The structures of three isomeric trirners of hexafluoropropene prepared by various methods have been examined by the "F and 'Sc NMR spectra. Their stuctures are, perfluoro-2, 4- dimethy1-3-heptene [(E) and (Z) T-1] (bp 106°C), perfluoro-3-(1-methylethyl)-4-methy1-2- pentene (T-2) (110°C), and perfluoro-3-ethy1-2, 4-dimethyl-2-pentene (T-3) (114°C) (Fig.1). The chemical shifts and the coupling constants of the "F (Figs.3, 6 and 7) and "C NMR (Figs.9, 11 and 13) spectra were satisfactorily interpreted in terms of structures T-1, T-2 and T-3, but were inconsistent with alternative structures T-1', T-2' and T-3'.

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Ultrasonic attenuation of hydrogels of agarose containing formamide was measured by means of the pulse method. The measurement was carried out in order to investigate the change in ultrasonic attenuation accompanying the sol-gel transformation of those gels. Procedures of the preparation of sample gels are the same as those used in our previous studies. The temperature of gelation of aqueous agarose solutions, which was determined from the measurement of ultrasonic attenuation, decreased with an increase in the concentration of added formamide. Stress relaxation of hydrogels of agarose containing formamide was7also measured. Relaxation curves up to 4 hrs for the gels containing 1.5-8 wt% of agarose were obtained in the temperature range from 25°C to 65°C. These curves were represented by a six-element mechanical consisting of three Maiwell elements in parallel. The elastic modulus E, decreased with increasing concentration of the added formamide and decreased rapidly with increasing temperatrure. Unusual behavior in the E, vs. formamide concentration relations was observed at 45°C for 0.51 mf of formamide.

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The reduced intensity of the scattered light, R0, by aqueous solution of poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was measured in various concentrations of PVP and SDS. Outer solution at the membrane equilibrium was used to dilute the inner solution of PVP-SDS complex in order to keep the chemical potential of SDS or the concen- tration of free SDS (c. ) constant. The lines in the Zimm plot which shows the relationship between the concentration of PVPSDS complex and Kccomp-b.1 Re at a constant scattering angle ( 0 ), where K is a constant, are not straight but curved, as shown in Figs.2-5. It is concluded that the virial coefficients in the higher orders are responsible for these phenomena. The relationship between these virial coefficients and the concentration of free SDS is shown in Fig.7'. It is concluded that the dependence of these virial coefficients on c. f can be explained by taking into account both the amount of SDS bound to PVP and the density of electric charge on the complex, because this complex is considered as a kind of polyelectrolyte.

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Phase diagrams for three component systems, (Cl81-137)2N (CHs), Cl- (DOAC)-1-decanol water and DOAC8Fig7N+ (CH, ), Cl--water at 50°C have been studied. In the former system, there were reversed mesomorphous phases and reversed micellar solution phases, while there were normal mesomorphous phases and normal micellar solution phases in the latter. A lamellar liquid crystalline phase can be formed in a very wide range of concentration (---3.7wt%--7-130wt%) in DOAC-water system. By comparing these results with the phase diagrams of ordiiiary i9ni-c surfactant-long-chain alcohol-water systems, it is suggested that ionic surfactants. contai: ng twosong-chain alkyl groups like DOAC have optimum hydrophile-lipophilebalancl (Fad, ) and that t "the dissolution mechanism of these compounds in water is similar to that 4 certaifi inixtur4s of an ordinary ionic surfactant and an alcohol. HLBs of Aerosol OT and q, 21-125, *(CH₃), 1- are nearly optimum and slightly more hydrophilic than DOAC, and the miqellar solution phases exist in a narrow range of concentration: in these surfactants and water kstems. HLBs of these surfactants seem to change in a iOn of high concentration or in the preSence of an oil.

