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原稿種別: 表紙
2000 年 102 巻 p.
Cover1-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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原稿種別: 付録等
2000 年 102 巻 p.
App1-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
フリー
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原稿種別: 付録等
2000 年 102 巻 p.
App2-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 目次
2000 年 102 巻 p.
Toc1-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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原稿種別: 目次
2000 年 102 巻 p.
Toc2-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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原稿種別: 文献目録等
2000 年 102 巻 p.
Misc1-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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山口 裕之, 林 尚吾, 梶原 昭博
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
1-9
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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For aircraft and helicopter navigation in low altitude, it is required to get a clear flight path since there are many hazardous conditions to collide with hills, mountains and other objects. Especially, high-voltage power transmission line might be an extremely dangerous object because its contrast is the almost same as background. In this paper, the power transmission line detection with millimeter-wave radar at 94GHz and 35GHz is presented for the purpose of helicopter collision avoidance. For the first step, we numerically investigate the radar cross section of the power line by means of the physical optics method (PO). Next, the Monte Carlo simulation is carried out for the investigation of the detection performance. The results are shown that the probability of detection at 94GHz is superior to that at 35GHz due to the Bragg scattering phenomenon of the power line.
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井手 麻奈美, 林 尚吾
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
11-17
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The purpose of this transponder with frequency shift is to detect and identify a small target at close area in bad condition. When we observe the sea using a marine radar, it is sometimes difficult to find weak signal from small target, because the signal is covered with sea clutter. This transponder send modulated radio wave of frequency F+fi after receiving transmitted wave of frequency F from a marine radar. Therefore the signal is distinguished from sea clutter. If the fi is allocated to specific group of vessel, the quantity of fi means the group. Because a normal marine radar can adjust the receiving frequency between about ±30MHz, it is possible to receive the signal from this transponder without change of hardware. This paper describes the effect of this transponder against sea clutter.
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長岡 栄
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
19-25
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This paper deals with the effects of systematic offsets on an average lateral overlap probability of aircraft pairs assigned to the adjacent flight levels. The probability was calculated as a function of the rate of GPS equipped aircraft using two mixed distribution models of lateral path-keeping errors for a mixed population (i.e., the GPS equipped and non-GPS equipped aircraft) in environments of North Pacific routes. Assuming that only the pairs of GPS equipped aircraft are flying in systematic offsets, the probability for a route, P_y(0)_<av>, was calculated numerically. The results suggest that a small amount of offsets reduce the probability significantly if the rate of the GPS equipped aircraft is high. The introduction of systematic offsets would result in significant reduction of vertical collision risk for GPS equipped aircraft.
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天井 治, 長岡 栄
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
27-35
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Recently, some aircraft fly using the position data obtained from Global Positioning System (GPS). The navigation accuracy of the GPS equipped aircraft is expected to be better then that of conventional aircraft. The cross track deviations for the GPS equipped aircraft (B747-400) flying on a North Pacific route, namely R220, were analyzed to evaluate the lateral navigation accuracy of the aircraft. The Kushiro Air Route Surveillance Radar data and flight plan data of two months were used for the analysis. The results obtained are as follows. (1) The standard deviation of cross track deviations for the GPS equipped aircraft of 193 flights is 0.11 NM. (2) This value is about one tenth of the standard deviation for non-GPS equipped aircraft, i.e. 1.17 NM.
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塩見 格一, 植田 知雄
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
37-45
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Even in these days, almost small airports and heliports have no equipment for aircraft surveillance. Many air traffic operation and airport operation service providers then request to develop the equipment for monitoring airspace to improve their service performance. We then think it is important to make the most effective use of conventional Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) system currently widely used, and we propose a Passive SSR (PSSR) to meet the request. The PSSR is the slave system for a conventional SSR of the mode-A/C system. The PSSR is a very compact and potable system consisting an omnidirectional antenna to receive the SSR replies from aircraft, an antenna to receive the SSR interrogations from a master SSR system, and a digital signal processor such as a personal computer for identifying aircraft and calculating the position of the aircraft. The PSSR installed within the coverage of the conventional SSR can provide SSR mode-A/C information without any radio transmission as interrogation. An Airspace Surveillance Network will be able to be established economically by utilizing PSSRs and InterNet.
