The printing process color matching considerably relies on optical judgment by the operator in a printing process. Color detect differences by the operator, sometimes miss detects, deteriorate uniformity in printing quality.
PD 1000, the color image measurement system with a spectral distribution colorimeter, plots the results in the CIE-Lab color spaces. The system provides optical density variation values for each color as well as the requisite control information and maintains the high level of printing quality control in color.

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Computer Color Matching (CCM) is noticed as effective tool in the color matching process. The long experience in color matching has been required of the operator, but CCM is able to solve this problem. It is very important to understand exactly the feature of CCM to its practical use. This paper describes the basic theory of CCM and method for applying it to gravure, offset and silkscreen printing, one constant theory and two constant theory. Then this also refers to the practical use, the effect and the future subject of CCM.

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In recent years, the color desktop publishing is used for professional and/or personal uses. And digital color devices, such as digital cameras or color printers, can be used for such purpose. But they include the problem of device-dependent color reproduction, therefore, a colorimetric color reproduction is used for a color matching.
This report shows the technology and the standard of the color management system based on device independent color.

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A model-based positioning method for 3 D objects in stereo images is proposed in this paper. In this method, first a pair of edge enhanced images are generated from an original stereo pair, and rough range data are calculated from them. Next, a 3 D model is rotated and translated by using a set of space transformation parameters to make a projected image. Edges in the projected image and the transformed 3 D model are compared with the left edge enhanced image and the range data respectively to evaluate the space transformation parameters. In order to decrease the total number of calculations for the matching, Genetic Algorithm; GA is employed. A set of parameters which gives the best matching ratio is determined quickly according to GA.

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It is difficult for a beginner to make a program of image processing only with textbooks. In this paper, a proposed education system for image processing is described and evaluated. The system has a textbook which published on intranetworks with 101 personal computers. With the system students can easily access to the textbook and make some programs for image processsing. More than 70% of students have achieved to binarization and contour tracing.

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There are two surface analytical techniques as representatives of electron spectroscopy. These are X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES).
In XPS, the sample is illuminated with X-rays which excite photoelectrons from the surface. A major advantage of this technique is not only indentification of elements but also investigation of chemical states of the surface atoms.
In AES, a beam of electrons is used to excite Auger electrons from the surface. Since electron beams can be focused into fine spots, scanning electron microscope techniques can be used to obtain an image of the region under analysis. This technique is also well suited to depth profiling.
Recently, spatial resolution in both techniques advanced, that of XPS is 10μm range and that of AES is 10nm range.

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As described in a previous article, a color specification system comprises a color appearance system such as the Munsell color system and a color mixing system such as the CIE colorimetric system. The Munsell color system is straightforward though it has low accuracy. As the CIE colorimetric system achieves high accuracy and is very flexible to handle, it is predominantly used in industries. In the present article, the definition of the CIE system is described in detail.

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