Thermal diffusion separation was measured for sodium hydroxide-sodium chloride solutions in a 65 cm thermal diffusion column at wall spacings of 0.6 (A), 0.8 (B), and 1.0 mm (C). The results obtained at 80° C of the hot wall temperature are shown in Table 244. The anomaly in the thermal diffusion of NaCl in this system was found at the initial concentration ratio R (NaCI/NaOH)=1, as expected by Guthrie's theory on thermal diffusion in mixed electrolyte solutions. In columns A and B, the concentration of NaCl at the top of the column showed a maximum at about 6 hours (Table 2). The anomaly was observed in the range of R, , <ca.3.3 (column A) and Ro<ca.4 (column B), respectively (Fig.2). Even in the case of R0>3.3-10, the concentration of NaCl at the bottom was found to decrease in spite of a similar decrease of NaCl at the top. Judging from the composition at the bottom, the phenomenon may be explained by the anomaly of thermal diffusion.

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Nitrogen gas and/or air containing small amounts of SO₂ and H₂O were irradiated by an electron beam of 1.2 MeV. The resultant aerosol was collected and identified as sulfuric acid mist by its infrared spectrum. The formation and growth of aerosol were monitored by observing the attenuation of He-Ne laser light through the irradiated gas. The turbidity change determined by log (4), in which /o and I represent the light intensities before and after irradiation, respectively, was described by the empirical equation (1).
log (I0/I)=Const x [Beam current].8[Irradiation time]2 (1)
If the Rayleigh scattering is assumed in the early stage of the reaction, the above empirical equation can be derived on the basis of the following kinetic model. The irradiation of electron beam has produced a gaseous precursor material (sulfuric acid), which forms embryos or small particles immediately. After the accumulation of a certain amount of embryos, sulfuric acid produced by further irradiation deposits on the particles and the particles coagulate with each other with a slower rate.
This coagulation was observed as a growth of aerosol after the interruption of irradiation. The coagulation rate constant was estimated as about 1 x 10^-1cm³. particle^-1sec^-1. The observed spectrum of the turbidity was very similar to the one of monodisperse spherical particles of radius of 200∼300 nm according to the Mie theory. Growth of particles to this size is expected if the particles coagulate with the above estimated rate.
According to the above kinetic model, the constant in equation (1) should be proportional to the rate of formation of the precursor material. The dependency of this constant on the concentrations of H₂O, NO and CO in mixed gases suggests that an oxidation process of SO₂ by radicals, mainly OH, precede the aerosol formation.

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The effect of the addition of sulfate ion on the acidic properties of TiO₂ was studied using the dehydration of 2-propanol as the test reaction.
Ti0₂ was prepared by hydrolysis of TiCl4 with ammonia solution in the presence of (NH₄)₂ SO₄. In this method, sulfate ion was occluded in the precipitate selectively. The sulfate ion retarded the crystallization of TiO₂, and increased the catalytic activity and acidity of TiO₂ (Fig.3 and 4).
The addition of sulfate ion increased the specific surface area of TiO₂ until SO, content reached 4 wt% and 3 wt% for the sample calcined at 250° C and 600° C, respectively (Fig.5).
Exceptionally, TiO₂ prepared in the highest concentration of (NH₄)2SO₄ solution (ca.30 wt%) exhibited higher catalytic activity and acidity per unit surface area, the apparent activation energy being lower than that for the sample prepared in the lower concentration region (Fig.6 and Table 2).
These results suggested that the sulfate ion contained in this sample probably diffuses to the surface easily and contributes directly to the appearance of the acid site on TiO₂. A model of acid site on TiO₂ which contains sulfate ion was proposed (Scheme 1) on the basis of IR spectra (Fig.7).
IR spectra of pyridine adsorbed on TiO₂ showed that Ti0₂ has both Bronsted- and Lewis-typb acid sites, and Lewis-type was converted to Bronsted-type by exposure to water vapor (Fig.8).