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岡 恵, 福島 幸子, 井無田 貴, 福田 豊, 塩見 格一
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
47-54
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Domestic air traffic flow is managed by Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) Center in Japan. In accordance with constructions of airports, the volume of international air traffic flow increases. To accommodate the increase, international ATFM is demanded. This paper describes slot allocation algorithms which assign time and altitude over significant gate points of international airways. The algorithms are slot allocation based on Estimated Off Block Time (EOBT Order) and slot allocation based on Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA Order) on gate point. The simulation results showed that the standard deviation and the maximum of delay from ETA Order are smaller than those from EOBT Order. Compared with EOBT Order, ETA Order allocates slots impartially.
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Jin-Seok PARK, 大津 皓平, 織田 博行, 廣瀬 典樹, 伊藤 雅則
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
55-62
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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This study treats with the effect of rudder speed to the Batch Adaptive Roll Reducible Autopilot System (BARRAS) which was developed by the authors. The onboard experiments are carried out using a newly developed oil pressure steering gear called Direct Drive Volume Control System (DDVC) which has high performances on rudder speed, fuel assumption and so on. The effects of the rudder speed are examined by changing the weight of performance index and analyzed from view points of power spectra, noise contribution and impulse response functions.
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福戸 淳司, 沼野 正義, 下野 雅生, 松田 和生
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
63-70
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Nowadays, because of the reduction of active sailors and their aging, a navigation support for one person bridge operation (OPBO) is demanded. From 1993, Japan Coastal Tanker Association and Ship Research Institute started to study a navigation support system (NSS) for OPBO. Based on the results of the study, the navigation support system was developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. In the design and development of the navigation support system, countermeasures for malfunctions of both human and NSS were considered as one of the most important function. In this paper, the systematic countermeasures against malfunctions of both human and the NSS by using speech communication as human machine interface are described.
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湯田 紀男
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
71-77
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Recent years, number of ships using VecTwin Rudder System significantly increases. The VecTwin Rudder System consists of two rudders that can rotate up to 360 degrees. It has eleven typical operation modes : Ahead, Hovering, Astern, Turn to Starboard or Port, Astern to Starboard or Port, Rotate to Starboard or Port, and Stern to Starboard or Port, These operation modes can be realized with keeping one propeller rotating direction. Although this VecTwin Rudder System is empirically known as very convenient for ship handling, rigorous explanation on usefulness of the VecTwin Rudder System has not been yet established in hydrodynamics. In this paper the author measured the hydrodynamic forces acting on the rudder at the wind tunnel of Osaka University. The drag and lift coefficients of the two rudders depend on the relative distance between the rudders, and depend on the relative distance between the propeller and the rudder stock in uniform flow and behind propeller. The experimental results are reasonably well compared with the numerical results by a vortex shedding method.
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湯室 彰規
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
79-85
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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A simplified method to predict the maneuvering hydrodynamic forces in shallow water has been developed by Hirano and others. In the method, it is assumed that the ship hull can be replaced by a flat plate. And shallow water effect on the hydrodynamic forces is expressed by using infinite images of the flat plate. Further, for simplification, the flat plate is represented by a single discrete vortex whose strength is constant across the span. Here, the vortex is placed at the quarter chord, and the boundary condition is satisfied at the three-quarter chord. On the contrary, the author proposes a method in which the vortex is placed at the leading edge, and the control point at the center of the chord. Calculated values of linear force derivatives with respect to drift angle, which are obtained from both the methods, are compared with experimental results. In general, the latter method gives better agreement with the experimental results than the former method when a correction is made for strength of the concentrated vortex.
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李 允石, 定兼 廣行, 戸田 保幸
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
87-95
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The ship speed near the berth is very low and the fluid flow around a ship hull is unsteady. In the previous paper using 2-D CFD, it has been demonstrated that the added mass force can be estimated by potential flow code. In this paper, the potential code is used to estimate the added mass force for 3-D ship hull in shallow water. In some papers, the results by inviscid code have been reported. However, the series computation for various ship shapes has not been presented. The surface and field point pressure distribution which are useful information for 3-D CFD are not shown in those papers. So, in the present study, the potential flow theory is used to calculate the added mass coefficients in the deep water and shallow water cases for ESSO OSAKA, Series 60 and SR 196 model. The calculation results of the added mass coefficients are compared with well-known Motora Chart and some experimental results. After some series computation, the simple equation for predicting the added mass force in shallow water is presented. The equation is composed by the combination of principal dimensions and the water depth; d/B, C_b, d/H. The predicted results show good agreement with the experimental results and computational results.
