The isomerization of 1-hexene with a dihydrido (1, 3-diphenyltriazenido)bis (triphenylphosphine) rhodium (11) (dihydridorhodium complex)-dimethyl sulfoxide (DM50) system was studied under a pressure of 1 atm hydrogen or nitrogen at 30 °C. The composition of the isomerization and hydrogenation of 1-hexene decreased in the order, trans-2-hexene > cis-2-hexene v hexane under a hydrogen atmosphere. On the other hand, under a nitrogen atmosphere, the reaction products were found to be in the order, cis-2-hexene > trans-2-hexene at initial stage. The isomerization of 1-hexene under a nitrogen atmosphere was slower than the conversion of reaction products under a hydrogene atmosphere.
The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of isomerization reaction.

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The interaction between metal chlorides and the porous montmorillonite (Mont) -polyamide complexes (PMPC) has been investigated using chemical analysis, XRD and infrared (IR) techniques.
When reacted with metal chloride (CoCl₂, MgCl₂) solution, the intersalation of salts into the interlamellar space of PMPC occurred in addition to the ion-exchange. The salts intersalated were removed by repeated washing with water. In the process of washing, the amount of the salts retained in the interlamellar space increased stepwise with the amount of polyamide (R) complexed in the PMPC. When R was more than 1.6∼1.7 polymer units/ (Si₄O₁₀), the salts intersalated were almost retained in the interlamellar space even after washing 5 times. Most of the salts retained in the PMPC after washing 5 times was derived from the salts retained in the interlamellar space. The retainment of salts in the interlamellar space was associated with the random mixed layer structure of two- and three-molecular-layer arrangement of the polyamide in the interlayer. It was presumed that the existence of the third layer in the random mixed layer structure which did not interact with the silicate layer enabled the strong interacfion with metal chlorides and the retainment of them in the interlamellar space. The polyamides not-intercalated which exist on the surface of pores adsorbed the metal chlorides little under present experimental conditions, and their contribution to retainment of salts was small.
The IR measurements of PMPC washed thoroughly (ion-exchanged P MPC) and PMPC washed 5times revealed that through the type of interaction metal chlorides were classified into three groups; Agroup (CoCl₂, CuCl₂, NiCl₂), B-group (MgCl₂, CaCl₂) and C-group (NaCl).
In A-group, the metal ion co-ordinated to the C = 0 of the amide g roups both in the ion-exchanged PMPC and PMPC washed 5 times in the dehydrated sample. This co-ordinated bonding was hindered by the presence of water molecules. In B-group, the hydrated metal ion interacted with the amide group in the case of ion-exchanged PMPC, and the interaction containing the chloride anion was presumed in the case of PMPC washed 5 times. In C-group, the interaction with the amide group occurred little.

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As a part of our synthetic studies of naphthoquinone derivatives, reaction of naphthazarin (4) with ethyl vinyl ether was conducted. Treatment of 4 with 6 molar amounts of ethyl vinyl ether in acetic acid in the presence of BF₃⋅OEt₂ at room temperature gave naphthazarin derivative (5) having an ethylidene group linking two naphthoquinone rings. The predominant tautomeric form 5a of the product could be determined by ¹H NMR spectra. In this reaction, treatment using a large excess of ethyl vinyl ether to 4afforded quinizarin (6) instead of 5a. On the other hand, reaction of dichloronaphthazarin (8) with ethyl vinyl ether gave dichloroquinizarin. In addition, treatment of juglone (10) with ethyl vinyl ether afforded juglone derivative (11) having an ethylidene group.

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The solubilization mechanism of cis-3-hexenol and menthyl acetate into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles, and the vapor pressure of these odorants were examined. Also, the electric cond uctivity and osmotic pressure of the SDS micelle dispersed system containing odorants were measured to determine the number of micelles and reveal the micelle formation condition. Lots of cis-3-hexenol molecules are solubilized into the palisade layer of SDS micelles to form composite micelles with the surfactant resulting in an increase in the number of micelles. In our examination, it was revealed that a little quantity of the odorant enters into the hydrophobic layer of the micelles after the solubility limit in the palisade layer is reached, but the solubilization mechanism is different from those of hydrophobic alcohol such as geraniol and citronellol. Menthyl acetate proved to be solubilized into SDS micelle hydrophobic layer only.
By using a sweeping method with nitrogen gas, the aroma of the dispersed system samples were collected and the partial vapor pressure of each odorants in the dispersed systems were determined through calculation on the quantity of collected aroma. The partial vapor pressure of cis-3-hexenol solubilized in palisade layer of the composite micelle with SDS indicated great negative deviation and the aroma of the dispersed system very much decreased in this solubilization area. The partial vapor pressure of menthyl acetate solubilized in the hydrophobic layer of SDS micelle extremely increases to be significantly larger than that based on the vapor pressure of pure liquid, because the intermolecular force of menthyl acetate is weakened in the hydrophobic layer. This accounts for an significant increase in the aroma strength of menthyl acetate solubilized in micelles.