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The hydrogenolysis of pentane, isopentane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane and hexane on nickel-alumina catalyst has been studied in a flow system under hydrogen pressure of 10 atm and at the temperature ranging from 260 to 320°C.
Temperature dependency of total conversion revealed that the two C₅-paraffins are equivalent in reactivity. In C₆-paraffiins, it was found that hexane and 2-methylpentane are equivalent in reactivity and 3-methylpentane has a little higher reactivity than the others have on the catalyst (Fig.2).
The product distribution indicates that three types of reaction are involved in each hydrocarbon reaction under the given conditions:
(I) Successive degradation to methane and a hydrocarbon containing one carbon atom less than the starting hydrocarbon. This is the predominant reaction.
(II) Total fragmentation of an adsorbed molecule to give methane only.
(III) Rupture of other carbon-carbon bonds than terminal to give lighter hydrocarbons. This reaction is minor.
2/3 fractions of total methane formed are calculated to be produced by reaction (I) and the rest is by reaction (II) at 260°C for each C₆-paraffin reaction.
The yields of ethane and propane suggest that hexane is, most easily cracked by reaction (III) among the three C6-hydrocarbons. It may be concluded that disecondary CH₂-CH₂ bonds are broken more easily than tertiary-secondary CH-CH2 bonds.

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The changes of disodium diphosphonates I and II ground in an agate mortar have been investigated by means of X-ray diffractometry, IR spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis.
Type I became amorphous and its P-O-P linkages were broken to phosphonates. On the other hand, type II changed in the same manner as type I after the transformation from type II to type I.
The dry grinding in the system of Na₂P₂H₂O₅-Na₂CO₃ mixtures indicated that H atoms in Na₂P₂H₂O₅, being different from ionic H atoms, could not be replaced with Na+ ions.

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Thermal decomposition products of [Mn{PO(NH₂)₃}₂] and Cd{PO(NH₂)₃}Cl₂ were investigated by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, paper chromatography, chemical analysis, etc. By heating under reduced pressure (5 x 10-2 mmHg), these complexes are converted mainly into oligomeric condensed phosphoryl amide at 140-200° C, followed by the formation of highly cross-linked condensed phosphates at 300-700° C. All these condensed phosphates are assumed to be linked with P=N-P and P-NH-P bonds by IR spectra, and amorphous by X-ray diffraction; the former is decomposed to orthophosphates in aqueous 6 N H₂S0, solution at a room temperature, but insoluble in water, whereas the latter insoluble in aqueous 6 N H₂SO₄ (at a room temperature), water, and, various organic solvents.
By heating in an air, these complexes give mainly highly cross-linked condensed phosphates at about 300∼400° C temporarily, and the breaking of P=N-P and P-NH-P linkages of the condensed phosphates occurs by atmospheric moisture from about 600° C and 500-600° C in Mn and Cd complexes, respectively. Mn complex loses all nitrogen and chlorine to form Mn₂(P₄O₁₂) at 1000° C. In Cd complex, the rapid formation of Cd₁₈Cl₂(PO₄)₆ was observed by X-ray diffractometry at about 500∼600° C, which loses all nitrogen and chlorine to form Cd₂P₂O₇ at 1000° C. The relations between the thermal decomposition products and the structures of PO(NH₂)₃ complexes are discussed.

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The relationship between heating loss and structure of CaHPO₄ prepared by wet process was studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry and optical microscopic analysis.
The reaction products, precipitated from aqueous solutions of various pH (2-5) at the temperatures between 70 and 100° C, contained about 0.4-1.7% H₂O, although their X-ray diffraction patterns identified the materials as CaHPO₄.
From the analysis of heating loss of products and precipitation temperature, it is presumed that CaHPO₄ was a metastable phase and contained some stepwise times of (1/30), (1/60) or (1/120) mol. H₂0, and that an abnormal weight loss by heating was based on such bound water. The samples canbedivided intotwo groups. One group showed asingle X-raydiffraction peak at d=3.37A, (020) and another one showed double peaks at d=3.37Aand d=3.35A. The double peak altered to a single one by grinding, and the X-ray intensity became to approximately twice. This phenomenon might be caused due to the slip along (020) effect.

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Kinetics of the substitution reactions of lead (II) complexes of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (edta) N- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine-N, N', N'-triacetate (edtaoh), 1, 2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetate (cydta), and diethylenetriamine-N, N, N', N", N"-pentaacetate (dtpa) with aluminium (f) ions have been studied in the pH range 2.4∼4.4, at 20° C, with an ionic strength of 0.1, and in the presence of excess lead(II) ions ((0.2∼2.0) x 10^-4 moledm^-3). Similarly, the reverse reactions have also been kinetically studied in the presence of excess aluminium(II) ions (1.0 X 10^-3 mol dm^-3).
The forward reactions proceed through the paths involving the species of Al0H²⁺ and Al₂(OH)₂⁴⁺ in the case of edta and edtaoh in the pH range 2.6-4.4. The initial rate equations of the forward and reverse reactions have been obtained by observing the change in absorbance in the region 240∼250 nm. Contribution of each reaction path to the over-all rate of the reactions was estimated. The forward reactions seem to proceed merely through the dissociative path liberating the ligands from the metal complexes in the case of edta, edtaoh and cydta and in the case of dtpa mainly through the dissociative path. The reverse reactions in the case of edta, edtaoh and cydta seem to proceed mainly through the dissociative path, but also proceed slightly through the path forming binuclear intermediate complexes.

