The polarized absorption spectra of acridinium and 9-aminoacridinium ions were measured in stretched PVA sheets below 46 kK. The absorption spectrum for each compound was divided into the component polarized along the long (x) axis of the molecule and that along the short (y) axis and the polarization direction of each band was determined. The observed results have been compared with the results of the semiempirical ASMO-SCF-CI calculations including the variable J9 method. Acridinium ion has seven absorption bands at 23, 28.0, 29.4, 38.5, 38.7, 43 and 46 kK, in which the 28, 29.4, 38.5 and 43 kK bands are polarized along the x-axis and the 23, 38.7 and 46 kK bands along the y-axis. Each band of 9-aminoacridinium ion corresponds well to that of acridinium ion including its polarization direction.

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Magnetic properties of the perovskite-type solid solution (Sr1_sLaxFeO^2-_, ), prepared by firing in a vacuum, have been studied. The specimens had the brownmillerite-type structure with orthorhombic symmetry in the composition range 0.0 x 0.30, and all exhibited antiferromagnetism. The magnetization vs. temperature curve of SrFeO^2-.5 showed a gradual transition from antifer- romagnetic to paramagnetic state near 455°C. The magnetic anomaly of the specimens in vicinity of the Neel temperatures incraesed with increasing content of La and with increasing content of oxygen as a result of increasing La content. In the composition range 0.40 x 0.80, a paraistic ferromagnetism appeared with antiferromagnetism, and the intensity of saturation magnetization increased with increasing La content. From the magnetic measurements of LaFeO₃, prepared by firing in air, it was found that the specimens obtained by firing 1100°C showed antiferromagnetism, while by firing at 1300°C they were accompanied by parasitic ferromagnetism. The infrared absorption spectra of LaFeO^2- prepared at 1300°C showed the absorption band at the neighborhood of 595 cm-' due to Fe-0 stretching vibration. When compared it with that prepared at 1100°C the former absorption width was broader than the latter, despite the same frequency. With reference to the solid solution (Sr1_xLaxFe08_, ), in the composition range < 0.40 1.0, a linear relation was held between the magnetic susceptibility of the antiferromagnetism and the saturation magnetization of the parasitic ferromagnetism. These facts suggest that the origin of parasitic ferromagnetism may have a close relation to an oxygen deficiency.

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The infrared spectra (4000-400 cm-') of silica gels, which were treated by alcohols with saturated linear or branched chain and with hexane solutions of normal alcohols (C>5), aromatic alcohols, unsaturated alcohols and the dioles were investigated using the KBr disc technique. The absorption band at 950 cm-' on the native silica gel was assigned to the bending vibration of the Si-OH groups. No change of this band was observed on the treatment of the silica gel with hexane, whereas its intensity was decreased or disappeared on the treatment with alcohols. It may be concluded that the surface groups of the treated silica gels are not the physical adsorbed or chemisorbed alcohol, but the groups after reaction with the surface silanols. The infrared spectra of the surface-treated silica gels showed the absorption bands at the charac- teristic frequencies of the CH stretching or bending vibrations of the alkyl groups of the alcohols used. The infrared spectra of the silica gels treated by aromatic alcohols showed the absorption bands due to the CH deformation and C-C skeltal bending vibrations. From these results, it was concluded that the surface groups on the treated silica gels were consisted of the alkyl groups of the alcohols.

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The surface groups of the silica gel treated by 22 kinds of alcohols (branched or linear saturated alcohol, diole, phenyl alcohol and unsaturated alcohol) were investigated through the DTA and TGA, in an air and in the temperature range from 20 to 800°C. It was concluded as follows: (1) The shape of DTA curves was characterized by the alcohols used (2) Physically adsorbed water, or alcohol were evolved during the 200°C endotherm and the surface groups were thermally decomposed and were oxidized above the 200°C extensive exotherm (3) As to the native silica gels the physically adsorbed water was evolved during the 200°C endotherm and the silanol was evolved above 200°C (4) The surface groups began to decompose thermally and were oxidized at 250°C as to the silica gel treated by "methanol, at 200-420°C as to the silica gels by branched or linear saturated alcohols except methanol, at 270-305°C as to the silica gels by dioles, at 265-285°C as to the silica gel by the unsaturated alcohol and at 220°C as to the silica gels by phenyl alcohols, respectively. The carbon was deposited in these exothermal region by the incomplete combustion (5) The combustion of the deposited carbon was a predominant reaction in the exothermal region from 400 to 600°C (6) The recovery of silanol through thermal decomposition of surface group and the occurrence of the inhomgeneous reaction at the various positions of testing tube were confirmed. They were verified by the respective samples after heating up to 350, 445, 550 and 800°C. The rehydration was not observed on the samples after heating above 800°C. (7) Since the exothermal combustion of the surface group was observed at higher temperature than the normal boiling point, surface groups were not the adsorbed alcohol due to chemisorption, but chemically combined with silanal.

