Comparatively large crystalline particles of zinc sulfide were obtained, by using thiourea as a homogeneous precipitant. However, the sulfur content in the precipitate obtained was found to be considerably lower than that expected from the stoichiometry.
In, order to satisfy the stoichiometry, the precipitate was treated hydrothermally with and Without thiourea under various conditions; the temperature and the duration of the treatment were changed, respectively, from 150 to 300C and from 2 to 24 hr. The. molar ratio of thiourea to the precipitate was 10: 1. During the treatment with thiourea, the reaction mixture in an electric furnacp was circulated by establishing the temperature difference of 50 C between the upper and the lower parts of the furnace. lt is found that the treatments wi th thiQurea at 300C for a period longer than 6 hr yield the precipitates of the stoichiometry ratio of 1: 1. ln the sulfidation of the precipitate, H, S formed by the hydrolysis of thiourea at elevated temperature is considered to play a majorrole.

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The extent of fluctuation of composition x in Pb(ZrxTii. mx)Os system prepared by firing intimate mixtures of the constituent oxidess PbO, ZrO2 and TiO2 was determined quantitatively by means of X-ray powder diffractometry. ln the region of tetragonal structure of Pb(Zr. Tii. x)Os system, the lattice constant along a-axis increased as the composition x increased, while that along c-axis remaind nearly constant regardless of x. Line broadening of X-ray diffraction pattern of Pb(Zre.3Te.7)03, as an example, indicated that da/a was large whereas ac/c=f O. These facts are well interpreted in terms of inhomogeneous distribution of parameter x in the material. The highest and lowest-limits of x were determined from the correlation of da/a values and lattice constant with x. The actual ranges of x in the PZT materials prepared by solid-state reaction were determined as functionS of temperature and duration of the heat treatments.

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By use of a vertical cone-type vessel, the rates of growth and dissolution of Ba(NOs)2 in aqueous solution were studied in the temperature range from 38 to 69eC.
It was deduced from the vessel characteristics that mass transfer coeMcient of solute, kd, in the vessel is not affected by flow rate and crystal size, ands hence it was necessary to know the value of kd, in advance, for the analysis of the rates as a function of the diffusiQn rate, From the results of the dissolution of fixed spherical fused samples, the following Ranz Marshall-type dimmensionless expression was obtained.
76(ptFPFD)1/3(112)
where Ls, D, u, pF and ptF are radius of the sample (cm), diffusion coefllicient (cm2/sec), linear velocity (cm/sec), density (g/cmS) andiviscosity (g/cm. sec) of solution, reSpectively. Comparing the dissolution rates of the suspended crystal particles with those of the fused samples regardless of the method of preparation, the activation energies were 4. O kcal/mol in both cases, the average shape factor of the crystals used was estimated to be 1.84, which was consistent with the observation by a microscope.
The rates of growth of the suspended crystal were controlled by the rate of surface reaction as well as by the rate of mass transfer. The activation energy of the. surface reaction was 27.5kcal/mol. The effects of the operational conditions on the performance of the vertica.1cone crystallizer were discussed.

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The input power dependence of the ESR absorption observed from the paramagnetic species formed in the perylene-7-alumina-MoO3-benzene system was studied. A mixture, of the molecular ions, P and P O 2, interprets the input, power dependence of the ESR spectrum obtained for the system prepared by an ordinary method. An analysing method by which the observed ESR spectrum can be separated in two component spectra has been established and was aMrmed by a simulation. lt has been found that a trace amount of H20 adsorbed on the oxide surface strongly affects the cation ESR spectrum. Such effects are concluded to be due to the formation of a hydrogen bond between the proton of CigHn=C(6+)-H and the oxygen in a H20 or a surface oxygen anion O 2M. The input power dependence curves are shown to be necessary for the quantitative analysis of the ESR spectra of these paramagnetic species fQrrned on catalyst surfaces,

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Codimerization of propylene with ethylene on alumina and silica-alumina catalysts containing phosphoric acid, various phoshates, phosphotungustic acid and nickel oxide was investigated, Both in the pulse and continuous-flow reactions over phosphotungstic acid-alumina (PW-A1203)catalyst, high selectivity to isopentenes in pentenes (80-90%) was obtained. A correlation was recegnized between the acid amount with the acid strength being less than -5.6 of PWA1203 catalyst and its activity for codimerization.

