In this article, 13 types of district in Osaka city are extracted from 300 school districts by applying factorial ecology analysis and cluster analysis. Used data are several data by the elementary school district integrating 250 meters grid system's data. As the result of these analyses, the district's structural model in Osaka city is framed. And then, 13 types of district are applied to the study on the fluctuation of popuration in Osaka city from 1975 to 1980.

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Marked worker honeybees, Apis mellifera, on combs were photographed in 2 observation hives, and their spatial distributions were checked in detail. Younger workers were distributed more on the warmer central area, older workers, with stronger negative geotaxis, on the cooler peripheral areas of the comb. It is suggested that the distribution creates the cluster core-shell structure, which is based on thermogenic ability and relates to nest pattern based on cell utilization and the division of labor among workers.

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Ammonium content of Ohmine granitic rocks in the central Kii peninsula, Outer Zone of Southwest Japan, has been determined in order to examine the behavior of ammonium and trace elements among two types of granitic rocks, I-type and S-type. NH4 + content of the rocks ranges from 10 to 47ppm (average, 21ppm) in the I-type granitic rocks (Dorogawa and Shirakura plutons), and 7 to 21ppm (average, 15ppm) in the S-type granitic rocks. The Ohmine I-type granitic rocks are high in Ni and Sr and low in F, Rb and Si02 compared with the S-type ones. NH4 is considered to be incorporated into solidus and F into liquidus (Wyllie and Tuttle, 1961). The I-type Shirakura granitic rocks are lower in NH4 and higher in F than the Itype Dorogawa ones. NH4 and F data are also consistent with the conclusion of Murata & Yoshida (1985); the Shirakura granitic magma would be produced by lower degree of partial melting than the Dorogawa one.

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The Late Miocene Chinese hipparions that are morphologically similar to those from the western Old World were studied. Two monophyletic groups of the Late Miocene Eurasian hipparions were recognized in the forms from northern China, which were commonly distributed in the western and eastern Old World. It is likely that Hipparion fossatum and H. hippidiodus from northern China are respectively related to H. moldavicum and H. urmiense from the Turolian in the western Old World. Hipparion fossatum (China) and H. moldavicum (northern shore of the Black Sea and Iran) share the following characters: sub-rhomboid to sub-triangular POF situated close to the orbit, and small and slender third metapodials. Hipparion hippidiodus (China), H. platygenys (northern shore of the Black Sea), and H. urmiense (Iran) show following shared characters: reduced POF situated high on the face and moderately far from the orbit; small protocones, simple enamel plications, slender snout region, and large and slender to semi-robust third metapodials. H. fossatum and H. hippidiodus are associated with the dorcadoides (open-land living) and mixed faunas of northern China. The hipparionines from northern China that show affinitie swith the forms from the western Old World are chronologically older than those associated with the gaudryi (forest living) fauna based on the faunal composition. The hipparionines in the gaudryi fauna are similar to North American genus: Hipparion s.s. (H. tehonense and H. forcei). The hipparionines from the Late Miocene of northern China exhibit affinities to those from both the western Old World and North America. The hipparionine assemblages in northern China during the Late Miocene and the earliest Pliocene are result of mixture of immigrated forms from North America and from western part of Eurasia, especially, Black Sea and Sub-Paratethys regions.

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Sensillum structure of the labial palpi in the Formicidae was compared with that in the other aculeate Hymenoptera. The labial palpi of the Formicidae had many setiform sensilla and a digitiform sensillum on the tip, showing the same sensilla pattern as in the Tiphiidae and the Mutillidae. Most formicids showed extreme reductions in the numbers of setiform sensill aand bristle sS.ome of them had elongated pegs of digitifor msensilla. These conditions were unique to the Formicidae in the Aculeata Hymenoptera.

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The vertical and horizontal distributions of invertebrate drift, and the horizontal distribution of macrobenthic animals, were studied in a mountain stream to define advantageous feeding positions for visual feeding stream fishes during the summer season. The diurnal drift abundance of benthic or fallen animals were respectively linearly or exponentially correlated with the current speed. The estimated total daytime amounts of invertebrate drift passing downstream through the study pool reached about 72 g in wet weight, of which fallen drift accounted for 73 %. It is therefore suggested that the swift surface

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