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The NO formation by the reaction of N2 with O^2- in an argon plasma jet was investigated in the temperature range of 3000-10000°K and in the wide N2/O^2- ratios. If the rate of formation would be expressed as follows: d[NO]/d = k[N2][O^2-]2 the amount of NO formed would be maximum at a= 2/3 (where, a = [N2]/ {[N2] [O^2-]}), when the reaction temperature and time were constant. In the present experiment, however, the maximum amount of NO formed was observed at lower a than 1/2; therefore, the rate could not be expressed by the above equation under such severe condition as an existence of plasma at a high temperature.

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The hydrogen adsorption on a molybdenum nitride catalyst and the H₂-D2 exchange catalyzed by the catalyst have been studied at 95°C and 8°C. The H₂-D2 exchange proceeded even at 95°C. The amount of adsorption of hydrogen was 3.5 x 1014 molecules cm^-2 at 95°C and 200 mmHg, corresponding to about a half of that of nitrogen for mono-molecular layer adsorption. Deuterium was adsorbed more than hydrogen under the same conditions. The effects of preadsorbed ammonia and of preadsorbed carbon monoxide on the hydrogen adsorption and on the Ha-D, exchange were investigated. Ammonia was strongly adsorbed on the catalyst at room temperuture, the amount of adsorption being 3.0 x 1014 molecules cm^-2. The amount of hydrogen adsorbed at 95°C decreased linearly with the increase of the amount of ammonia preadsorbed at room temperuture. The activity for H₂-D2 exchange at 95°C decreased drastically at an amount of ammonia preadsorbed of 2.4 x 10" molecules cm^-2, as shown in Fig.3. Carbon monoxide was also adsorbed strongly on the catalyst at room temperuture, the amount of adsorption being 1.6 x 1014 molecules cm^-2. Preadsorption of carbon monoxide reduced the amount of hydrogen adsorbed and the activity for 1-12-D, exchange at 95°C, as shown in Fig.6. The 1-12-D2 exchange activity of the adsorbed hydrogen and the properties of the active site were discussed. It is concluded that only a small fraction of the adsorbed hydrogen can participate in the Hz-D. exchange.

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In order to study the characteristics of the electrochemical photocell, CdS/aqueous polysulfide electrolyte/Pt, the anodic polarization characteristics of an illuminated CdS electrode and the cathodic polarization characteristics of a Pt electrode in an aqueous sulfide or polysulfide solu- tion were investigated. Anodic current of the CdS electrode, which was produced by the photoanodic reaction with sulfide or polysulfide ion, was considerably reduced by the absorption of visible light in polysulfide solution. As the reduction of polysulfide ion occurred in preference to the hydrogen evolution on the Pt electrode, this CdS-electrochemical photocell by using an aqueous polysulfide electrolyte was confirmed to be a regenerative photocell. It was also shown that the CdS-electrochemical photocell by using an aqueous sulfide solution instead of an aqueous polysulfide solution gradually became the above-mentioned regenerative photocell as the cell reaction proceeded. It was concluded that the reduction of energy loss, caused by the absorption of visible light in a polysulfide solution, was an important problem for the preparation of an efficient CdS-electrochemical photocell.

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The thermal decomposition process of ZrOCl2 H₂O was investigated under the condition that the sample was thermaly equilibrated to its generated atomosphere. After the sample was heated up to a prescribed temperature, X-ray diffraction patterns, IR spectra at 85°K, farinfrared spectra, and the residual quantity of chlorine in it were measured. The X-ray diffraction patterns are found to be classified into the following three types, each of which is elucidated on the basis of the present and the previous results. Type I: Observed on the sample heated below 66.5°C. Change of the intensity of the diffraction patterns seems to be reversible due to the reversible dehydration of three molecules of lattice water. Type 11 Observed for the sample heated to 78-80°C. The intermediate state of transition from Type I to Type 1ff. It is the stage of 4-hydrated species' formation accompanying a remarkable change of crystal structure. Type 111: Observed for the sample heated in the range from 97°C to 185°C. Dechlorination occures but the relative intensity of diffraction pattern changes slightly, indicating the crystal structure not affected by dechlorination.