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The formation of crystalline graphite fluoride and its crystal structure were studied by means of thermogravimetry, microscopy, X-ray and electron diffractometry.
The crystalline graphite fluoride was obtained only from the highly crystalline and pure natural graphite; the graphite flake from Madagascar ores being most suitable. The optimum temperature of orination lay in the very narrow range of 580 to 610gC at the various fluorine pressures from 100 to 350 mmHg. Under this condition, the fiuorination of graphite flake to (CF)n was comp!eted in about ten hours. However, it was neccessary to keep the product for additional ten hours at least under the reaction atomosphere in order to obtain a crystalline form.
The crystalline fiaky graphite fluoride shows a planar morphology and brilliant silvery surface and is easily cloven in lamellae. The graphite fluoride has a layered structure as shown in Fig.4 and 5. The carbon atoms in a CF-layer no longer lie in a plane because of sp3 bbnding. The arrangement of two dimensional lattice points, Which is illustrated with projection of tbe CF-layer in the basal plane, shows the six-fold rotating s. ymmetry, and the 1. attige c-on-stgns is.2t5-4 A. The bond length of C-C and C-F are 1.54 and 1.41 A. The bond angle of C-C-C is lll.
In the ideal graphite fluoride, the stacking form. of each layer is the hexggonal packing structure, as shown in Fig.5a, with the lattice constant of the c-axis of 5.56 A. From these crystal parameteres, the specific gravity of the ideal graphite fluoride is calculated to be 3.399/cm3, and the actual one is 3, 1 0, 19/cm3,

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The electric resistance of carbon powders freely heaped between two electrodes was measured around 250 C in several atmoSpheres. Polyvinylchloride cokes, heat-treated at 700Nf2400 C, and various commerCial carbons W ere used as samples th and influence of atmospere on electric resistance wes discussed with respeet to the structure of carbons.
In hydrogen gas, the resistance of carbon powders increased with time. ln air, the change of resistance with time depended strongly on the degree of graphitization, which was measured fr, m lattice distance. and crystalline sizes, The resistance, for s7gr I e4 carbQ s ncreased with time, , but that of well-graphitized ones decreatted with tinie. The effect seemed to be explained by simplified assumption the co. ntact r. esistance concerned with peripheral carbons of net plane increases and the one concemed u with carborts in, net pl ane dereasesi wit-h oxygen.

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In an aqueous. solution, as. ethylenediaminetetraacetatomanganate(M) (Mn(pt)EDTA) and. trans-1, 2-eyc1, hekanediaminetetraacetat, manganate(III)(Mn(III)CyDTA)act as, xidizing agents, manganese(III) ion in, these cornplexes is reduced to manganese(III)io: n, This paper deals with the ptoducts formed by the oxidation reactions occurred in the solution containing Mn(III)EDTA and EDTA (Mn(III)EDTA-EDTA system)and Mn(III)CyDTA and CyDTA (Mn(III)CyDTA-CyDTA system), The experimental procedures are as follows:
Free Iigand which is more than Mn(III)complex by a factor of 3-5 was dissolved in H20and p of the solution was, adjusted to 6, 1, Where Mn(III)complex was disso1ved in this solution C the oxidation reaction of free ligand with Mn(pt) complex occurred and was completed wif: hin 10 mint The reaction products are converted to Co(III)complexes and identi ed after separating by ion-exehange chrotnatographic technique. By these procedures, the existenceof Co(III): EDTA, Co(1 III)CyDTA, ethylenediaminetriacetatocobalt(III)(Co(III)EDTRA)and trans-1, 2-cyclohexanediaminetriaeetatocobalt(III) (Co(III)CyDTRA)complexes was confir: med. In addition, the presence of N-methylethylenediami: ne-N, N -diacetatocobalt(III)(Co (III)MEDDA)and N-methylcyclohexanediamine-N, N-diacetatocobalt(III)(Co(III)MCyDDA)complexes was suggested. HCHO and CO2 were identified polarographically and by precipitation with Ba(OH)2, respectively. The amount of each product and the effect of PbO2 are given in Tables 2 and 3.
From these results, the main reaction of Mn(III)EDTA-EDTA and Mn(III)CyDTA-CyDTA system may be written by the following Eq. (1) and (2), where Y is EDTA or CyDTA, Y, , EDTRA or CyDTRA, and Y, a radical w high is formed by oxidation with Mn(III)complexes.
Mn(III)Y+YrN Mn(III)Y+Y +CO2 (1)
Mn(m)Y+Y +H20-MnY+Y +HCHO+H (2)
MoreQver, the presence of MEDPA qnd MCyDDA suggeststhe occ ence of side reac, tigns,