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Spectrophotometric determination of uranyl chelate, extracted by organic solvent, has been investigated. In an aqueous alkaline buffered solution (pH: 12.0∼12.5), uranyl ion reacts with N, Y-bis (o-hydroxyphenyl) ethylenediimine (HPEI=H₂hpei) to form 1: 1 chelate whose absorption maximum appears at 565 nm. However, in the presence of enough zephiramine (quarternary ammonium), uranyl ion forms a uranyl hpei chelate of different composition which shows absorption maximum at 645 nm, a ratio of U to hpei is 1: 2. The latter chelate is extracted by a certain organic solvent, e. g., 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) or 1, 2-dichloroethane. U: hpei: Z of the extracted chelate was determined to be 1: 2: 1. The spectrophotometric determination of uranium is possible in the range of 0∼120 μg in an aqueous solution and 0∼50 μg in an organic solvent. The molar absorption coefficients of the mixed ligand chelate are 1.44 X 104 and 1.41 x 104 in an aqueous solution and in TCE, respectively.

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DC and AC polarographic behavior of p-nitrophenol (PNP) has been studied in the presence of α- and β-cyclodextrin (a- and 8-CD); the concentration ratio of CD to PNP changed from 0 to 10 in acidic and basic solutions. Both α- and β-CD are adsorbed on the dropping mercury electrode. In acidic solution, in the presence of α-CD the reduction wave of PNP splits into two whose wave height ratio being 2: 1, The result has been intertpreted in terms of ECE reduction mechanism, viz, the dehydration reaction, followed by 4-electron reduction of PNP, is suppressed by the adsorbed film of α-CD. The second wave appears at the desorption potential of α-CD and the total wave height is diffusion controlled. In the presence of β-CD, a single 6-electron reduction wave appears at the potential Where β-CD is desorbed simultaneously. In basic solution, the reduction of PNP occurs after CD is desorbed. In both acidic and basic solutions, 6-electron total wave heights are diffusion controlled and decrease with increasing concentration of CD; this is attributed to the formation of PNP-CD clathrate compound. Dissociation constants of this clathrate compound in acidic and basic solutions were also determined.

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In order to establish a quantitative state analysis of saturated wax-esters, a fundamental study of mass chromatography was carried out to the standard esters (C₂₄∼C₃₆) which were composed of saturated higher normal fatty acids (C₁₂∼C₁₈) and normal fatty alcohols (C₁₂∼C₁₈).
The following three equations were found to hold among the relative fragment ion intensities, 011+ of the constituent acidOH 'acid from estersper molecule, that of the constituent alcohol (C, F12, +) /alcohol, and their carbon number (n, m).
(1) if n is constant, acid=al (n+m) +b1 (Fig.4)
(2) if n+ m is constant, /, d=a2n+b2 (Fig.3)
(3) if m is constant, /alcohol=as (n In) b3 (Fig.4)
where, al, a3 and 122 are positive constant values
a2, 121 and b3 are negative constant values
Equations (1) and (2) indicate the possibility of a rapid quantitative state micro analysis of wax-esters having the same carbon number, but different combinations of acid and alcohol.
This technique was applied to the analysis of spermaceti and new informations were obtained.
The time required for the analysis was approximately 30 minutes and coefficient of variation for the result was 1.12%.

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A mechanism for the reaction of methyl radical with ethylene has been examined by the CNDO/2 molecular orbital (MO) method. Two limiting states, namely, a system in which the MO's of ethylene and a methyl radical are about to overlap and a propyl radical system which corresponds to the reaction product are considered. The two states differ in the direction of charge transfer between two molecules. This is the reaction appears to proceed in two stages. In the first state, the electron is transferred mainly from ethylene to the methyl radical; the interaction between the highest occupied (HO)MO of ethylene and the lowest unoccupied (LU)M0 of the methyl radical is important for acceleration of the reaction.
In this state, the direction of approach of the methyl radical to ethylene is governed by the HOMO of ethylene. In the second state, namely in propyl radical state, the electron is transferred mainly from the methyl part to ethylene; the interaction between the LUMO of ethylene and the HOMO of methyl radical is important. In this state, the direction of transfer of the methyl radical is governed by the LUMO of ethylene.