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The surface pressure-mean area curve and specific evaporation resistance-surface pressure curve were determined for mixed monolayers of various combinations of glycerides such as monostearin and tristearin with cholesterol or cholesterol esters such as cholesterol acetate and cholesterol propionate.
The specific evaperation resistance of cholesterol acetate was considerably higher than that of cholesterol, while the area occupied by one molecule of cholesterol acetate was nearly equal to that of cholesterol at pressures smaller than the collapse pressure of cholesterol acetate.
The specific resistance of mixed monolayer of a-monostearin with cholesterol acetate was smaller than theoretical value, although the mean area of this mixed monolayer was smaller than that calculated from additivity rule of mean area. The specific resistance of mixed monolayer of tristearin with cholesterol deviated more or less from the calculated value based on additivity and the mean area of this mixed monolayer was equal to the value calculated from additivity rule of mean area. The results of observed specific resistance were explained in terms of the structure of water hydrated to the hydrophilic group of film constituents: i) hydrophobic hydration for acetate grcup, and ii) hydrophilic hydration for glycerol ester group.
The maximal specific resistance was obtained at a mole ratio of 1: 3 for mixed monolayers of a-monostearin and cholesterol.

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The hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde with Pd/C-catalyst suspended in ethanol was studied kinetically on the basis of the reaction scheme in Fig.2. The effects of concentration of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, and hydrogen on the initial rate of each reaction path were examined.
Applying the method of nonlinear least squares for the experimental results (Figs.3-5), parameters in the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type equations, Eqs. (7), (8) and (9), were calculated for the rates of the paths (1), (2) and (3), respectively.
Those rate equations reproduced satisfactorily the experimental results, as shown in Figs.35. The hydrogenation of cinnamyl alcohol alone was also studied and compared with its kinetic behavior as the intermediate of the consecutive reaction.
The reaction mechanism has been discussed on the basis of the present kinetic results.
It was also noted that the selectivity of final products depends on the order of addition of cinnamaldehyde and hydrogen to the system containing catalyst (Table 1).

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It was reported by the authors that methyl formate was formed selectively from methanol and oxygen in the liquid phase by suspended metallic palladium catalyst. But remarkable deactivation was observed in the liquid phase contrary to the gas phase reaction. The deactivated catalyst could only be regenerated by treating it with air, and other gases such as nitrogen or hydrogen were not effective.
Based on the experimental results, a model of deactivation was proposed. This model included the activation with oxygen of the vacant active sites which were formed by the desorption of reaction products and the deactivation of some sites. Kinetic treatment of the model showed good coincidence with the experimental results in the range of reaction temperatures 30-60°C and of oxygen pressures 0.1-0.7 atm.
The rate equations of the formation of methyl formate and of the deactivation of active sites are as follows: 1.07 x 10-6 exp (3840/R T) Pch ITT rt(methyl formate), 2X0 2 (1+ 2.0 x 10-19 exp (23200/R T)) PchCaT r (deactivation)= 1.16 x 10-1 exp (2720/R T)

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Oxidative esterification of seven saturated alcohols, namely, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, and i-butanol was investigated over metallic palladiumactive charcoal catalyst. Corresponding ester, aldehyde or ketone is formed.
The effect of temperature and reaction time were examined. Methanol gives the highest reactivity among primary alcohols. i-Propanol shows remarkably higher reactivity than any primary alcohol and is oxidized to acetone with more than 99% selectivity.
The activation energies of aldehydes formation from alcohols are about 13.6 kcal/mol for methanol and sec-butanol and 7.6-7.8 kcal/mol for other alcohols. And the difference of the activation energy between oxidative decarbonylation reaction and oxidative esterification is about 7.8-8.8 kcal/mol. These results suggest that these reactions occur via the same reaction path as that of acetaldehyde with i-propanol previously reported.