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In order to examine the mechanism of the variation in the fluorine and chlorine contents in volcanic emanations, a model experiment for the reaction of volcanic gases with silicate rocks was made. The model presents a similar relation between the gas flow rate and thermal gradient to the natural fumaroliq conditions,
Halogen bearing gases released from powdered volcanic rocks on heating at 1000gC were passed. through a-column packed with volcanic rock grains (diameter O, 30-O, 35 mm). The column temperature was linearly lbwered from 850 to 1500C (Fig.1).. Fluorine and chlor. ipe, eaught by the rock grains at eVery 100 C intervals and those remainin, g, in the gas phase we, re determined separately. A basalt from Miyake-jima Volcano and an t bs, idian. from Shirataki were-used for ptthe ekperiMents. An experiment without rock grains and that Using silica-g ass grains were also carri. ed out
The follQwing, conclusions are obtained.1 Fluorine apd chlorine contents of Volcanip., gases, are primari!y controlled, by the, reaction of gases with surrounding silicate rocks whg. n t Che conde qf, , water does not ocgur. The effect of the depQsitiop of sgbl limpt. es Is neg, ligiPy small Variatidri, f the FICl rati, in t e v, 1canic gasest can be explained y the reacti, n stated. aboVe (Fig.4)..2 Ch16t. i4e ih t, he vP canic gases reagts mainly. w, . ith, silic. aee rocks below 400, t, , pf ce water-s luble c6 ds(Fig, 2), 3 Flu, ri e. a1s, u 4er, es a, , similar reaction a av holb, cti ns which form main y water-inso uble prodq ts. a: b: QVe 200, are re Portant. They are, c6 P6s6d of two reactiQns of differeht mechanisms, he one occurring ab6ve 600 and the other main1 below 600 (Flg.3).

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A spectsophotometric method of determination of cobalt was studied by the solvent extracti on of the nitroso-R salt (Na2HNRS) complex of coba1t i4 the presence of zePhiramine (Z Cl-). The NRS-Z complex was extracted into chlbroform quantitatively. The e xtracted species had abs6rpti6ri makima at 420 nm and about 500 nm, respectively, and was stable within shrs. The maximum eXtraction was obtained in the optimum pH range of 6.0, y8.0. The extraction equilibrivm was attained by i shaking for 10 min. For the first extract, Beer s law held for up to 11 ptg cobalt per 5. O ml of chloroform. The molar absorption coefficient of the ternary complex was 10.55 103 cm-iemol-iedmg at 550 nm, and 11.70 103 cm-iemol-iedm3 at 505nm., Composistion of the complex was estimated to be Co: NRS: Z=1: 3: 6 by the moe ratio and bontinuous variation methods applied to the three components system. Consequen tly it may be assumed that the ternary complex was an ion-pair com pound of the composition of [Co8 (NRSSnt)3(Z)6]. With respect to sensitivity and selectivity, the present method was someWhat superior to t: he original NRS method. The large amount of iron(III)was satisfactorily"masked by citric acid; The logarithm of the equilibrium constant K for the formation of ion-pair compound was found to be 36, 310 0, 144,

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Polarization speetra of t-4-nitro-4 -dimethylaminoazobenzene and t-azobehzene we re measured in a nematic liquid crystal which was aligned uniaxially in a glas"s cjell. The sdirections of transition moments of these dyes were discussed on the basis of the eqat- h(il) in the itekt. The transition ", moment of t-4-nitro-4 -dimethylaminoazobenzene, , at, 495 nm, (z. tz*) s-Was found to direct. to the n iol, ecinlar axis.1"Qn the contTary, the direction, of trans itlon rpoTnent "of t-azoben2ene at 445 ptn di(z: -rr"). L drd, pot agree with the moldculat axis., S,
Furtherm6re, a change in oPtic al density of t-4-nitro-4 -dimethylaminoazobenzene at 495 nnfig i in nematic liquid crystal wa 6asured using a sandwicb ce11 with transparent electr

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Spherical porous copolymer of styrene-divinylbenzene was packed in high speed liquid chromatography column and separation parameters of the column eilficiency, solvent composition of mobile phase, column temperature and sample loading capacity has been studied.
Since the porous polymer has specific surface area of 328 m2/g, its sample loading capacity is greater than that of pellicular type packings. The porous polymer with particle size of 25 2ptm exhibited the column efliciency (HETP) of l mm, when 11-deoxycorticosterone was separated at l cm/sec of carrier velocity. High efficiency sepaparation was obtained by using methanol as a mobile phase. lt was possible to reduce the retention volume and improve the column eMciency by adding n-hexane to the methanol mobile phase. Resolution was improved by the addition of water to the methanol mobile phase, altheugh the retention volume increased,
Using the porous polymer, rapid separation of amine, heterocyclic compounds, steroid hormones are lpossible. For example, using 500 mm long and 2. l mm i. d. column of 53CC, estriol, ethYnylestradiol and estrone were separated within 12 minutes by eluting them by 15 volO/o of H2Q in methanel at the rate of O.82 ml/min.