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Restricted rotation around the Csp3-Csp3 and Csp3-Csp2 single bonds in 9-aryl-9-(9-fluorenyl) fluorene derivatives C 4 (9-phenyl-C4 a), 9- (P-toly1)-(4 b), 9-(m-toly1)-(4 c), 9- (o-toly1)- (4 d), 9- (1-naphthyl)-(4 e), and 9- (9-phenanthry1)-9-(2-methy1-9-fluorenyl)fluorene (4 fD) has been investigated by the temperature dependent NMR spectroscopy. Since the methyl signals due to C4 di (4 e) and C4 fp are broadened at room temperature, rotation around the C(9)-C bonds in these compounds is estimated not to be frozen at ordinary temperature. The values of TT (° C) and (kcal/mol) for rotation around the Csp3-Csp3 bonds are as follows; [4 d]: 13, 14.2; (4 e): 13, 14.4; C4 fp: 7, 14.4.
Two kinds of rotation around the Csp3-Csp3 and Csp3-Csp2 bonds in (4 a), [4 b] and [4 c] appear to be synchronous, since the values of GC for rotation about the C(9)-(2-methy1-9- fluorenyl) bonds in [4 a], C4 bp and (4 c) and the C(9)- (m-toly1) bond in [4 c] are nearly the same (11.6-12.0 kcal/mol).
It has also been shown that the stable conformation of 4 at low temperature is se-form with regard to the Csp3-Csp3 bonds, and the values of for rotation about the Csp3-Csp, bonds in [ 4 ] are identical with the estimated ones for the interconversion between + se and sc conformers.

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Phase transfer catalytic effect of octopus compound [4], (5), or [6] was examined. When alkyl halides are heated with potassium cyanide or potassium halides in water in the presence of octopus compounds, the displacement products are obtained in good yields. In the absence of octopus compounds, alkyl halides do not give displacement products (Table 1 and 2).
These experimental results indicate that octopus compound, [ 4 ][5] or (6) may be used as a phase transfer catalyst similarly to onium compounds.

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Hydration of caryophyllene [1] with an equimolar amount of mono-, di- and trichloroacetic acids has been studied under anhydrous and/or aqueous conditions.
Four alcohols were obtained from the products (yield 75% at best) and their structures were assigned to be 8-caryophyllene alcohol (caryolan-1-ol) [1 a], dihydroneocloven-4 [1 b], dihydrocaryophyllen-4-ol [1 c], and dihydrocloven-9 8-ol [1 d] on the basis of their physical constants, IR, NMR and MS spectra. Usually [1 a] was a major product, amounting to 72% of the hydration product under the best conditions. The compounds [1 b], [1 c] and [1 d] are new sesquiterpene alcohols.

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A variety of 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl compounds of the type CF₃CH₂X-C₆H₄-Y; X=NH, 0, and S; Y=H, p-F, p-MeO, and p-Me, have been prepared and their 'H and '9F NMR spectra were measured. The ethers and sulfides were synthesized by the reactions of 1, 1, 1- trifluoro-2-iodoethane with sodium phenolates and benzenethiolates, respectively, while N-(2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) anilines were obtained by trifluoroacetylation of anilines followed by hydride reduction. The "F NMR data show the effect of hetero atoms (X) on the 8 (CFO) values, which decrease in the order: X=0, N, and S. The 8 (CFO) values are not affected by ring substituents (Y). On the other hand, the 'H NMR data reveal the increase in the r (CH₂) values in the order of X=0, N, and S. A small effect of Y on r (CH₂) values were also observed; electrondonating groups such as Y=p-Me0 and p-Me tend to increase 'r (CH₂) values while electronwithdrawing groups (i. e., Y=m-F) decrease them. On the basis of the 19F NMR data for mand p-fluoro derivatives, the a, and c values for the XCH₂CF₃ substituents have been determined. The electronic effect of substituents XCH₂CF₃ is intermediate between those of XCOCF₃ and XCH₂CH₃.