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Disproportionation of propylene over MoO^2-Al2O^2- or CoOoO^2-Al2O^2- catalyst was studied using a flow system. The effect of the pretreatment temperature and the effects of the atomic ratio (Mo/A1) on the catalytic activity and various physical properties of the catalyst were investigated in order to elucidate the active center of the catalyst.
No catalytic activity revealed by the pretreatment below 300°C. The activity which appeared upon the pretreatment above 300°C increased with increase in the pretreatment temperature. The disproportionation activity over M0O^2-Al2O^2- catalyst pretreated with nitrogen gas was correlated with the relative intensity of Mo5+ and also with the activity of double bond isomerization of olefin over r-alumina. On the contrary, the yield of isobutene decreased with increase in the pretreatment temperature. It was also found that the maximum activity of catalyst appeared at 5% Mo content while the activity virtually disappeared at 10% Mo content in the case of N2-treatment. It seemed likely that the catalytic activity was associated with the lattice defects of M0O^2-Al2O^2- catalyst. Reduction of all these catalysts with hydrogen, however, increased the catalytic activity markedly. The maximum activity appeared at 10% Mo content. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the active center was produced at the initial stage of the reaction by the reduction of molybdenum oxide with olefin adsorbed on the acid site of alumina (or lattice defects).

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Rates of catalytic reaction, CH₃COOH + C_2CH₂ CH, COOC, H, , have been determined by using a number of carrier specimen of active carbon. They consisted of A---/E and F series activated by carbon dioxide in various degree, and each of which contained a different amount f (g /g-C) of zinc acetate as catalyst. Pore distributions of supported catalysts as well as carriers have been determined by means of the mercury porosimeter and in terms of the sorption isotherms of benzene at 0°C. Although the pore structures of carriers were quite different from one another as shown in Fig.1, the analysis of data given in Tables 1 and 2 exhibited clearly that most of zinc acetate would be deposited only in the micropores. It has been confirmed again that catalytic activity k° referred to unit weight of the carrier increased linearly with f values and then became constant kt° above a limiting value ft, as shown in Figs.3 and 4. Fig.5 shows clearly that in F series, as the activation degree w of specimens increased, ft, kt° and the micropore volume Omicro of carrier increased.
Fig.6 shows that ft. 'k° relation for all the carriers was linear within the error of 10% except some carriers of lower activation degree.
Therefore, the catalytic activity was attributed to zinc acetate deposited in micropores of carrier and the effect of diffusion on the rate could not be found, revealing the macro-micro pore model of granular active carbon, described in previous paper, to be valid.

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The abnormally high dissolution of CaO in aqueous solution of carbohydrate such as glucose or xylose is attributed to the complex formation by the following facts. Solubility of calcium hydroxide in glucose solutions is proportional to the concentration of glucose, as their molar ratio is one to one. The value of the molar ratio is further confirmed by chemical analysis of the solid sample, deposited by pouring ethanol in the glucose solution saturated with Ca(OH)2.
NMR spectra changing with time show clearly that the rates of deuterium exchange of the skeletal CH at C-1 and C-2 positions of glucose or xylose in D20 solution containing Ca(0D)2 are rapid enough as compared with those in D20 solution containing NaOD. Thus, it can be concluded that the complex is made of calcium hydroxide coordinated the carbohydrate in eriediol type in alkaline solution.
Such a structure of Ca-complex is also supportedjby experimental results that the optical activities of D-glucose or D-fructose solutions decrease linearly with the amount of added CaO and that the IR spectra of the solid complex show characteristic absorptions suitable to this structure.