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The kjeldahl metho isl apPlied to organic compounds ontaini: ng nitroge: n-oxygen, or nitrogen-nitrogen bonds by. pre-reduci-ng such types of nitrogen bonds-with phosphinic acid and converting them into. amino nitrogen before kjeldahlization.
When a sample (4f-v8 mg) was pre-reduced with 200 mg of NaH2PO2 in O.5 ml of concentrated H2SO4 over a micro. fia. me for 30 minutes, as shown in. Table 1, most nitro, nitroso, , azo, and aeid hydrazide compo unds could be analyzed accurately. However, hydrazine deriv atives and volatile compounds such as p-chloronitrobenzene an, d m-dinitrQ, benzene gave incortect results, because a large portion of the reducing agent was consumed for reduction of H2SO".
As indicated in Table 2, the use of HsPO2 in acetic acid tended to give better results than when NaH2PO2 was used in H2SO4 for the pre-treatment of 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, which contain. es nitrogen-oxygen a: nd ni ogen-nitrogen bonds. Further, an addition of HgO()and concentrated HCI as the amino acceptor, in t. he pre-treatment provided effective reduction.
The resultS in Toble 3, which were obtained by pte-treatment with O.2ml of HsPO2, O.2iml of concentrated HCI, O.2ml of AcOH, and 20 mg of HgO(ll) at 130"C for 1 hour, indicated that the pre-treatment gave reasonable data for P-chloronitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, and 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Howeveri smaller values were given for typical refractory com"po ds such as 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydra one, semicarbazo: ne, and heterocyclic compounds thah theJ eorresportding theoretical valtiest.
In order to rise the r. educing power, 50 mg of zinc dust was added to the mixture menti6ned.. above;. Highly accurate results were obtained. Not pnly hydrazine derivatives, but hqterocyclic compbunds such as 1, 4-phthalazinediqne, 1, 3, 4 xadiazole, and 1, 2, 3-benzotriazo1e, in which the rings contain nitrogenrnitrogen, bond, s, , . could be, analyzed accurately.

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Irradiation of benzanilide in ethanol in a quartz tube with a highpressure mereury lamp led to the formation of aniline, benzoic acid, ethyl benzoate, benzamide, azobenzene, 2- and 4aminobenzQphenones, phenanthridone, and polymeric Materials. ln the. e. q. riest stage of the reaction, the rearrangement prQducts were chiefly obtained, and the pQlymetic materials incr. eased up to more thqn 900/o yield with increasing the irradiation time.
The wavelerigth dependence of this reaction. was studied. Aminobenzophenones and azoben zene were produced preferentially in. the region between 250 nm and 270 nm, but benzamide at 330nm. The formation of the polymeric materials was more favorable in N2 than irt air and depending on the solvent used; a light of wavelength above 300 nm was more effective in benzene, but ineffective in ethanol.
The structure of the polymeric materials is not yet identified, but it is. supposed that they are formed through the secondary reactiQn of the decomposition products or the rearrangement. products.

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The trimethyl benzylammonium hydroxide-catalys ed decomposition of triS(2-hydroxyethyl)r. isocyanurate (THEIC) in dimethyl sulfoxide to give, 2-oxazulidinpne was kinetically, investi-k gated. The decomposition mechanism of THEIC would be expressed by a three-step consecutive st-order eaction of the foUowing type:,
A B, B C+D, and C_-2D t"
(A: T EIC, B and C: the reaction I ermediates, D: 2-oxazolidinone)
The rate cortstants ki, k2 and k3 were determined under varibus conditions (Table 1), and i therefrom, the activation parame, ters were Calculated. (Table 4).
From these results, it was found that each step proceeds through the intramol ecular attack by the alcoholic oxygen on the urea-ca, rbonyl carbon with the simultaneous gleavage of the original C-N bond.

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The possibi ity of vapor phase catalytic oxidation of methacrolein to methacrylic acid was studied by using various metallic oxides and their combinations.
A comparatively good selectivity of methacrylic, aeid was obtained by using MoO3-V2O5catalyst supported on silicagel (Table IN4). Further by adding phosphor pentoxide, both the yield and the selectivity for methacrylic acid were improved remarkably(Fig.6)
. When the spongy aluminum having small surface area (1m2/g), and good thermal conductivity was used as a support better results were obtained, that is, a 43% yield of methacrylic acid and a 580/o selectivity for methacrylic acid unde, r the conditions of methacrolein. con6entration 3, 3%, oxygen/ ethacrolein molar ratio 1.5, water/methacrQlein molar, ti6115.0, , temperature 330eC and contact time 3.6sec(catalyst amount: 50 ml)(Fig.10).