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The selective hydrdgenation of 1, 3-butadiene (BD), isoprene (IP), and 2, 3-dimethy1-1, 3 butadiene (DMBD) to the corresponding monoenes with Ni(acac), -A1, (C_2CH₅)2Cl, -P(C, H6)3 (catalyst I, Ni: Al2: P=1: 10: 3) and NiBr₂ [P(C, H, ), ], catalyst (catalyst) was investi gated. With catalyst I, which showed a high activity, the hydrogenation proceeded fast in toluene at room temperature under 20 atm of H₂. The total selectivities of, hydrogenation products increased in the order: BD 38% <IP 67% <DMBD 91% (Table 1). On the other hand, catalyst II required high temperatures (BD 75° CMBD 200° C) in ethanol under 30 atm of H₂ (initial) and the selectivities of hydrogenation products were in the reverse order: BD 88%>IP 84%>DMBD 40% (Table 2). In all cases, despite the striking differences in selecti vity of hydrogenation products, monoenes were obtained in a high proportion (90%) the percentages of monoenes from BD, IP, and DMBD with catalyst I, for example, were 93.0, 99.0, and 97.5%, respectively, even at 100% conversion. The low selectivities of the hydrogena tion products in some reaction systems were due largely to the loss caused by the polymeriza tion of the dienes. Based on the experimental results and available information, a reaction mechanism is proposed for the selective hydrogenation of DMBD with catalyst I. The differences in activity of the catalysts and in reactivity of the dienes used are also discussed.

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The following four compounds were synthesized and identified by elemental analyses and some spectral measurements.
Tests of the several surface active and antimicroorganismic properties of these samples were tried. The obtained results were as follows.
The samples were found to have somewhat surface activities in respect to lowering surface tension of water and emulsification of liquid paraffin in water. DCD was excellent as antibac-terial agent and it's action was almost the same as well as that of pentachlorophenol, while the antimold action of all four samples were inferior to that of pentachlorophenol.

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The reaction of 1-octanethiol with phosphorous tris(diethylamide) [P(NEt2)3] in THE at 25° C gave octane and thiophosphoric tris(diethylamide)[S, P(NEt2)s] in good yield. In a similar manner, the reaction of benzenethiol with P(NEt), produced S-phenyl thiophosphite diamide and diethylamine in good yield (Table 1, 2). Readiness of desulfurization of thiols was the following order (Table 3);
These reactions were different from those of phosphorous ester, and proceeded via an ionic process.
The reaction of aromatic thiols such as benzenethiol or cr-toluenethiol proceeded without the cleavage of C-S bond to produce the corresponding thioester. But the reaction of 0-phenylethanethiol, cyclohexanethiol or 1-octanethiol proceeded with the cleavage of C-S bond to give thiophosphoric triamide and the corresponding hydrocarbon (Fig.8).

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Blendmers and cooligomers of a hydrophilic monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and a hydrophobic monomer, styrene (St) were prepared to elucidate the effects of microstructure of their polymer films on the wettability. Films of blendmers and cooligomers were cast from DMF solutions. They make contact angles with water. The wettability of blendmers markedly differs from that of cooligomers. In the class of blendmer, the wettability decreases with increasing the oligo-St's molecular weight.
Electron micrographs of blendmers showed that the numbers of hydrophobic domain, formed by oligo-St and keeping a constant size, decrease with increasing HEMA mole fraction. And its size increases with increasing oligo-St's molecular weight. The electron microscopic textures of cooligomers were observed by means of osmium tetraoxide fixation technique. The morphological change in domain structure in vicinity of HEMA mole fraction 0.8, from spots to its continuous domain, corresponds to the remarkable rise in wettability.
It was found that hydrophilic and hydrophobic functions are influenced by the state of aggregation of each segment, that is, size and geometry of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains.