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Studies were made on cleaning solvent systems for printed wiring boards on which pricision parts are mounted by soldering them with flux consisting of rosin and a polar compound. We anticipated that a mixture of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGB) and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) is a promising solvent system having solubility parameter similar to those for good solvents of rosin and a high dielectric constant for dissolving the polar compound. As the subsequent cleaning process, D4 and perfluorooctane (PFO) were examined as rinsing and vapor-drying solvents, respectively. As a result, this cleaning system was found to be superior to those using water, hydrocarbon or CFC113/ethanol mixture. A comment was also made on ionic residues on the boards based on quantitative analysis.

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Water tanks and water pipes are now coated with epoxy resins to avoid rusty water in water service. It is the aim of this work to investigate the relationship between amines used as curing agents and their elution into service water. Epoxy monomer used in this experiment is Epikote-828 (a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) and four types of amines are ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DTA), isophoronediamine (IPD) and m-xylylenediamine (XDA). The amount of amines eluted into service water was determined by measuring consumption of potassium permanganate. Ratio of the monomer reacted was determined by measuring the amount of residual epoxy groups, using FT-IR spectrometry. The elution of amines into service water decreased in the order: DTA > EDA > IPD > XDA. Diffusion coefficients of water in epoxy resins were dependent on the amines and decreased in the same order. The amount of the residual epoxy groups in the resins varies with the amines and decreased in the reverse order. It is pointed out that the diffusion coefficient of water in the resin and amine elution into service water is small when the ratio of the monomer reacted with the amines is large.

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Ligninsulfonic acid sodium salt (LS), which was a color-causing material typically found in wastewater from pulp and paper mills, was selected as a target compound for this study. Ozonolysis of LS was carried out in order to study its effect on molecular weight, decoloration, biodegradability, activated carbon adsorbability, and decrease in toxicity.
The structural change in molecule of LS w as surely expected through the variation of overall water quality parameters, though the degree of mineralization of LS was small. Degradation to lower molecular weight fragments was confirmed by ultrafiltration, and on an initial TOC basis, about 1∼2 % of glyoxylic and oxalic acids were detected as low molecular weight organic compounds. Decoloration, which was effectively caused by fragmentation, was represented as follows:
dC/dt= -kC= -k'RC
where C is color (Pt-Co unit) or the sum of absorbances in the wavelength interval of 50 nm from 350 to 700 nm, k and k' are the rate constants, and R is ozone dosage rate. Biodegradability represented in terms of the ratio of BOD₅ to TOC increased in the first stage, and after a temporary decrease in the mid stage, gradually increased. Activated carbon adsorbability varied with the amounts of ozone consumption and activated carbon addition. Formation potentials of total organic halides and trihalomethanes temporally increased in the initial stage, and then gradually decreased. They were further decreased by activated carbon adsorption following ozonization.

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Various triazine polymers containing sulfonate pendants were synthesized by melt polycondensation of 2, 6-diphenoxy-4- (4-sulfophenylamino)-s-triazine (sodium and ammonium salts) and diamines. Since these polymers had high melt viocosity due to the ionic aggregation, the molecular weight did not much increase even by the solid state polycondensation. During the reaction, no coloration was observed with little decomposition even in the air.
When these reactions were carried out in th e presence of ε-caprolactam, copolyamides involving the triazine polymer unit were obtained. The copolymer containing 10 mol% of the trizine polymer unit showed water absorption nearly equal to cotton. The ion exchange of the copolyamides was easily performed with aqueous magnesium chloride.

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Solid-solid photocatalytic reaction was carried out using copper or copper oxide loaded titanium dioxide. Effect of loaded metal on reaction activity in the solid-solid system was observed for malonic acid. Copper loaded photocatalyst showed lower activity than platinum loaded one, although the activity for copper loaded one was similar to that for platinum loaded one in the suspension system. Reaction selectivity in the solid-solid system was compared with that in the suspension one. There were some differences in product distribution between the two systems; e.g. the ratio of hydrocarbon to CO₂ in the solid-solid system was higher than that in the suspension one. Also the difference of the photocatalytic reaction products depending on the loaded metal was reported. Interestingly, alkene was produced in the case loading copper; i.e. ethylene and propylene were produced from succinic acid and glutaric acid, respectively.

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Oligo (monosubstituted silanediyl)s have attracted much interest as a component of advanced materials and also as a source of silylenes. Ti (O-i-Pr)₄, which is cheap and easily available, selectively catalyzes dehydrogenative coupling of aryl- or alkylsilanes to give oligo (alkyl or arylsilanediyl) s up to tetrasilanes. This indicates the possibilities of developing new catalysts for the dehydrogenative coupling based on non-metallocene complexes. Although MeTi (O-i-Pr)₃ exhibits catalytic activities similar to Ti (O-i-Pr)₄, many other group 3 or 4 metal alkoxides are inactive for the reaction. Ti (O-iPr)₄ also catalyzes hydrosilylation of alkenes with monosubstituted silanes under similar conditions suggestive of the intermediacy of Ti-H or Ti-Si species in both catalytic cycles.

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