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The reaction of diphenyl phosphite (DPP) with several copper (I1) salts in water at 80°C has been carried out to study the behavior of DPP in aqueous solution. When the molar ratio of copper TO acetate to DPP was changed from 2: 1 'through 1: 1 to 1: 2, the corresponding main reaction product was changed from copper (I1) monophenyl phosphite [3], through phosphoric copper 01 4 to metallic copper, respectively. The variation in pH is perhaps responsible to the formation of different main products. As the reaction proceeded at pH 2, the main reaction product was actually metallic copper, irrespective of the molar ratios involved. The yield went to 63.8% after 24 hr. The yield varied according to the addition of water soluble organic solvent to the reaction system. In 50 vol% aqueous organic solvent system the yield increased in the order: DMF (89: 0%) DMSO (83.0%) ethanol (82.0%) methanol (75.7%) From the pH titration curve of DPP (Fig.3) DPP was found to dissociate in aqueous solution in two steps. Based on these findings it was assumed that DPP exists in aqueous solution in the form of [2], which accounts for the formation mechanism of metallic copper reasonably.

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As a fundamental study on thermochemical production of hydrogen from water, the evolution of hydrogen and iodine from ammonium iodide and hydrogen iodide was investigated. Hydrogen was evolved by the reaction of nikel with ammonium iodide or with hydrogen iodia'e, and the resulting nicke1( I1) iodide was decomposed thermally at 600-s700°C to form nickel. First, the iodination of powdered nickel with ammonium iodide was studied by heating their powder mixture. The maximum yield of hydrogen was obtained at a temperature near 430°C. The iodination of powdered nickel with gaseous ammonium iodide or with dry hydrogen iodide gas was also investigated. In this case, coating of nickel particles with a layer of resulting nickel(ff) iodide prevented further conversion of nickel and lowered the reaction rate. Such a retardation effect was appreciably lessened by use of carrier. When nickel was supported on such a carrier as "isolite", the nickel was converted into nickel ( I1) iodide easily. In a reaction temperature from 400 to 500°C, the rate of reaction between nickel and hydrogen iodide increased slightly with the elevation of the reaction temperature. In the case of ammonium iodide, the reaction rate was higher than that for hydrogen iodide and decreased apparently with the elevation of the reaction temperature, because ammonium iodide decomposed to ammonia and hydrogen iodide. Tests using a fixed bed reactor charged with 8-10 mesh "isolite"-nickel(30 wt%) were also carried out. The maximum yield of hydrogen was about 80% for ammonium iodide at 430°C of reaction temperature and 60% for hydrogen iodide at 500°C.

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Leaching of three different samples of nodules from the Pacific Ocean floors was carried out by using ammoniacal ammonium salts solutions containing carbohydrates such as D-glucose and starch. Direct reduction-leaching at 80°C or higher temperature with aqueous ammoniaammonium chloride-glucose solution yielded high extractions of metal values of copper, nickel, and cobalt (80%). When aqueous ammonia-ammonium carbonate-glucose solution was used, the extractions of manganese and iron were much lower than the case when aqueous ammoniaammonium chloride-glucose was used, and copper, nickel and cobalt extractions were lowered some extent (Tables 3, 4). On the other hand, a higher temperature of 160°C was required to obtain high extractions of the metal from nodules in aqueous ammonia-ammonium chloridef ormaldehyde (or starch) solution (Figs.10-42). Since the behavior of manganese in the leaching process was always similar to that of copper, nickel, and cobalt, the mechanism of the leaching is considered that the three metals dissolve in the solution as these metal ammines with proceeding the reduction of manganese(N) oxide in the nodules by carbohydrate.