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福地 章, 堀 晶彦, 福谷 恒男, 田中 修三
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
97-105
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In 1998, capsizing by rough seas was 64 of 3710 casualties of the vessels from 20 to 200 tons, but for over 500 tons vessels, it was only 3 of 1737. So, for small vessels, it is important to run into the nearest harbor as soon as possible when the sea state deteriorate. When a small vessel scuds before the strong wind in spreading a canvas around handrail of flying bridge, the manoeuvrability becomes more stable. Therefore the authors are proposing the method to strengthen course keeping ability by spreading a canvas. In this report, the manoeuvrability and handling work of 4 types of canvas and a board type were tried. In order to verify the effects of canvases and board, model experiments were carried out at the wind tunnel with water tank to measure wind forces and moment and numerical investigations were conducted using these experimental data. Furthermore, the setting and handling work of each canvas and board type was tried on board training ship "Kaigi Maru". So, the authors got the guideline about effective type in manoeuvring and the easiest type in handling work.
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井関 俊夫
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
107-113
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Bayesian modelling procedure is applied to an inverse problem of how to estimate the directional wave spectrum from actual ship motion data. And, the new techniques were introduced into the estimating calculation. Using these techniques, a considerable number of measurement data can be analyzed automatically. In order to investigate the practical use of the present method, two sets of measurement data were used for the estimation. The one consists of the data of pitching, rolling and ship borne wave sensor, and the other one consists of the data of pitching, rolling and vertical bow acceleration. These two types of estimates were examined by the typical indices; they were significant wave heights, wave periods and wave directions. Generally, the estimated results using the wave sensor data showed good agreements with visual observations and it has been shown that the use of acceleration data would cause of estimation errors in the low frequency region.
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上野 公彦, 水 光輝, 〓 智良, 武田 誠一, 佐藤 要
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
115-126
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Compared with other kind of ships, small fishing boats tend to roll by relatively small wave. Especially, rolling motion with sudden change is very dangerous for crew working on the deck. Therefore estimation for rolling motion is very important. However, it is dangerous to predict rolling motion recklessly without consideration for limitation of prediction models. In many cases, the prediction model for ship motions in irregular seas is based upon probabilistic considerations such as a typical conventional method with an auto-regression method. In recent years, some new methods have been attempted to estimate for rolling motion of small fishing boats. In this study, in addition to linear auto-regression method, it had been tried to predict the rolling motion by using local reconstruction method and radial basis function network. According to results by above prediction methods, this paper describes the characteristics of the rolling motion of small boats in irregular seas and discusses the relation between the results of fractal analysis of time series and predictions.