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The liquid phase oxidation of 1, 2, 4, 5-tetramethylbenzene (TeMB) with oxygen in acetic acid using transition metals and bromide as catalysts was studied.
The activities of metals for the oxidation of TeMB were in the following order, Co Ni Cr Mn in the absence of bremide and Co.. Mn Ce Cd Ni ig Cr in the presence of bromide and the activities of Hg, Pb, Cd, , Ag and Zn were not observed. The activity of cobalt catalyst was found to increase by a factor of seven in the presence of bromide. Bromide ion used as a catalyst was entirely converted to, or. ganic. bromide. at., the initial stage of oxidation, .. when the. rate of oxygen absorption reached the highest.
Results on the time dePetiderice of the compositioh of oXidation products made clear that the oxidation of TeMB was proceeded according to the succesive reaction and the ratio of the distribution for, dicarboxylic acidisomers, 4, 6-dimethylisophthalic, 2, 5-dimethylterephthalic and 4, 5-dimethylphthalic acid, at the steady state of oxidaption, was 48: 28: 24.
In the oxidation of TeMB at 10 kg/cm2 of oxygen pressure, the rate and the extent of oxidation increased as compared with the atomospheric reaction. However, the activities of catalyst were almost unchanged as well as the nature of reaction.

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Polyethylene (Marlex 6050) was evaporated in vacao on the (OOI) cleavage faces of alkali alide single crystals. By using electron microscopy and electron diffraction method, the moleular orientation of adsorbed 1m on the substrate face and its morphology were investigated; and the. adsorbed film was found to be a low molecular weight polyethylene (M=1000. v5000)(Fig.1). Various shapes of crystals and molecular orientation developed depending upon the vaporating conditions. When the substrate temperature was room temperature and the pressure was P*10-7 Torr, the polyethylene, whose c-axis ran parallel to the substrate face gave rod-like or network crystals oriented in the (110) directions of alkali halide (Figs.3 (a) and 4 (a))and the (110) plane of polyethylene crystal grew in contact with the substrate face. As similar results were obtained with other alkali halide crystals, it is considered that the nucleation is effected by the interaction between the same charge distribution along the (110) directions of he substrate face and the (110) plane of the polyethylene crystal, in-wbich rpolecular chains re contained most densely. When the substrate temperature was higher than 1000C, an llipse-like crystal was obtained. The c-axis oriented still in parallel to the substrate. surf. ace ndr the network structure was maintained inside the crystal (Fig.6 (a)). Above 1500C as he c-axis oriented perpendicularly to the substrate, a disk-like crystal resulted (Fig.8 (a))hich obviously solidified in the eourse of the subsequent cooling.

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The 25.1 MHz, Fourier-transform nolse-decoupled, 13C NMR spectra of several metyL thacrylatestyrene cQpolyiners were reor ooWe found that triad informationon com, o obr Placement can e deduced fr, mquarter and e yl carb ns in methy1 methacry, late. qnit'as well as also fro n methine. barbo in Styrene unlt Thofandom co: nQm r 4 ibution 'in these cooPo1ymers could be described-by using the coi otactic, pafameter which ag ees dl with that obtained fro n meth6xy proton re onanc6s

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The reaction of 2-phenoxyethanol (P20H) with formaldehyde (F) has been carried out in aqetic acid in the presence of perchloric acid in a sealed tube, and the influence of the reaction conditions on the molecular weight of the soluble resins obtained has been investigated. The molecular weight of the resin formed in 1.2mpl ratio (F/P2QH) at.90C was found to be 7290. The ratio of reactivity of monomer and'mono and disubstituted compounds with formaldehyde was expressed by ki=2.4k2=76 k3, which was evaluated by the reaction constants of the mode1compou: nds(Table 1). Inoue-izumi theoritical equation using the above ratio was in agreement with the experimental values. From these results, the polymerization mechanism of P20H-F resin was diseussed.