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Rates of formose formation and Cannizzaro reaction taking place simultaneously in homogeneous alkaline solution of formaldehyde have been measured at 40 to 60°C with Ca(OH)2 catalyst which is dissolved as soluble complexes: Cl Ca(OH), -carbphydrate or C_2Cj Ca(OH)2formaldehyde.
When the reaction solution contains no carbohydrate but the complex C_2C, the Cannizzaro reaction prevails over the formose formation for a long induction period. As the latter rate increase autocatalitically after the period, the former rate is suppressed to minor order. On the other hand, when the reaction solution contains complex C/D composed of glucose or xylose, the formose formation reaction is initiated without any induction period, suppressing the Cannizzaro reaction rate from start. Both reaction rates are independent of the concentration of HCHO but proportional to the concentration of the respective complex, i. e. the formose reaction to Cl and the Cannizzaro reaction to C_2C. These experimental results can be interpreted by the mechanism where the formose reaction proceeds through a reaction intermediate involving the complex catalyst Cl and Cannizzaro reaction through the complex C_2C.
It is also examined that the catalytic activity of the complex of this type Cl depends remarkably upon the kind of alkaline earth metal or of carbohydrate which is the component of complex.

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Oxychlorination of propylene over supported noble metal catalysts was studied. Main product was allyl chloride with all catalysts studied. The catalytic activity was in the order: Rhodium> Palladium>Platinum>Iridium>Ruthenium. Iron, Cobalt and Nickel showed very poor activity. Effects of reaction conditions (e. g. reaction temperature, partial pressures of reactants, and contact time) were investigated using a palladium catalyst supported on active carbon. Major by-product was isopropyl chloride at lower temperature and carbon dioxide at higher temperatures. The rate of allyl chloride formation increased linearly with the rise in the temperature within the range of 140 to 240°C, while that of isopropyl chloride formation decreased. In addition, the rate of allyl chloride formation showed nearly linear dependence on the partial pressures of propylene and oxygen, but showed little dependence on the partial pressure of hydrogen chloride. These suggest that the chloride ion is adsorbed strongly on the catalyst surface.
Allyl chloride is considered to be formed through the reaction between 7r-allylic intermediate of propylene and chloride adsorbed on the catalyst as shown below.
Carbon dioxide was concluded to be formed mainly by the successive oxidation of allyl chloride. The experimental results were discussed in comparison with those of allylic oxidation of propylene in the presence of steam over the same catalyst.

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Using various nickel oxide catalysts obtained by calcination at different temperatures, exchange of 180 was studied in the systems of carbon dioxide/catalyst and carbon dioxide/oxygen/catalyst. Reaction curves for carbon dioxide/catalyst system could be divided into two separate steps, i. e., the initial fast step and the final slow one (Fig.2). The exchangeable oxygen in catalyst decreases monotonously with increasing calcination temperature in the same way as the change in the surface area (Fig.3). On the other hand, the rate constants follow a peculiar curve having a minimum and a maximum as the calcination temperature is raised (Fig.4). This behavior is similar to that of the surface oxygen having a higher oxidation power.
For the carbon dioxide/oxygen/nickel oxide system, analysis of the exchange curve leads to the reaction scheme that carbon dioxide exchanges oxygen instantaneously with catalyst, and the slow exchange of oxygen between oxygen and catalyst follows under the exchange equilibrium being always held between carbon dioxide and catalyst (Fig.6). The amounts of exchangeable oxygen agree well with those of the surface oxygen of one layer in this case (Table 2). The rate constant decreases monotonously but more quickly than the change in the surface area with increasing calcination temperature (Fig.8).
These facts lead to the heterogeneous model of the catalyst surface, that is, exchange between gas and solid occurs on certain limited active sites, and further exchange proceeds through surface migration from these sites to the neighboring surface region defined as the exchangeable surface oxygen.