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佐藤 好明, 中村 善彦
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
127-135
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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"It's no fish ye're buying-it's men's lives." This study makes effort to clarify the causes of collisions with the Pair Trawlers, inter alia, collisions with their gears, and considers amendment of Municipal Avoidance Rules and the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea in order to lower the incidence of such accidents. The Pair Trawlers towing a net can cover larger water column than other fishing boats and can scoup up larger quantity of fish. Their good coverage increases the danger of being collided by other ships while fishing and their delicate operation requires a well-developed technique and mutual understanding among their seamen. To make matter worse, it is quite difficult for vessels in a head-on situation with the pair trawlers to discern wether they are towing a net between them. As for pair trawling, collision avoidance rules provide only that each vessel engaged in pair trawling may exhibit, by night, a searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vessel of the pair. Inappropriateness of these provions was illustrated by the accident on the 13th of January 1997 south of the Saishu Island where a Panamanian cargo vessel went through between F/Vs the 17th and 18th Choun-maru registered in Japan and dragged their net and sank one of them to involve the death of ten drowned fishermen. Seriousness of this kind of accidents suggests that inappropriateness of the avoidance rules amounts to lacune du droit on this point. Besides, the UN-LOS, by its article 97, reserves criminal and disciplinary jurisdiction to the offender's State or the flag State in all incidents of navigation leaving the victim's state no power to investigate, prosecute or punish offenders and offenders' vessel. To stop buying fishermen's lives in the form of fish, we propose for the starboard-side vessel, during night time, to shed green searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vessel of the pair and for the port-side vessel red searchlight so that they can show, at the same time, their engagement in fishing, their towing fishing gear between them and their heading direction. Laser light may be made use of, if it could be practicable and effective. During day time, green and red flags should be hoisted respectively by the starboard-side vessel and the port-side vessel as some Japanese fishing vessels are already practising. The two trawlers may have to mark their masts in the same way to show their operation in a pair. Floating buoys fastened to the net of pair trawlers may be obliged to have reflectors and to be painted in green on the sarboard-side and red port-side. These proposals should be incorporated into collision avoidance rules to bring the principle ignorantia juris nocet into operation. As British regulations, after the sinking of the Antares, ordered that submarines should keep 4, 000 yards away from fishing boats when underwater and 1, 500 yards when operating at periscope depth, so states can limit the licenced sea fishing grownds and fishing time of a day or even prohibit pair trawl fishing on the congested sea area. Large ships with restricted manoeuvrability, should inform their position to international authority through satellite whose surveillance should be enhanced throughout the world.
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久保 雅義, 斎藤 勝彦, 矢野 吉治, 西野 好生
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
137-143
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Many accidents are happened when a ship is berthed in heavy weather condition or a ship maneuvering is not adequate, because rubber fenders on a quay wall are very stiff for a ship's hull when a ship berthes in design speed of the construction. A new type fendering system "Hybrid Fender" is developed. The system also should be used for high speed ships which are developed for the realization on the modal shift. In this paper, the field tests are carried out to confirm the merits of the system. Some important and useful characteristics of the system are detected as follows. (1) Under low reaction forces, high energy can be absorbed by the oil damper in comparison with conventional rubber fenders. (2) Berthing shock acceleration is very small. (3) Horizontal forces are smaller than the strength of the system.
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三田 重雄, 庄司 邦昭, 野々村 千里, 船城 健一
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
145-151
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The resin elastic body is useful as the material of protective device, because have restoration and able to absorb collision energy. Recently, we are doing the research that checks the characteristic of the protective device by the model experiment and numerical analysis and used the urethane foam and pelprene protective device as a model. In the previous paper, we discussed the characteristic of the time that the ship penetrated into urethane foam and pelprene protective device statically at late speed. In the present paper, we report about the research result of the model experiment in the time that the ship collided dynamically. The following results are obtained. (1) When the entrance angle of the bow becomes big, the slope of a reaction force-bow penetration curve becomes steep. At this time, the change rate of the slope becomes steep with the increase of the entrance angle. This characteristic is the same result as the static experiment that has checked to the previous time. (2) Compression force and also reaction force do not agree with a dynamic experiment and static experiment. In the experiment in this time, a dynamic experimental value became about 1.5〜1.6 times of a static experimental value.
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久保 雅義, 斎藤 勝彦, 榊原 繁樹, 北野 正夫, 沢田 守
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
153-162
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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A suitable ship mooring achieves not only a safe mooring but also an economical and effective cargo handling operation. Moored ship motions are generated during waves, winds and other external forces. The excessive motions disturb the cargo handling operation and happen to derive some damages of the mooring lines and fenders. An empirical and traditional role of mooring such as a pretension mooring (a hard mooring) or a slacked mooring is operated on each size of ships on site. In this paper, field observations for 250, 000DWT class VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) and 3, 590DWT cargo ship were carried out. We observed the moored ship motions, waves and winds. As the results, the mooring methods for VLCC and 3, 590DWT ship were the pretension and slacked mooring which were as same as the empirical methods. Then, we tried to reproduce the moored ship motions of each observation using a numerical simulation method of moored ship motions. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the empirical and traditional role of mooring was a suitable and reasonable mooring using the simulation. It focussed therefore on the ship motions and mooring loads corresponding to the pretensions of mooring lines.