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Catalytic effect of some metal compounds on the transesterification of p-substituted methyI benzoate(MB)with ethylene glycol(EG)was investigatead in order to elucidate the characteristic of the catalytic effect of metal compound on the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with EG.
The transesterification of P-substituted MB with EG was carried out at 150C, and the quantity of formed methahol was observed Acetate of Ca, Mn, . Zn or Al was used as a catalyst. Dimethylbenzylamine was also used as a catalyst for comparison.
The rate constants of the tfansesterification with above catalysts were calculated.
It was found that the Hammett equation can fairly be apPlied for each catalyst, and p value was positive n all cases. Furthermore, it was found thatpvalue varies markedly. with a kind of catalyst, is the highest in the case of dimethylbenzylamine and decreases in the following order dimethylbenzylamine Ca acetate Mn acetate Zn acetat6e Al acetate.. This tedency may closely be related to the Lewis acid strengthy of the catalyst p value decreases with increasing Lewls acid strength of the catalyst.
Above result suggests that the effect of p-substituents becomes feebIe because a catalyst of metal compound acts as Lewis acid, and that the catalytic effect of the metal compound is the same as that due to an electron withdrawing substituent.

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In order to exa. mine the reactivities of 2-tetrazenes, the polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN)initiated. by tetrqalkyl-2-tetrazenes in the presence of benzyl chloride (BC) was carried out in dimethylformamide (DMF).2-Terazenes used were tetramethyl-2-te'tre2ene (1), tetraethyl2-tetrazene (2), tetrapropyl-2-tetrazene (3), and tetrabutyF2-tetrazene (4). The order T of the catalytic activity. for th. e yolymerization of AN is (1) (2) (3) (4).
In order to elucidate the, effect of substitute at at 1, 4-position of 2-tetrazenes on the rate of Polymerization r of AN, the kinetibs of the reaction of 2-tetrazenes with BC in the absence of AN were also studied in DMF. dG is scarcely influenced by any kind of substkuentS. The values of aHi 13.2 to 18i g kcal/inob ahd dSelF (-29.0 to -36.3cal/ K) are characteristic of Shose reactions with SN2 mechanism. Furthermore 2-tetrazenes react-with BC to produce benzyldialkylamines.
On the basis of the results, it was found that the reaction of 2-tetrazenes'with BC proceeds via Menschutkin-like reaction.

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Graft polymerization of vinyl monomers, such as MA, MMA, St, VAc, or etc., onto 6-nylon in CaC12-MeOH solution was studied in the presence of radical initiators. The graft reaction of monomers proceeds in the presence of unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as AA or MAA. On the other hand, no graft reaction occurs in the absence of unsaturated acids or in the presence of saturated acid, such as propionic acid. The effects of initiators, organic acids, metal salts, and monomers, as well as the graft reaction onto 6-nylon fiber in water were also nvestigated,

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PVA-PVC fber(polychla1), spun from emulsion of PVA and PVC, and mixture of PVAPVC powder were thermally decomposed in a temperature range from 80 C to 600C. TG curves showed that underan argon flow the weight of PVC powder and mixture of PVAPVC powder began to decrease at 180-185C, but polychlaL at 14C. From the results. of elementall analyses of polychlal samples heated to several stages of temperature, and from the measurement of hydrogen chloride evolved from polychal during heating, it was found that the temperatures at which chlorine atoms began to decrease and hydrogen chIoride began to evolve vigorously were higher by 35-70 C than those at which hydrogen. and oxgen atoms began to decrealse. With regard to IR spectra of polychla1, the decrease in intensities, of absorption bands due touoH, Yc-o and cl occurred in a temperature range in which each constituent element decreased. IR spectra of polychlal samples heated in air above 285 C and under an argon flow above 310C showed the same absorption bands as those of PVA heated in hydrogen hlgride gas ab, ve 300C and of PVC heated above 320 G in an inert atmosphere. These absorption bands were of carbonyl group, . aromatic group and etc.
From these reshlts the fact that temperature at which the weight of polychal begins to decrease is lower than that at which the weight of mixture of PVA-PVC powder begins to decrease may be considered to b6 due to the effect that the dehydration of PVA part is accelerated by partially charged PVC part.

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Chloromethylated polystyrerte reacts with polystyryl anion in the presence of styrene at -78 C in THF. The decrease in the concentration of living end was measured photometrically by using an apparatus equipped with an optical cell capable of working at low temperatures. The coupling reaction was completed within about 20 min. The number of branches per backbone polymer molecule of graft copolymer obtained in the presence of styrene is greater than that in the. absence of styrene, . Coupling proceeds again in the presence of styrene. In the absence, . of styrene, steric factors are important for determining e the exten4t of coupling in some cases, especially when the molecular weight of polystyryI anion is large. However, these factors have no great influence on the formation of the graft copolymer (i. e., the extent of coupling) in the presence of styrene.