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The super-oriented crstallization, induced by cooling a melt under a constant stress, was investigated with regard to crosslinked polyethylene to obtain tenacious material in which chains are sharply oriented to the direction of stress. The elongation induced in terms of oriented crystallization was measured by cooling a high density polyethylene, crosslinked by means of r-ray irradiation of 10-30 Mrad, from 160 to 110° C under the stress of 2 x 10⁶∼I4 X 10⁶ dyne/cm².
The draw ratio after oriented crystallization increases with increasing stress and reaches a constant maximum value at a higher stress. The maximum draw ratio decreases with increasing irradiation dose, and coincides with that calculated from the average molecular weight of crosslinked chains. Therefore, the crosslinked chains are fully extended and crystallized upon applying a sufficient stress. The calculation of rubber elasticity reveals that crosslinked polyethylene containes many dangling chains, and that the contents of the chains decrease from 75 to 51% with increasing irradiation dose from 10 to 30 Mrad. The tensile strength of fully extended polyethylene increases from 27 to 48 kg/mm² with increasing irradiation dose from 10 to 30 Mrad, because the number of dangling chain which does not support the tensile force Oecreases with increasing irradiation.
It was concluded from these results that the extended chain crystals, composed of crosslinked chains, are produced at an initial stage of cooling owing to the elevation of crystallization temperature due to the stress applied to the crosslinked chains; then the folded chain crystals, composed of dangling chains, are produced on the extended chain crystals in terms of epitaxial growth at the following stage.

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This paper deals with a new convenient method for the preparation of a thermally stable polymer, poly(1H-1, 2, 4-triazole) (PT), and its properties. Several aromatic and aliphatic diimiclates were prepared from common dinitriles, and led to linear poly (N-carbonimidoylamidrazone)(PA) by means of solution-polycondensation method with hydrazine under a mild condition at 60° C. PA was then thermally converted into the corresponding PT at 160-300° C. Under a relatively severe conditions (160° C) by the above polycondensation method the formation of PT, with higher DP h, 0.3-1.2 than that shown in the literatures, occurs in one stage. When the molar ratio of hydrazine to diimidate makes equal to one, an occurring of the side reaction shown in Eq.4, and a decrease in DP shown in Eq.2 are suppressed. The resulting PT is stable against heat up to 400° C (based on TG), chemicals, and solvents. It changes into brittle, stiff, elastic, or soft material with its subunits: p-phenylene, m-phenylene, or polymethylene, C6, C8, or Cl respectively. PT with hexa- or octa-methylene subunit as coating, film, or filament resist against long-time exposure to air up to 200° C.

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The reactions of 4-chromanones with formaldehyde have been carried out in acidic media, and the influence of reaction conditions on the products has been investigated. The molecular weights of the soluble resins, formed from 4-chromanone, 6- as well as 8-methyl- and 5, 7- dimethy1-4-chromanone in polyphosphoric acid are approximately in the range from 300 to 2400. The molecular weights of the resins formed in sulfuric acid are larger than that in polyphosphoric acid. The product obtained by the reaction of 6, 8-dimethyl-4-chromanone with formaldehyde in polyphosphoric acid or sulfuric acid is 5-hydroxymethy1-6, 8-dimethy1-4-chromanone, but that obtained in dioxane solution of perchloric acid is a resinous substance.
The reactions of 4-chromanones with formaldehyde catalyzed by perchloric acid have been kinetically studied in dioxane. The values of the rate constant (k), activation energy, and activation entropy for 4-chromanones, p-methoxyacetophenone, and m-xylene are listed in Table 9. The reactivity of 4-chromanones is similar to that of m-xylene.

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The effect of N-acylamino acids and their metal salts on the thermal stabilization of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated. Zn salts of N-acylamino acid were found to stabilize PVC against thermal decomposition (Table 2). Among these salts, Zn salts of Ne-acyl-L-Lys show a similar remarkable effect to a metal soap mixture of zinc and calcium stearate, which is now widely used as a safety stabilizer for PVC (Fig.1-3). These Zn salts of N-acylamino acid do not show a Zn burning phenomenon which is attributed to ZnCl2, produced by the thermal decomposition of PVC, When free N-acylamino acids and zinc stearate are milled into PVC, Zn burning is retarded (Fig.4, -6).
On the basis of these results Zn salts of N-acylamino acid were found to have two roles which jointly bring about the thermal stabilization of PVC: the former is a capture of hydrogen chloride similarly to cadmium or zinc stearate and the latter is a masking effect on Zn burning.