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We studied on the deposition mechanism of alkaline scale substances (CaC0s, Mg(OH)2) on a heated surface. CaCO₃ scale deposited on the heated surface by thermal decomposition of HC08-. The deposition rate was represented by the equation, ri=ki[Ca2][H0O^2-]2, and the apparent activation energy was 25 kcal/mol. The dissolved CO, concentration was constant through the process of this reaction. These observations imply that the formation of crystalline CaCO₃ is the rate-determining step in this reaction.
Mg(OH)2 scale deposited on the heated surface by hydro-decomposition of CaCO₃ scale in a MgSO₄ solution. The deposition rate was represented by the equation, 7-2=k2Mg21/[Ca2]. The dissolved CO, concentration was constant through the process of the reaction, too. These results suggest that the formation of crystalline Mg(OH)2 is the rate-determining step.
The experiment of the deposition of alkaline scale in sea water near the boiling temperature showed that CaCO₃ scale deposited. initially by thermal decomposition of HCOs-, and successively Mg(OH)2 scale deposited by hydro-decomposition of CaCO₃ scale. The other salts in sea water may not affect directly the deposition of Mg(OH)2 scale.

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Granular activated carbon was manufactured from bituminuous coal in a batch type fluidized bed by steam activation method. Miike (No.68) coal of 3 mm in diameter was used as a sample, and carbonization and activation temperature was 550°C and 850°C. Flow rate of steam was 1.5 kg/hr and its linear velocity in the test section was increased up to 1.1 m/sec by making up nitrogen gas for fluidization of sample particles. The results of adsorption test for activated carbon manufactured in this study were shown in Figs.6 and 7 as a function of internal surface area. In the case of benzene adsorption, we obtained the experimental data which seemed to satisfy the practical demand. However, methylene blue decoloration power was the order of a half or a third of the previously reported values. The pore size distribution is shown in Figs.2--'4, which indicate the proportion of micro-pore in total surface area reaches more than 90%. From these results, we have given an explanation to the decrease of methylene blue decoloration power. In addition, to recognize availabilities of fluidized bed activation method, the experimental data were compared with those of fixed bed activation method which employed 1.5 kg/hr of steam flow rate. Comparison of two activation methods was shown in Figs.8 and 9, in connection with total surface area, void fraction and activation time. It was concluded that the fluidized bed activation method is more preferable than the fixed bed in both efficiency of activation and physical properties of activated carbon manufactured.

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In the process for manufacturing phosphoric acid by nitric acid acidulation, separation of phosphoric acid from nitric acid is required. From preliminary experiment, butyl acetate was found to have the appropriate distribution coefficient and the suitable dielectiric constant and solubility parameter.
To obtain the fundamental data for this process using butyl acetate as an extraction solvent, the liquid-liquid equilibrium was investigated at 25°C on the phosphoric acid-nitric acid-butyl acetate-water system. The ratios of extraction, enrichment and residue were calculated. Nitric acid was almost completely extracted by the organic solvent, whereas phosphoric acid remained almost entirely in the aqueous media. The results were compared with those of the previous report for methyl isobutyl ketone. As an extraction solvent methyl isobutyl ketone was superior to butyl acetate as far as 52 of total acid (wt %), but beyond this limit this relation was reverse.

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The electrical resistivity of the powder of high purity artificial graphite was measured from room temperature up to 600°C. The change of the resistivity during heating in air was classified to several steps; i) between 200° and 300°C, the resistivity decreases slightly with time, ii) between 300° and 330°C, the resistivity decreases abruptly and temporarily, iii) between 340° and 360°C, the resistivity increases slightly, iv) above 400°C, the resistivity decreases abruptly, and v) at about 600°C, the resistivity increases abruptly. From comparison of these changes shown in argon, in vacuo, and at reheating, and with thermogravimetric changes at same C41ditions, these changes of resistivity could be connected with the following changes of surface state, respectively; i) formation of unstable surface oxide (Cf*-+C*(0)), ii) decomposition of unstable surface oxide (C*(0)-Cf), iii) formation of stable surface oxide (Cf-+C(0)), iv) decomposition of stable surface oxide (C(0)→Cl), and v) regeneration of active surface site (Cf-Cf*). Then the contribution of the surface state to the electrical resistivity of graphite powder can be expressed as
Pc r. P C. (0) Pcf and Pc (o) Pc,
where pc, . means the specific resistivity of powder aggregate of the graphite which has Cr* surface state, and so on.