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The viscoelastic properties of dilute aqueous solutions of amylose in ultrasonic frequencies region were investigated by a torsional method using quartz crystal resonator.
Both G/andnLns showed a minimum between pH II and 11.5and in addition, a maximum was observed for n-n, at a slight1y lower pH value. These results are similar to the behavior o-f intinsic viscosity reported by Rao and Foster and by Doppert and Staverman and suggest that the pH-dependent heliX-coil transition of amylose occurs in water.
In the range aboye pH 13, where amylQs is said to show bshavior, similar to a polyelectrolyte, the cgncentrqtion dependences of G' and n-n were larger than those for the aqueous solution of sodiun aL1ginat-e whigh behaves as polyelectrolyte in solution as reported pretiiously by the authors. Therefore electrostatic repulsion between amylose chains does not seem to be so strong.04 the gther hand, in the range below pH 10, where amylose exists essentially in a helical conformation, the concentration dependences of G' and n'-n, were more remarkVable.
In the range above pH 13, the experimentaHy obtained frequency dependences of viscoelastic functions at an infinite silution agreed well with the curves predicted by the Rouse theory or the Techoegl theory for a random coil polymer in a dilute solution. Unexpectedly, in the range below pH 10, the results were closer to the Rouse theory rather than the Kirkood-Auer theory for a rod-like polymer, Therefore, in the low pH renge, amylose chain is thought to take a loose, extended helical conformation.

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The new crystalline modification of Na-Cellulose (Na-Cell) was obtained from Na-Cell I via Na-Cell M by drying it at room temperature, and named Na-Cell VI.
Na-Cell VI was also obtained directly from Na-Cell 1 by heating it at 180-200 C. Na-Cell VI is a more stable modification than Na-Ce11 IIIand gives more distinct X-ray diagram. Na-Cell III and VI derived from Cellulose I through Na-Cell I I atrd those from Cellulose II through Na-Cell I ll are different in their X-ray diagrams, especialy in the intensity ratio of 1(020)/1(040), and therefore Na-Cell III I and VI are distinguished from Na-Cell III II and VI II. Na-Cell M i and VI I are regenerated to Cellulose I by decomposition with hot water. Namely, they retain their original crystalline structure. It is considered that the chain configulation of Cellulose I does't change during mercerizatio: n or drying and remains in Na-Cell I I, III and VI I. The composition of Na-Cell VI was determined to be 1 C6HieOs.1NaOH.

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The carbon used for the tertiary treatment of kraft pulp waste water viz., spent carbon was repeatedly regenerated for 35 minutes at 830 C via eight use-regeneration cycles. The amount of steam introduced into a rotary kiln per minute was 80 ml (cdnverted into water)
. The yield of regenerated carbons was kept at 95 1 percent by volume on fed spent carbon. The bulk density and strength decreased with the number of repeated regeneratien cycles. On the other hand, the internal surface area and total pore volume increased gradually, in a similar manner as the adsorptive capacity for 12, methylene blue or DBS did. But the adsorr ptive caPacity for kraft lignin showed a maximum at 5 th regeneration. The median value of particle size distribution shifted to smaller size with repeated regeneration.
The strength of the regenerated carbdn containing virgin carbon, the amount of which corresponds to the carbon lost at regeneration step, was calculated and ifound that its decrease in strength is less than not containing virgin carbon.

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As a part of a series of studies on disposal and utilization of waste plastic, poly(vinyI chloride)(PVC)was dehyrochlorinated by wet treatment. The treating conditions and the chemical and physical structures of the resulting product were investigated.
The wet treatment was carried out in autoclave by heating PVC with an aqueous solution of such as NaOH, KOH or Ca(OH)20r with suspension of Fe powder as an acceptor of hydrochloric acid PVC was completely dehydrochlorinated at 250-270C and the dehydrochlorination product was powdery or granular Iike the starting PVC and colored yellow, yellowish brown, reddish brown and black Infrared, ultraviolet and visble spectral studies indicated that the dehydrochlorination product formed in the presence of NaOH has a chemical structure which is mainly composed of conjugatedl polyene containing up to 6-8 polyenes, ether cross link: ages and conjugatedketone resulting from oxidation of conjugated polyen. e. The tone of yellow color is due to the so-called bleaching effect by oxygen. In the presence of Fe, aromatic condensed ring containing up to 3-5 rings resulting from conjugated polyene, seems li: kely to be the origin of its chemical structures a: nd black color. It was inferred that Na ions relate to the protection of the conjugated polyene chain and Fe2 ions to the formation of aromatic ring
The phyical structure was examined by the measurements, f the pore vlume and the pore distribution. Diffusio: n of the additive through PVC particles was found to affect the physicaI structures.