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久保 雅義, 村山 雅子, 水上 裕之
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
163-171
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Since the earthquake occurred in 1995, the cargo handled in Kobe port has been decreasing annually. Also, corresponding to the depression, the domestic shipping business has been continuing to control the employment. It is requested seriously to make a suitable counter-measure for increasing the sea cargo. A modal shift of transportation as the countermeasure is proposed considering the preservation of environment. However the countermeasure isn't accepted actually because the marine transportation takes much time and cost compared with the land transportation. Also it is caused that the demand of cargoes is measured as an unit in prefecture, which is considered as a rough estimation. In this paper, we try to reconsider the advantage of modal shift by detail estimations of cargo-demand in such as an unit of cities, towns and villages. We propose the transportation system for the restricted region which makes us possible to eliminate the large scale distribution centers and decrease the transportation fee as a result.
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村山 義夫, 山崎 祐介, 遠藤 真, 小林 弘明
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
173-181
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Maritime industry has intended to standardize to collect data of marine casualties and incidents in order to reveal safety measures not to repeat them. This paper suggests proper items for the investigation of human factors that are recognized as most important causes. Studies on a navigation showed that many factors increase difficulty of maneuvering situations and navigator' action and there is not the definite border between danger and safety. Useful information for safety measures is what factors affect risk of navigators' action and how. Navigators' internal and external conditions bring their behavior and action, which are recognized as performance shaping factors. We listed up ninety-five important elements considering safety measures, and evaluated their effects for a navigator's performance. We suggested multivariate-analysis for extracting relations beween elements to control for safety management.
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下野 雅生
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
183-193
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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During navigation, ship's control in bridge is carried out by 2 or 3 persons. Nowadays, in the shortage of domestic personnel resources, we had to start to develop a sole watch keeping system being interactive with person by new technologies which has ability of more than one person. Simulator experiments were carried out to clarify the hazards in a sole watch and the requirements for navigation support system/NSS. Eye free operation to watch outer shall be constantly realized. They say ship controlled system on two dimensions is in a categories of high complexity. Through six years, we have finally developed NSS far beyond the international level of navigation safety by speech input & output system.
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臼井 英夫, 井上 欣三
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
195-201
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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When anchorage areas are arranged in a harbor, it is necessary to take account of the difficulty in maneuvering ship which are to go through these areas. So far, however, there is no study carried out from this point of view on planning anchorage area arrangement. In order to decide a necessary distance between two or more anchorages through which ships will be able to pass safely, a method to presume, with area conditions and under-way ship conditions considered, is classified, by applying the Environmental Stress Model, and by considering the feelings of constriction or stress which mariners can have. The results are classified as the designing guidelines of anchorage arrangement. These guidelines also enable the personnel in charge to make a general harbor plan, with an arrengement of anchoring areas in the manner not to cause the mariners on the ships under way any constriction.
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井上 欣三, 増田 憲司, 世良 亘, 臼井 英夫
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
203-209
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The purpose of this research work is to develop a model which analyzes the relationship of cause and effect of accident in quantitative terms. It depends on the behavior of mariner whether an accident will occur or not in the shiphandling process executing under the combination of the various conditions such as external disturbances, topographical restriction and traffic congestion. In the present paper, a quantitative model to express what magnitude of potential danger of near miss is latent when a mariner takes what kind of action in the shiphandling process is proposed. And a guideline to generalize the evaluation of the difficulty and the safety of the shiphandling is indicated by using a rating chart which is composed of the latent environmental stress value and the occurrence rate of near miss danger.
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山口 勝治, 藤井 忍, 間島 隆博, 山之内 博
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
211-217
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The chronic exposure to very low concentration of benzene vapor in air of the order of a few parts per million may cause cancer. In order to protect the health of crews to the same level as that of shore-based workers performing compatible tasks, it is necessary to reduce operational exposure to benzene vapor. Personal exposure levels of crews to benzene vapor during marine benzene transfer operations were measured. The tests were conducted during routine operations and loading, transit, unloading and tank cleaning operations of benzene tankers. The vapor samples were collected in the passive sampler and were subsequently analized by the gas chromatography. The measured personal exposure levels vary with operation and person, and the highest level occurs during tank cleaning operation. The middle point of the time averaged level of all data points was estimated to approximately same as operational exposure limits. The health risk of crews associated with exposure to benzene vapor is quantitatively assessed. The method for reducing risk of health for crews is suggested.