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The method of spectrophotometric determination of bismuth with 2- (2-thiazolylazo)-4- methylphenol (TAC) in the presence of Zephiramine was studied. The color of bismuth complex is darkish-green. The absorbance at 596 nm (absorption maximum) was constant in the pH range from 6.0 to 7.0 and stable for at least 3 hours. Up to the concentration of 3 pgImi of bismuth, the solution obeyed Beer's law. The molar ext- inction coefficient of the complex at 596 nm was 3.44x10' iol-' m-i and the sensitivity for bismuth was 6.07 X 10-8, ugfcm² per 0.001 of absorbance. The composition ratio of bismuth to TAC in the complex was confirmed to be 1: 4 by the continuous variation method. A number of ions which interfere with the determination could be masked by the addition of various masking agents. Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe2+, Ni²⁺ and Th4+, interfered with the determination of bismuth with positive errors, while Crs+, Nb", Sn2+, TO+, citrate, and tartrate ions with negative errors.

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Twelve nitrosopyrimidine compounds have been examined as reagents for the spectrophotometric determination of iron .2-Thioxo-5-nitrosoperhydropyrimidine-4, 6-dione (TNP) reacts with iron TO to form a water-soluble blue-green complex. Iron TO -TNP complex has an absorption maximum at 650 nm against a reagent blank and shows a constant absorbance over the final pH range from 9.5 to 10.7. Beer's law holds over the range from 0 to 3 lig/nil of iron 10 at 650 nm; the molar absorptivity of the complex and the sensitivity for log (4//) = 0.001 are 2.68 x 1O^2- cm'. mol1. i and 2.08 x 10-8 pgm^-2, respectively.
The coefficient of variation was 0.57% for 1, eiglml of iron . A large amount of cadmium (II) and mercury 01 interfered with the determination, but the other common ions did not interfere. The ratio of iron Ur to TNP in this complex was found to be 1: 4 by the continuous variation method. The procedure for determination of iron is as follows. Take a sample solution containing up to 30 pg of iron in a 10 ml volumetric flask and add 1 ml of 3% hydroxylammonium chloride solution, 3 ml of O.2% TNP solution and 2.0 ml of 2 mol/l ammonium chloride buffer solution (pH 10.3). Dilute to mark with water. Measure the absorbance at 650 nm against the reagent blank.

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The stability constants of Ni (CH₅CN), _p (H₂0)p2+ (P=1 to 4) were roughly estimated from the shift of an absorption maximum for nickel(II) measured as a function of water concentration in an acetonitrile solution. The chemical species Ni (CH, CN) (H₂0)52+ was found to be predominant over a mole fraction range of water from 0.4 to O.9 in an acetonitrile-water mixture. When tetraethylammonium perchlorate was used as a supporting electrolyte, a doublestep reduction wave was obtained for nickel ( ) perchlorate in acetonitrile containing a small amount of water. The kinetic character of the first wave was proved from its temperature dependence. The ratio of the first wave height to the total one was increased in proportion to water concentrations less than 40 mmol/kg. It was attempted to interpret the first wave as kinetically controlled by the chemical reaction preceding an electron transfer step:The proposed mechanism could be supported from the linear relationship between the parameter AV t and AR / pk estimated from the polarographic limiting currents and the calculated distribution ratio of the complex species respectively. The double-layer capacity measurements revealed that no appreciable amount of Et, INT+ cation was adsorbed onto a DME surface in an acetonitrile solution.

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Influence of carrier gas flow-rate on the response of the electron capture detector (ECD) operated in the pulse-sampling mode was studied. The variations of the background current with carrier gas flow-rate (20-440 miimin) were measured in various pulse periods (10-2000 ju see). In the case of short pulse periods (below 100 p sec), almost no influence of carrier gas flow-rate on the background current is recognized, regardless of the column temperature. p In the case of long pulse periods (over 500sec), the background current drops with decreas- ing flow-rate, and the degree of the drop becomes more remarkable increasing pulse period and/or rise in the column temperature. It is considered that these phenomena are caused by the electron capturing species diffusing from the column even when pure carrier gas flows. The electron capture coefficient in a pulse period of 1000 p sec, K1000, is about 5-6 times as large as that of 100 p sec, K100. Both K100 and K1000 are constant at the carrier gas flow-rate above 60 and 80 m//min, but decrease with decreasing carrier gas flow-rate below 60 and 80 m//min, respectively. These results suggest that as the carrier gas flow-rate is less than the values described above, the concentration of the sample gas in the ECD, to which the response is proportional, becomes less homogeneous.

