j’ai analysé ses essais sur les œuvres de ce romancier et ensuite j’ai traité la biographie de Dostoïevsky écrite par Kobayashi. Les “Notes sur Dostoïevsky” et “La Vie de Dostoïevsky” ont chacune les buts différents, mais ils sont considérés par ce critique comme possibles d’être attribués à un principe fondamentale. Dans ces “Notes” il cherche le caractère absolu à travers toutes ses œuvres, tandis que dans “La Vie de Dostoïevsky” il veut attaindre le secret qui puisse exister entre sa vie et sa création. Enfin il nous présente comme le principe qui règne toutes ses œuvres et sa vie la conscience aiguë qui possède Dostoïesky et la tourmente jusqu’à la folie. Et tous ses romans ont été nés des combats contre ce monstre dévorant.

     Alors, ce qui est important, c’est que cette interprétation est aussi pénétrée de son expérience de Kobayashi que de l’influence du symbolisme français sur lui, surtout celle de Paul Valéry.

     En ce qui concerne l’influence de “Dostoïevsky” de Gide,on peut la trouver partout dans les essais de Hideo Kobayashi. Mais on doit dire qu’il n’a pas seulement reçu cette influence, mais il l’a critiquée, l’a modifiée et nous a montré ses propres idées : il a considéré Dostoïevsky comme réaliste parfait, par conséquent il a pensé que la complexité de la littérature de Dostoïevsky a été fondée sur celle de la réalité, tandis que Gide l’a attribuée au fait que Dostoïevsky a dépeint des rapports de l’individu avec lui-même ou avec Dieu.

     Enfin, il est vrai que dans la pensée de Kobayashi l’idée de Dieu n’existe pas,mais il sera permis de dire que l’idée d’absurdité a joué un rôle dans ce critique japonais moderne à la place de Dieu.

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  • Iwane ISHIMOTO
    1963Volume 6 Pages 19-29
    Published: November 10, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Yayoi no Uta by Nakajima Hirotari has been treated till today as a Dutch poem with no mention of the original poem and poet.

     But the writer of this article has found that this poem was originally written by Matthias Claudius, German poet (1740-1815) and was made public on May 14,1770 in Address-Cointoir-Nachirichten, edited by the poet himself. The original poem was entitled Mailied in four stanzas, the first two of which were translated as Yayoi no Uta.

     This translated poem is included in Nakajima’s journal of a trip to Nagasaki, which proves that this translation was made between June 2-16 in the Sixth Year of Bunsei, i. e. between July 9 and 23,1823 of the solar calendar. This was an event that took place some twenty days before the arrival of de Drie Gesusters with Dr. von Siebold on board, in the port of Nagasaki.

     Nakajima, poet and Japanese classical scholar, with no knowledge of Dutch and German, was at that time in Nagasaki as a tourist. It cannot be supposed that he had any ability of reading a poem written in those foreign languages. Therefore it could be concluded that, but for the request and help of Inomata Hisakage,official interpreter, the translation might not have been made. We should not neglect the important role he played.

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NOTES
  • -Medium of Language Instruction-
    Takami SATO
    1963Volume 6 Pages 30-39
    Published: November 10, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     For some twenty years since the Restoration of Japan (the Meiji Ishin),Japanese showed crazy enthusiasm toward English. Even after that it has been taught at most schools as the first foreign language. Surveying the literature and translations of Hawthorne in Japan, I found that the English Instruction since the Meiji Ishin played the part of medium to introduce Hawthorne.

     In the Meiji Era American textbooks were used at schools. Among them were Wilson, Sanders’ Union, Longman, New National and Swinton, Readers. Some of them gave several pieces of Hawthorne’s Stories, which were necessarily taken from his juvenile books. They were “Benjamin West” taken from Biographical Stories for Children (New National Readers V), “The Pine-Tree Shillings” from The Whole History of Grandfather’s Chair (Sanders’ Union Readers IV),“Ben Franklin’s Wharf” from Biographical Stories for Children (Swinton’s Fourth Reader) and “Oliver Cromwell”, from Biographical Stories for Children, “Worth Her Weight in Silver” from The Whole History of Grandfather’s Chair. (Swinton’s Fifth Reader).