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Polarographic reduction wave of oxygen was found to be suppressed by the presence of cyclodextrin (CD) and the suppression of wave by the presence of β -CD was 20 times greater than the presence of α -CD. This phenomerton could be utilized for the determination of trace amount of α - and β -CD.
As shift of E_1/2 of the 1 st wave was not observed by the increase of CD after the maximum was suppressed, it was concluded that α - and β -CD did not form any clathrate compound with O₂ in aqueous solution.
By the analysis of the 2nd wave in acidic and neutral solution, the formation of clathrate compound of H₂O₂ and β -CD with the molar ratio 1: 1 was concluded.
ln alkaline solution, shift of E_1/2 of the 2nd wave was not observed. This fact indicated that the HO₂ ion did not form clathrate compound. The phenomenon was explained by the interaction of HO₂- ion and basicity in the cavity of β -CD.

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The sodium-initiated reaction of isoprene with some primary amines was investigated. In particular, the reaction usi4g sterically hindered amines (t-butyl, s-butyl and isopropylamines)gave two kinds of C₁₀-aldimines (2-ethyl-2, 4-, and 2-ethyl-2, 5-dimethyl-4-hexeriyntlidene tbutylamine (6) and (5)), along with the normal adducts.

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The reaction of 3, 4-xylenol with molecular chlorine or sulfuryl chloride in chloroform led to the successive formation of 6-chloro-3, 4-xylenol, 2, 6-dichloro-3, 4-xylenol, and 2, 4, 6trichloro-3, 4-dimethylcyclohexa-2, 5-dienone. The examination of the product mixtures failed to show the presence of 2, 5, 6-trichloro-3, 4-xylenol, which, hdwever, could be ebtained by the indirect method involving the treatment of 2, 6-dichloro-3, 4-dimethylphenyl trifluoroacetate with excess chlorine in trifluoroacetic acid at room temperature, followed by the mild alkaline hydrolysis of the product.
Reactions of both 3, 4-dimethylanisole and 3, 4-dimethylphenyl acetate with molecular chlorine in acetic acid resulted in the extensive alkyl-oxygen or acyl-oxygen bond fission, giving the carbonyl compounds and polymeric substance. ln contrast, 2, 4-dimethylanisole underwent nuclear hydrogen replacement to give a good yield of 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2, 4-dimethylanisole which, on prolonged contact with the chlorinating agent, was converted into 3, 4, 5, 6-tetrachloro-2, 4dimethylcyclohexa-2, 5-dienone.

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Adsorption of hydrogen chloride on porous resins with various functional groups was studied. Adsorption capacity was measured by gravimetric method and adsorption behavior vvTas observed in terms of infrared spectra of resin films exposed to hydrogen chloride. Adsorption on acrylic ester or styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers shows physical adsorption type and is expressed by the BET type adsorption isotherm. AdsQrption on poly-4-vinyl pyridine resin and Amberlyst A-27 of R-OH form (strong basic anion exchanger) is chemisorption and is represented by the Langmuir type adsorption isotherM. Hydroge, n chloride is adsorbed on poly-4-Vinyl pyridine re, sin by the formation of molecular complex, whereas in the case of Amberlyst A-27, functional groups are neutralized by hydrogen chloride and change into chloride form.

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The recrystallization behavior of non-crystalline(amorphous) cellulose, prepared by saponification of cellulose triacetate in non-aqueous medium, under treatments with water and aqueous so!ution of NaOH has been studied by means of X-ray diffraction method.
The type of ctystal lattice after recrystallization has been found to depend on the original lattice, although amorphous patterns are strictly similar; from Amor. I which is the saponification product of cellulose triacetate 1 (C. A.1) cellulose 1 is obtained when treating it with water and dilute solution of NaOH, and cellulose II is obtained when treating it with concentrated solution of NaOH, whereas from Amor. ff which is the saponification product of cellulose triacetate II (C. A. II)cellulose II is obtained under any of the above treatments.
These results are reasonably understood from the difference of chain conformation between cellulose I and cellulose II.

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In a system consisting of diphenylamine type diazonium salt, coupler and matrix polymer, two different colored products were formed by an ammonium development or irradiation of. UV ray one was an orange colored species formed by the usual coupling reaction and the other was a greenish blue species produced photochemically.
In ammonia gas bath, the diazonium salt (P-diazodiphenylamine fluoroborate) and the coupler (m-hydroxydiphenylamine) in a polymer matrix were coupled to form an orange azo dye. On the irradiation of UV ray, the orange product turned to the greenish blue one. This color change took place reversibly by the two treatments.

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