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The photoreaction between N-methyl-2-pyridone [ p ] and methyl acrylate [MA] in the presence of some triplet sensitizers (ET 62 kcal/mol: see Fig.2) gave methyl 3-methyl-2-oxocis-3-azabicyclo [4.2.0] oct-4-en-exo-7-carboxylate [2 a] and methyl 2-methyl-3-oxo-cis-2-azabicyclo[4.2. O]oct-4-en-exo-7-carboxylate [5 a]. The previously reported products, [3 a] and [4 a] from direct irradiation were found to be methyl 3-methyl-2-oxo-cis-3-azabicyclo[4.2.0] oct-4-en-endo-7-carboxylate and methyl 2-methyl-3-oxo-cis 2-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-4-en-endo7-carboxylate, respectively.
From a kinetic study based on the quantum yields for the formation of methyl 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-1-methyl-2-oxoazocine-3-carboxylate [1 a], [3 a] and [4 a], and from fluorescence studies (Fig.4) of [p], the formations of [1 a], [3 a] and [4 a] were concluded as occurring from the same excited singlet state of [p]. The presence of a quenching process by the formation of the excimer of [p] was also suggested.

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The present paper deals with the photodegradation of the model thermoplastic polyurethane which consists of polyester, ethyleneglycol, and aromatic diisocyanates.
The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the mechanism by which the thermoplastic polyurethane became yellow upon irradiation of ultraviolet light under the analogous condition to the actual environment: humidity, oxygen, and temperature, except intensity and energy distribution of incident light.
It has been found that the photoreaction rate at the initial step extremely depended upon the concentration of urethane group in the resin.
The crosslinking density decreased during the initial step and gradually increased with time. This variation corresponded to a change in specific gravity of the resin, which decreased dur- ing the initial step and increased with time.
On the basis of fluorescence, ultraviolet, infrared spectra, and electron spin resonance data, at first, amino compound would form via electrophilic mechanism, then amino bond in ure- thane group would break into more than two radical species. This would bring about the formation of crosslinkage and consequently, colored materials. In the final stage, the whole molecular structures would- collapse. t Studies on the Influence of Ultraviolet Light on Urethane Compounds. II.

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Oxidation of a-cedrene with red lead in the presence of acetic anhydride in glacial acetic acid was found to afford several products; 5-cedranone [1], 5-isocedranone [2], 5-acetoxy5-cedrene [3], 5 a-acetoxy-6-cedrene [4], 6 a-cedranal [5], 13-acetoxy-5-cedrene [6], 6 8- acetoxycedrane [7] and 5, 6-diacetoxycedrane [8].
Oxidation of a-cedrene with lead dioxide in glacial acetic acid afforded the products [3], [4], [5], [6] and [7];
Compounds [1] to 8 were found to possess a mild wood like odor.

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The reaction of terephthalic acid (TPA) with ethylene oxide (EO) in the presence of various amines was studied in organic solvents at various temperatures. Main reaction products were found to vary with reaction temperatures; (2-hydroxyethyl)triethylammonium hydrogen tere- phthalate, (2-hydroxyethyl)triethylammonium 2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate, and bis (2-hydro xyethyl) terephthalate were obtained in excellent yields at 50°C, 70°C, and 90°C, respectively, when the reaction was carried out in the presence of equivalent triethylamine in tetrahydro- furan or acetone.
Studies on the reaction products and kinetics showed that the actual catalyst for the esteri fication of TPA with EO was not an amine itself but a quaternary ammonium terephthalate formed from TPA, EO, and amine.
The rate of quaternization of amines was markedly affected by their molecular structures. Trialkylamines were quickly converted into the corresponding quaternary ammonium salts at an early stage of the reaction but the quaternization of primary or secondary amine was slow.
The rate of esterification of TPA with EO was investigated in the presence of catalytically sufficient amounts of quaternary ammonium terephthalates obtained from primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and it was found that these ammonium salts have almost the same cata lytic effect. Therefore, it was found that for the esterification of TPA the process of catalyst formation from amines, TPA, and EO is most important.