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中村 朋宏, 安部 浩二, 坂本 宗彦, 太田 進
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
219-226
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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To draw up Cargo Securing Manual of a container ship, securing arrangements of containers on the deck should be evaluated. The forces acting on containers and lashing rods should be calculated for the evaluation. Therefore, we developed the numerical program for calculating the forces under given acceleration conditions. We carried out the experiments for securing of containers on the motion platform and on a container ship using twenty-foot containers. Furthermore, we measured the stiffness of the container and the lashing rod used in the experiments, to obtain the input data for the calculation. By comparing the forces calculated by the program with those measured through the experiments, we confirmed the effectiveness of the program except in the case that tension of a lashing rod reaches almost zero caused by big acceleration.
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藤本 昌志
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
227-234
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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The rule 19 of INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972 provides for conduct of vessels in restricted visibility. The rule 19 demands that a vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, the vessel shall take avoiding action in ample time. And the vessel cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to minimum at which she can be kept on her course, and if necessary take all her way off. But it is difficult to decide the determination point concisely on the service realities. The Marine Accidents Inquiry Agencies judgment record was investigating analyzed to clarify the determination point from navigator's standpoint, therefore the following result was obtained. The determination point of "a Close-quarters Situation is developing in restricted visibility" is that 2.5 nautical miles (relative distance with another vessel) forward of vessel beam and 1.5 nautical miles (relative distance with another vessel) backward of vessel beam
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鈴木 三郎, 山西 康朗, 山本 しのぶ
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
235-244
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In these years, Port State Control has been done strictly for purpose of expelling sub-standard vessels. But there are still many sub-standard vessels in the world and some of them causes the terrible oil pollution by its casualties. We researched on the state of over sea vessels which came into Japanese ports during a month in 1997, 1998 and 1999. We found some trends the results of the reserch. For example, the vessels came into Japanese ports of the Hokkaido coast and the Japan sea coast have more problems than the ports of the Pacific coast. Those vessels are getting better but some of them still have many problems. Small vessels such as less than 1, 000G/T also have many problems.
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桑島 進, 徳長 航
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
245-253
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Nowadays, the wind reports from Japanese ships are believed to be comparatively correct because almost of them have a wind vane and an anemometer. The present method of the wind observation that is actually carried on ships for the weather report is as follows ; (1) The observation is put into practice in a few minutes before the appointed time. (2) The observer looks at the apparent wind indicator for 10 seconds or so. (3) The average wind speed and direction for a looking period are determined by intuition. (4) The true wind speed and direction are lead from the apparent wind speed and direction and ship's speed and course. (5) The true wind speed and direction are reported at every 10 degree units and at every 1 knot units, respectively. According to the report data with reference to the automatically measured data, we found out that the most of data have some difference between them. Therefore we tried to find the cause of these differences. In the result, the error of the reported data is caused at above each process, and it is amplified by the reading error of apparent wind indicator. The fluctuation of indicated wind in the following wind is greater than in the head wind. So, the readings of indicator in the following wind have to be carried more carefully. Generally speaking, the period for reading indicator should be recommended to be more than 30 seconds. Furthermore it is desirable to be more than 100 seconds for the indicated wind with a sharp fluctuation.
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甫喜本 司, 木村 暢夫, 天下井 清, 藤井 光昭
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
255-262
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In this paper, we are concerned with the problem on estimating and forecasting the spectral density function of the sea surface oscillation, which generates in Uchiura (Funka) Bay, Hokkaido. Our previous statistical researches have been concluded that the sea surface oscillation in winter should be treated by taking the possibility of nonstationarity into consideration. It may suggest that some of well-known statistical methods for estimating the spectral density function of the sea surface oscillation, such as the methods of FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), Blackman-Tukey and Periodgram, do not necessarily give reasonable estimates of the spectral density. This paper proposes a statistical method for estimating and forecasting the above spectral density function based on nonstationarity. The application of the proposed method to the sea surface oscillation has been shown their effectiveness on the forecasting comparing with the numerical results.
