This paper describes a new method for separating components in a complex spectrum and its application in chemistry instruction, especially in relation to chemistry courses for university and high school students. In chemistry experiments, separation is often used in analyzing data obtained from spectrum breakdowns. However, it is difficult to conduct such analysis when the materials are not pure or the analyzer does not have sufficient knowledge about the mixing of materials. The reason for this is that the peaks in the spectrum overlap. The authors propose a modification to factor analysis as a means for separating mixture spectrums into their separate components. A reasonable number of components can be calculated by using the characteristics of the spectrum peaks. Using the characteristics of the spectrum also allows determination of the method of rotation. In chemistry and even more so in organic chemistry, it is essential to understand the concept that materials with similar structures often also have similar characteristics. Good results were obtained when using the method we developed for learning this concept.

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Following the 1992 enforcement of the new governmental guidelines for teaching, most teachers have become bewildered by the changes made in educational evaluation, particularly at the elementary level. Until recently, norm-reference measurement has been predominant in educational evaluation but this is now giving way to criterion-referenced measurement. Many problems have been created by this new requirement to use criterion-referenced measurement methods, the greatest one being that in criterion-referenced measurement the standards of evaluation often come to be grounded in the subjectivity of the teacher involved. This paper describes a method for applying fuzzy theory to the evaluation of student calligraphy, It enables teachers to be more objective in their use of criterion-referenced measurement methods of evaluation. The author not only discusses this method of analysis but also illustrates if practicability and effectiveness in calligraphy instruction. Some of the results are as follows : (1) When using criterion-referenced measurement, many teachers' evaluations tend to be subjective. Applying fuzzy theory makes it possible for them to be more objective in their evaluations. (2) By adopting many of the evaluation techniques used by outstanding, experienced teachers, it was possible to control teacher subjectivity.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the educational, and particularly the human environment in informatics education at the university level. Students specializing in Law were asked about the educational environment surrounding their information processing classes. The results showed that these students improved their computing abilities thanks to the teacher's advice, the teaching assistants' advice and advice from their classmates. The teaching assistants who helped the teacher in the classroom as well as gave individual advice to the students, in particular, were seen as playing an important role in computer education.

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In this study, the authors show a graphical method for representing sets of ranked data on classroom apparatus operation and then demonstrate its use with several sets of data. A survey of 235 students in a teacher training was conducted in May 1993. The primary results were as follows : (1) It became possible to visually represent the errors students made when asked to rank a variety of ways of operating microscopes. (2) It appears that successful operation of such classroom apparatus is closely related to the understanding of the theoretical background for their operation.

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