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The Claisen rearrangement of allyl[o(or p)-substituted phenyl] ethers was carried out, and the effect of ortho substituents on the conversion was compared with that of para isomers. In the case of para substituted compounds, the order of the magnitude of the conversion was found as follows.
Namely, the conversion decreased with increasing the electronegativity of the substituent. But, in the case of ortho substituted compounds, the substituent effect was remarkably different from that of para substituted compounds, and the order was as follows.
From the data of UV, NMR and the dipole moments of these compounds, it was considered that the magnitude of the conversion of ortho substituted compounds was mainly influenced by the intramolecular mutual repulsion of the dipole between the ether oxygen and the substituent.

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Friedel-Crafts benzoylation of dibenzofuran has been studied in detail to elucidate the isomer distributions and the reactivity of each position of dibenzofuran. The reaction of dibenzofuran with benzoyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride (molar ratio; 1: 1: 1) in nitrobenzene at 15°C for 1 hour gave benzoyldibenzofuran (BD) in yield of 93.3% which was composed with 1-BD of O.6%, 2-BD of 90.5%, 3-BD of 8.7%, and 4-BD of 0.2%. Carrying out the reactions in chlorinated hydrocarbons or at high temperature, the yield of 3-BD increased. The competitive benzoylation of dibenzofuran and benzene gave the following partial rate factors (ft), f, : 34.6, f, : 4520, f, : 371, and f4: 19.8. Using an excess of aluminum chloride to benzoyl chloride, f f2, and especially f decreased. It was assumed that the low reactivities of 1- and 4-positions were attributed to the steric hindrance by hydrogen at 9-position and the n-orbital of oxygen at 5-position in dibenzofuran against the acylium complex.
The, CND0/2 calculations for the intermediates assumed in protonation of dibenzofuran were carried out to obtain the reactivity order of each position of dibenzofuran. The result was consistent with one in protodetritiation of dibenzofuran. The difference of results in the protonation and the acylation were interpreted on the basis of the difference in the steric hindrances between the n-orbital of oxygen of dibenzofuran and the attacking agents.

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The effects of the addition of CCl₄ on the disproportionation of olefins catalyzed by W0₃-SiO₂ have been studied with a flow reactor.1-Butene, propylene, a mixture of propylene and isobutylene, and a mixture of trans-2-butene and isobutylene were used for the experiments. The activity and selectivity of the catalyst were in all cases promoted by the addition of a small amount of CCl₄. A combination of a pulse injection and continuous addition of CCl₄ was very effective to improve the activity and selectivity for the disproportionation. Ethylene and 3-hexene were produced very selectively by the reaction of 1-butene catalyzed by W0₃- K₂0-SiO₂ and CCl₄. In this case, mutual presence of alkali and CCl4 remarkably improved the selectivity. However, in the reaction of trans-2-butene with isobutylene catalyzed by W0₃-K₂0-Si0₂, the effect of. CCl₄ was not significant. As the amount of the catalyst used was increased, the relative effect of CCl₄ became smaller (See Figs.6 and 11). Carbon tetrachloride seems to activate effectively only that portion of the catalyst which lie near the entrance of catalyst bed. Hydrogen chloride in some gaseous products was absorbed by 0.1 N K₂C0₈, and was determined as AgCl. About 70% of Cl from added CCl₄ was recovered as AgCl. From the analysis of the liquid products from the reaction of 1-buten. e by ECD gas chromatography, it was shown that the decomposition of CCl₄ was very rapid and some un- known compounds containing Cl were produced.

