Retrospective study was conducted on 15 rabbits with urethral calculi, including 11 males and 4 females Urethrotomy or vaginotomy seemed to be the best way to deal with calculi that had passed through pelvic cavity. There were many other cases that had calculus at the very beginning of urethra. Most of them could be extirpated by conventional cystotomy, but rarely moved into the caudal urethra. Patients with calculi stayed in pelvic cavity had often disappointed results. There were 4 cases that died under surgery or postoperative period. In 3 cases of them, calculi moved into pelvic cavity and it was difficult or impossible to extirpate them. Probably it was pain with surgery that brought patients to die. Another dead case seemed to be died from renal failure. We should be careful about making a decision to perform surgery or not, considering the general condition and the blood examination results of the patient. Moreover it is certain that one of the most important factors affecting the prognosis is the location of the calculus.

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The occurrence and prognostic factors of wild birds with fractures were analysed from a survey of 2, 189 rescue records for 111 avian species in Japan. Fractures were noted in 16% of all sick or injured wild birds ; 28% of them were released following medical treatment. Wing fractures accounted for 37% of the total, excluding instances when the fracture site was unknown, and greatly surpassed fractures at other sites (22%). Body size was a major factor in the healing of fractures for wild birds. Regardless of the fracture site and type (open or closed), more than 30% of larger birds were returned to nature in a fit state. An open wing fracture, however, was particularly devastating for smaller birds. The period of captivity clearly lengthened with a wing fracture, often leading to nearly 3 months of captivity until release. The results of this survey suggest that further studies on treatment for wing fractures to smaller birds and construction of a management program that grasps the flow from rehabilitation to release as a series of processes are vital.

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A skin defect was formed caused from skin flap necrosis around the elbow joint after the large skin tumor removal in a 13-year-old female mongrel dog. Hydrophilic polyurethane occlusive dressing was applied for the defect, however the complete closure was not obtained. The second skin closure was applied for the defect with the suture line at the distal part of the olecranon to avoid mechanical pressure on the suture line by the olecranon. Then hydrocolloid occlusive dressing was used to cover the wound, resulting in rapid epithelialization. The newly formed epidermis was quite thin and was required to be protected until the growth to the full thickness.

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