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塩谷 茂明
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
263-269
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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In future, it will become very important to create the navigation system of the weather routing for a small vessel considering with economic or safety of one. This paper deals with the simulation of navigation based on the tidal current for the purpose of the routing of a small vessel which sails in the relatively narrow sea area such as the bay. The computer simulations of navigation for a small vessel with low speed were carried out at Ariake Kai in Kyushu. The tidal current was calculated using M_2 tidal model by the finite differential scheme. As results, it was recognized that the tidal simulation for the weather routing of a small vessel is very effective.
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片岡 高志, 新井 康夫, 柿原 利治, 瀧田 雅樹
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
271-277
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
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Radar simulator is used for the trainings of (1) positioning of own ship, (2) plotting of target ship and (3) collision avoidance action. The most important skill required in actual radar use is the ability to interpret correctly radar information or radar blips. For the purposes of training and improvement of this skill, the radar simulator training is conducted. As definite guide materials about radar simulator training, the IMO model course is well known. However, the model course is written basically for the person having their sea experiences, and this does not always coincide with present status in Japan. Because radar simulator training in Japan is usually carried out for beginners or students who have not or very short sea experience. So, an experiment for positioning training by a radar simulator was made in order to obtain basic data for proposing an effective training method for the beginners. Radar positioning is required to execute speedy and accurately. Therefore, the evaluation of training must be judged from the speed and the accuracy in positioning. In this paper, the evaluation items are classified into the speed and accuracy, and the result of experiment that was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively is discussed. From the result of the experiment, there were some tendencies such as (1) Briefing effect influences on the accuracy, (2) Learning effect by the repetition appears in the speed and (3) For beginners training, it is necessary to simulate the radar image faithfully as much as possible. Finally effect and problem of radar simulator training are also mentioned.
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新井 康夫, 村田 信, 竹本 孝弘, 遠藤 政利, 林 通夫
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
279-289
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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The various training for seafarers utilizing ship handling simulator have been carried out in all over the world. However, it is not adopted only unified training system but also unified assessment system to the simulator training because there is no standard of the training system at the present time. As the result, several problems, e.g. the achieved degree of ability conformable to the techniques to be trained can not be clarified respectively, are pointed out. Therefore, authors developed the standard simulator training system based on the systematized maritime techniques in which the training objectives are clarified and rational assessment can be executed. The effectiveness of proposed system is confirmed by comparative experiments of the characteristic of learning process of ship handling techniques between the simulator training and the actual state. Consequently, the problems described above are solved, the systematized knowledge conformable to the actual situation can be educated and the effective training curriculum can be constructed corresponding to the required techniques.
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小林 弘明, 遠藤 真, 水野 弘之, 仙田 晶一
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
291-300
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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The Ship-handling Simulator Research Forum in Japan have proposed the new training system utilizing ship handling simulators for MET and also proceeded to the discussion of comparison between the training on board and the training in simulators. The following discussion was carried out.・ The characteristics of learning process on maritime technology was confirmed.・ The authors carried out to investigate the learning process of all of training scenarios.・ The necessary ability of each license rank were also investigated.・ The necessary training periods could be estimated through the comparison between necessary ability and learning characteristics. In this report, the contents of the above-mentioned investigations are described in detail.
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仙田 晶一, 小林 弘明, 水野 弘之, 新井 史朗
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
301-308
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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In the evaluations of navigational environment, ship-maneuvering simulator are utilized widely. The evaluations of navigational environment have to be investigated in various situations. The situations are composed of factors, these are ship maneuverability, the natural environment such as wind and current, the traffic environment and the topographic environment such as the shape of traffic route and etc. In order to study the characteristics of ship-handling on passing fairway, we investigated the physical and human factor including ship maneuverability, the wind effect and the shape of traffic route. Through the investigation, obtained results are as follows. 1. The characteristics of ship's behavior were obtained by discussing the physical factor based on the ship maneuverability, the wind effect and the shape of traffic route. 2. The characteristics of human control were obtained by discussing the human factor based on the ship maneuverability, the wind effect and the shape of traffic route. 3. The characteristics of ship-handling on passing fairway were obtained by discussing the relations between the physical and human factors.