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The dyeing behavior of Nylon 6 with C. I. Disperse Orange 3 and Violet 1 in mixed solvents of tetrachloroethylene and N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) has been investigated from the view points of diffusion and equilibrium. The diffusion coefficients of the dyes were determined by means of micro-spectrophotometric method and the partition coefficients were calculated from the linear adsorption isotherms. The solubilities were also examined. All the measurements were made on the samples in mixed solvents ranging in DMA concentration from 0 to 10 vol These dyes resemble each other in the effect of the DMA concentration on dyeing behavior. With the increasing DMA concentration, the diffusion coefficient at the temperature range of 60----80T increases markedly and both the activation energy and frequency factor of diffusion decrease. The effect of the DMA concentration on the partition coefficient is opposite to that on the diffusion coefficient. A rough correlation of a negative slope is shown between the partition coefficient and the solubility. The saturation value also increases with the increasing DMA concentration. An interaction, e. g. swelling, between the substrate Nylon 6 and each medium appears to play an important role in these phenomena.

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The solution process of disperse dyes in water was assumed to be divided into two imaginary processes: i the transformation of a dye crystal into a super cooled liquid; ii the dissolu- lion of the super cooled dye in water. The characters of these processes were discussed thermodynamically.
The aqueous solubilities of the disperse dyes shown in Table 1 were deter mined at 10°C intervals from 30°C to 70°C by means of the equilibrium dialysis method. The change of enthalpy and entropy for the solution processes of the dye crystals in water were calculated (Table 2). The heats of fusion at melting point (tall) and the specific heats of the disperse dyes were determined by scanning calorimeter (Fig.1, 2 and Table 3).
The thermodynamic parameters for the processes i and ii were estimated from the value of zi. H, difference in the specific heat between the crystalline and the liquid state of the disperse dye (zicp) and the thermodynamic parameters in Table 2 by Eq. ( 5 )( 9 ) (Table 3). The free energy change in the processe ii were always far greater than that in the processe i .The very low aqueous solubilities of the disperse dyes were ascribed to the large positive heat of solution in processe ii.
The introduction of 4'-nitro group in Dye 1-3 (Dye 4-6) lead to altering of the entropy change for processeii from negative to positive value but to lowering of the aqueous solu- bility to about 20 times that of Dye 1, --3 due to an increase in(Table 3). The introduction of p-nitro group in anilie and Dye 1 increased heat of vaporization (L) and that of sublimation (L5) (Table 4). These results were explained in terms of dipole structure of disperse dyes.
A definite correlation was found between the aqueous solubility and the affinity of the disperse dyes on nylon 6 or secondary acetate (Fig.3).
From these results it was deduced that the very low aqueous solubility and the high affinity on hydrophobic substrate containing polar groups were both attributed to the dipole structure of disperse dyes.

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2, 7-Fluorenylene bis (trimellitate) dianhydride (FBTDA) was prepared by the solid phase condensation reaction of 4- (chloroformyl) phthalic anhydride with 2, 7-fluorenediol. Polyesterimides were synthesized by the bulk polycondensation reaction of FBTDA with aromatic diamines at high temperatures, and the reaction conditions were investigated. Also, polyesterimides were synthesized by the dehydration of polyamic acid polyesters at 200°C, which were prepared by the polycondensation reaction of FBTDA with aromatic diamines in DMF at a room temperature. As an aromatic diamine, p-phenylenediamine, 4, 4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4, 4'-diaminodiphenyl ether, 4, 4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone, 2, 7-fluorenediamine or 2, 7-diamino9-fluorenone was used.
The polymer, C 1, are insoluble in such an organic solvent as DMF, DMA or DMSO, and slightly soluble in conc.1-12SO₄. Reduced viscosities of polymers increased with increasing reaction temperature. Reduced viscosities of polymers were measured in conc. H₂SO₄ solution at 30°C and their values are 0.07-0.30.
On the basis of the thermal analyses, it was found that these polymers decompose at 450, 550°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The thermal stability of polyester-imides obtained by the bulk polycondensation reaction is superior to that obtained by the dehydration of polyamic acid polyester.