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An air containing ozone (O3) (10000 ppm) was irradiated with high pressure mercury lamp (100 W) at room temperature in the presence of ammonia (NH₃). In the dark reaction during 0.5 hours, 03 in an air scarcely decomposes and 10% of 0, is decomposed by the addi tion of NH₃. Upon irradiation with UV, decomposition of 03 occurs without NH₃, but is remarkably accelerated by the addition of NH₃. Use of high pressure mercury lamp is more effective for the photo-decomposition of 08 with NH₃ than that of a low or super low pressure lamp. The decomposition of 03 increases with increasing molar ratio of NH₃ to 0, , and more than 95% of 03 decomposes when its molar ratio is 0.7 upon irradiation with high pressure mercury lamp for 10 minutes. The decomposition of 1 mole of 03 brings about the decomposition of 0.84 mol of NH₃, and the formation of 0.45 mol of nitrogen. These results lead to the following stoichiometric expression for the reaction;
303 + 2 Nlia=N2 + 3 02 + 3 H₂O
The reaction also occurs in a flow type reactor with low concentration of 03 (less than 0.5 ppm) in air. Furthermore, in the experiments of outdoor exposure, 03 (0.5 ppm) in air is completely decomposed by irradiation with the sun within 10 minutes in the presence of equimolecular NH₃.

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The solubility and the adsorbed amount (at the air-water interface) of ethylene glycol diesters (diacetate, dipropionate, dibutyrate, and divalerate) were measured by the surface tension method. As for ethylene glycol diesters, the relationship between the logarithm of the solubility and the surface area. She, of hydrophobic chains, which could maximally contact with water, was found to be linear, From the ratio of the slope of this straight line belonging to ethylene glycol diesters to the slope belonging to compounds which have a single hydrophobic chain, it was suggested that about seven-tenths of She in an ethylene glycol diester molecule contacts with water and the remainder does with an intramolecular hydrophobic chain. Moreover, from the adsorbed amount, it was suggested that a hydrophobic chain of a part of diacetate molecules, adsorbed at the interface, is present in a water.

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Catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ over various metal sulfates supported on alumina was studied in low (500, 1000 ppm) and high (150 mmHg) concentration ranges. The order of catalytic activity of the sulfates was almost the same for the two concentration ranges. No inhibition effect of SO₂ was found for these catalyst. Contrary to this, the activity of iron oxide catalyst decreased by the treatment with SO₂, which is probably due to irreversible change of iron oxide to iron sulfate. The products in the reaction of NO + NH₃ over iron sulfatealumina, where NH₃ was isotopically labelled ammonia, were NN and NNO, similarly to the result found for the reaction over iron oxide. This indicates that the reaction scheme proposed in the previous paper was valid for the sulfate catalysts.

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It has been observed that Florida phosphate is easily defluorinated and chlorinated with hydrogen chloride vapor. Chlorapatite and calcium chloride were formed through the chlorination of constituents of the phosphate, which are Ca-fluorapatite and other Ca-containing minerals. These products interacted subsequently to produce highly citric-soluble chlorospodiosite at the temperature below 1000° C. This chlorination reaction will be adoptable to a defluorination process of rock phosphates.

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o-Benzoquinones, [1] (R2=t-Bu), [2] (R2=R4=t-Bu), [3] (R2=CHI) [4] (R, =R2=R3=R4=Cl) and [5] (R2=t-Bu, Rs=morpholino) are reduced by irradiation in isopropanol to the corresponding catechols in 18-38% yield.

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Hexafluoro-1, 2-epoxypropane was allowed to react with nucleophiles in acetonitrile in the presence of triethylamine. The reactions underwent smoothly within a short period (-30 min) at room temperature to give esters, thioesters and amides of pentafluoropropionic acid in good yields.

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Photolysis of 1, 4-dipheny1-1, 4-dibenzy1-2-tetrazene [ 1 ] in diethyl ether at 360 nm leads to produce two N-benzylanilino radicals with a loss of nitrogen, followed by scission of C-N bonds to many radical fragments, which give N-benzylaniline, N-beuzylidene aniline, and benzene as the major products, and benzylamine, toluene, biphenyl, and dipherrylmethane as the minor products. Result of the photolysis of N-benzylaniline suggests that this compound is the essential intermediate of the photolysis of [1]. Pyrolysis of [1] give N-benzylaniline, aniline, toluene, and N-benzylidene aniline.

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The pyrolysis of polystyrene in the presence of various additives was carried out in the temperature of 400-480° C. A pyrolysis-GLC was used to analyse volatile products.
Tris (2, 3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (T 23 BP), tris (2, 3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (T 23 CP), or their mixture with antimony (III) oxide was used as an additive. The product obtained by the pyrolysis of polystyrene in the presence of the above additives mainly consists of styrene decreases. However, when antimony (III) oxide and its phosphate simultaniously with polystyrene, the yield of styrene increases.

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