     The condition urged the publication of other stories of Hawthorne in his juvenile books as supplementary readings. Hawthorne’s juvenile books have their own merits. Each of the stories seems to be told in a casual way but it implicates something important to life. Therefore, teachers and pupils were apt to read the moral part of Hawthorne’s works, even in reading Twice-Told Tales.

     Now I will show the list of his short stories in the order of frequency in translation.

       1 “David Swan”

       2 “The Ambitious Guest”

       2 “The Great Stone Face”

       4 “Doctor Heidegger’s Experiment”

       4 “The Vision of the Fountain”

       6 “A Rill from the Town Pump”

       6 “The Minister’s Black Veil”

       8 “Fancy’s Show Box”

     In surveying Hawthorne in Japan we should never forget Peter Parley’s Universal History. Nowadays it is widely recognized that Hawthorne wrote the book with the help of his sister Elizabeth. The book was one of the historical books that commanded a wide audience for the first half of the Meiji Era. In this case we notice again that the book was introduced to many boys and girls through the medium of schools.

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  • Hitoshi Tomita
    1963Volume 6 Pages 127-115
    Published: March 31, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
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    Supplementary material
  • Midori Suzuki
    1963Volume 6 Pages 44-53
    Published: November 10, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     Rimbaud fut connu au Japon dès l’époque de Meiji, cependant son influence ne commença à s’exercer que sur le groupe de Hideo Kobayashi qui le fit connaître à deux poètes de ses amis: Tarô Tominaga et Chûya Nakahara. J’ai essayé,dans cette étude,de caractériser l’influence de Rimbaud sur Nakahara (1907–1937).

     Nakahara a célébré en Rimbaud le chantre de “la forme primordiale de la vie”,de “l’épanouissement de tous les sens”. Mais il lui reproche d’avoir renoncé trop tôt à la poésie.

     Il a traduit Rimbaud dans le japonais simple,musical et harmonieux qui caractérise ses propres poèmes. Cependant on peut reprocher à sa langue un excès de fluidité et de facilité qui correspond assez mal à l’art de Rimbaud.

     Nakahara a subi l’influence de Rimbaud des Illuminations ou d’Une Saison en Enfer,ce qui se reflète dans la forme et les images de ses poèmes,mais ils n’atteignent pas la puissance dynamique,la concentration d’images,la vigueur poétique de leurs modèles.

     Ce poète,qui malgré la difficulté de la langue a atteint une connaissance assez profonde de Rimbaud et a reçu son influece,n’a pu les mettre à profit pour réaliser une éclosion poétique définitive. Il semble qu’outre des causes sociales on doive en rendre responsable son tempérament poétique plus proche de celui de Verlaine que de celui de Rimbaud.

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  • Shigeki OTSUKA
    1963Volume 6 Pages 54-57
    Published: November 10, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

     “Yufu-ji”(魚服記)is otherwise known as “Xue-wei”,but has the same contents. When “Yufu-ji” (Chinese reading) is compared with Dazai’s “Gyofuku-ki”(Japanese reading of 魚服記),it is found that both use the same Chinese characters for their titles and that both have much of the plot in common. Therefore “Gyofuku-ki” is evidently modeled on or influenced by “Yufu-ji”.

     Dazai,writing “Gyofuku-ki” on the model of “Yufu-ji”, uses glorification of suicide as his theme, with the Tsugaru region for the setting of the novel. His connection with “Xue-wei” is indirect, that is, through “Yufu-ji”, and this is the reason why he adopts “Gyofuku-ki” curious and charming title, for his novel.

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