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Water-insoluble precipitates were obtained by mixing carboxymethyl-dextran solution(CMD) with 2-(diethylamino)ethyl-dextran, hydrochloride solution (EA) having three groups of diffe rent basicity at different pH values.
The nitrogen contents which describe the molar ratios of COOH(CMD)/N(EA) in each polyelectrolyte complex(PEC) were determined to be 2.01-3.93. It was found that the mixing ratio CMD/EA and pH had remarkable effect on the composition of PEC produced.
On the basis of the studies on IR spectra, elemental analysis, despite each PEC was made of the same EA and CMD, elution of CMD from PEC and solubility of PEC were found to depend upon pH and the structure and the molecular conformation of PEC formed at higher pH were found to differ from those formed at lower pH.
It seemed that the degrees of dissociation and conformations of CMD and EA changed with hydrogen ion concentration.

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Sea water of Hiro Bay containing a kraft pulp mill effluent was analyzed by means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sea water (3 1) was filtered by glassfiber filter and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated chloroform extract was fractionated on silica gel column. The first fraction, containing aliphatic hydrocarbons, was eluted with hexane. And second frac- tion, containing oxygenated compounds, with benzene. Under the comparison of mass spectra and gas chromatographic data of these concentrates with those of authentic samples, the reten- lion time was adopted which served as a method of identification, for which the published data were also used at the same time.
Thirty components were identified. They were ce-pinene, 8-pinene, fenchone, camphor, borneol, a-terpineol, longiforene, toluene, p-cymene, guaiacol, vanillin, 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4- ethylphenol, , fatty acids, aliphatic hydrocarbon (normal), and dimethyl disulfide.

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Reduction of Os consumption by a two-stage absorption was studied in the denitration process. NO-N2 gas (NO 350 75 ppm, 4 //min) was mixed with ozonized air (1 //min) at mole ratio of 03/NO of 0.5 and introduced into a packing tower (50 mm ck X 900 mm, Raschig ring 10 mmg5 X 10 mm). NO formed was absorbed in 1 N NaOH solution. Then another one 1/ min of ozonized air was added again to the residual NO-N2 gas at the packing height of 500 mm. The NO removals were increased with the increase of (Os) T/NO, amounted to 80-90% at (08), /NO of 1, whereas only 50-60% of NOW; was removed by the one stage absorption. The result agreed well with the calculated values.

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An investigation was undertaken to determine the effects of alumina on the hydrodesulfurization activity of the cobalt-molybdenum catalyst. The experiments were carried out using a flow system at atmospheric pressure. The carriers employed were those of silica-alumina of 200-600 m2fg surface area. The catalytic activity was shown by the conversion of thiophene. The activity of the catalyst was found to be proportional to the alumina content in the carrier. Moreover, it was experimentally shown that alumina might not only act as a carrier but as a promoter.
From these results, it is concluded that alumina in the carrier may form some active species with the catalytic materials, cobalt and molybdenum.

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Graft copolymerization of styrene onto poly[poly(dimethylsiloxane)-maleate] with or without radical initiator, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), was investigated. Poly[poly(dimethylsibaxane)- maleate] was prepared by the condensation of poly (dimethylsiloxane) with maleic anhydride. The graft copolymerization of styrene proceeded without AIBN. This fact suggested that maleate groups of paly[poly(dimethylsiloxa. ne)-maleate] would form the complex with. styrene and the complex would become active species for the initiation. In the presence of AIBN radical, graft copolymerization may also be initiated by this complex. In these graft copolymerization, graft efficiencies were very high, being almost more than 90%, under the follow- ing conditions: concentration of poly[poly (dimethylsiloxane)-maleate] being 6.31, -, 31.25 (0) and concentration of styrene being 1.97, -7.25 (mol//). High graft efficiencies would be explained in term of the formation of graft cop ymer through copolymerization of the polymeric maleate with styrene. Degree of grafting and graft efficiency decreased with increasing concentration of such polar solvent as, Ni N-dimethylformamide(DMF). This would be due to the difficulty of forming complex with increasing. concentrations of DMF.

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