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小林 弘明, 外谷 進
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
309-318
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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The construction of Bridge Team is changed corresponding with the degree of difficulty on maneuvering condition. Each member of Bridge Team makes a team by sharing and combining their functions and accomplishes the object of navigation. But there are very few studies that analyze the function of Bridge Team systematically. The purpose of this study is to analyze the composition of the function and state of share and combination of the function in Bridge Team. Firstly, we analyzed the maneuvers into tasks and clarified the needed function to attain each task. Secondary, we analyzed the state of share and combination of each function in several kinds of maneuver at ship handling simulator. The obtained results are summarized as follows : (1) The function of Bridge Team is substituted by three functions as the function of maneuvering technique, the function of communication between members, and the function of cooperation and management between members. (2) The state of share and combination of each function is clarified as share and attainment rate of each function in some cases.
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新井 直樹
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
319-326
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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GPS and GLONASS are satellite navigation systems operated by U.S.A. and Russian federation respectively. Different system times are used between GPS and GLONASS. GPS receivers need only 4 satellites for positioning although GPS/GLONASS combined receivers need to one more satellite, which means 5 satellites, for positioning. This paper presents a result of measurements on the time difference between GPS and GLONASS system time. We were able to perform positioning only 4 satellites in order to use the time difference instead of using 5 satellites.
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Duc-Hung NGUYEN, 水野 直樹, 大津 皓平
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
327-337
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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The method of designing a pole assignment typed autopilot for ships in consideration of the rudder motion was first proposed by D.H. Nguyen et al. There has existed an issue of "dividing by zero" or "singularity" arising from the control algorithm because one of parameters became zero during estimation. As a result the autopilot was unstable. A solution to circumvent this issue was that the parameter becoming zero was assumed a constant prefixed by the rule of thumb, the pole assignment typed autopilot gave a relatively good performance to keep and change the ship's course. However, such a solution has not been the best one as expected. The authors present two modified algorithms to circumvent the issue of singularity and experimental results aboard the training ship in this paper. A brief description of REALoop used to execute the control programs on Pentium-PC is made.
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佐藤 治夫, 福江 正治
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
339-345
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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In order to establish a safety anchoring system, the behavior holding power of drag anchors were examined. Model experiments were performed using a small size of three stockless type anchors (JIS type, AC-14 type and DA type). The holding power of these anchors was compared using three model grounds which consists of different water contents of sand. To investigate the behavior of drag anchors, the position, penetration depth and rotating angle of the anchors were measured by the each pulling test. From the measurements of the behavior and holding power of the drag anchors, it is found that the DA stockless anchor showed the best performance including stability during pulling.
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小林 弘明, 仙田 晶一
原稿種別: 本文
2000 年 102 巻 p.
347-354
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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It is said that berthing maneuver is one of the most difficult handling in various ship-handling situations. The difficulty is composed of factors that are the topographic environment such as the shape of harbor and the route to berth, the natural environment such as current and wind, traffic environment, the ship maneuverability and the characteristics of ship operator. In order to maintain the safe navigation in restricted waterway, we investigated the human's standard decelerating ship's speed in fairway and examined the factors of difficulty systematically. The human control laws obtained by the results of investigation are as follows. 1. The engine control law can be indicated as the function of distance to the proposed point and speed. 2. The rudder control law to keep ship's heading and position can be indicated as the function of turn rate, ship's speed, lateral deviation and deviation angle from planed route. 3. While missing the rudder effect caused by very low propeller revolution, the engine control law to keep ship's heading and position can be indicated as the function of lateral deviation and deviation angle from planed route.
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原稿種別: 付録等
2000 年 102 巻 p.
App3-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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原稿種別: 付録等
2000 年 102 巻 p.
App4-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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原稿種別: 付録等
2000 年 102 巻 p.
App5-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
フリー
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原稿種別: 付録等
2000 年 102 巻 p.
App6-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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原稿種別: 表紙
2000 年 102 巻 p.
Cover2-
発行日: 2000/03/25
公開日: 2017/01/15
ジャーナル
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