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Process of crystallization of zirconia synthesized from several kinds of zirconium compounds were studied by X-ray powder diffractometry and electron microscopy. Samples used in the present study were zirconium hydroxide(NH), zirconyl oxalate(OX), zirconyl acetate(AC), zirconyl nitrate(NO), zirconyl chloride(Cl), zirconium chelate compound with mandelic acid(MA) and hydrous zirconia(B1). They were heat treated at different temperatures between 400 and 700°C. At the beginning of crystallization, the phases observed were following; (1) only monoclinic form in Bl, (2) monoclinic and tetragonal forms in NO and OX and (3) tetragonal form and amorphous state in MA, AC, NH and Cl, respectively. In the case (1) monoclinic crystals grew slowly to about 200 A by the heat treatment for 1 hour at about 700°C. In the case (2) tetragonal crystals gradually transformed to monoclinic form and the crystallites of the monoclinic crystal grew larger than 300 A by the same heat treatment. In the case (3) tetragonal crystals grew more rapidly and the crystallite size reached to the maximum of about 400 A at about 500°C. Above 500°C, decrease of apparent crystallite size of tetragonal crystals and nucleation of monoclinic crystals occured simultaniously. At about 700°C, the crystallites of monoclinic crystals grew larger than 300 A and the tetragonal crystals diminished. The presence of carbon resulted from the incomplete decomposition of parent compounds remarkably retarded both crystal growth and transformation to monoclinic form.

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Foshagite fiber was synthesized hydrothermally from mixtures of Ca(OH)2 or CaCO₃ and Si02 chemicals at temperatures ranging from 350 to 900°C under water vapor pressures of 10 to 1000 atm for maximum two weeks, using a test-tube type bomb or autoclave. The mixture was charged in a Pt-capsule. The products were examined by x-ray diffractometry, polarizing microscope method, electron microscopy, refractive index measurement etc..
Stability region of foshagite fiber was studied. In this case the pH of the solution aftet the reaction was adjusted to Foshagite was found stable at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800°C under the water pressure of 1000 atm. Above about 850°C and the same pressure, wollastonite and rankinite were obtained. On the contrary, below about 350°C, xonotlite and hillebrandite were stable crystalline phases. Foshagite fiber length had a tendency to increase with the elevation of synthesized temperatures and pressures.
Alkaline-metal ions added as the mineralizers influenced on the foshagite fiber length and the fiber having maximum length of 670, a could be synthesized, using water solution with 0.1 mole NaOH. The effect of the mineralizers which had a great influence on the foshagite fiber length was as following order
NaOH> KOH> LiOH
From the results of X-ray powder diffraction and the electron diffraction patterns, foshagite fiber was found to have high crystallinity. Refractive index of foshagite, fiber was about 1.599±0.003.

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The growth behavior of aluminium nitride crystal formed by the reaction: Al(g)+1/2 N2(g)= A1N(c), was investigated in the range from 1250° to 1590°C, with an emphasis on the effects of growth conditions on the morphology of the products (Fig.1 and Table 1). The results are as follows:
(1) Woolly or needle-like aluminium nitrides were obtained(Figs.3 and 4). With increasing in growth temperature, the products changed from the woolly to needle-like crystals and the diameters increased (Fig.5). At about 1600°C, the secondary growths were observed (Fig.3, G and H).
(2) Three growth directions were observed: (a) parallel to c-axis, (b) oblique to c-axis with various angles, and (c) nearly perpendicular to c-axis. The first group crystals had hexagonal or circular cross sections (Fig.4, P-1 and P-2) and in some cases showed a nodular growth in the direction of growth (Fig.4, L, N-1, N-3, and Q-3). The second group crystals had the stripes, parallel to c-axis, on the side faces (Fig.4, M-1, M-2, and R-1). The population of straight-extinction whiskers which may have the growth directions parallel to c-axis showed the tendency to decrease with increasing growth temperature or concentration of nitrogen (Fig.7).

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Photochemistry of, u-cyano-pentacyanoferrate Epentacyanocobaltate(111) ion, (CN), Fe(CN) Co(CN), re, has been studied in aqueous solutions using monochromatic light(313 nm, 366 nm, 435 nm). This complex ion has absorption maxima at 26.0 x 1O^2- cm' (r =540) and at 31.0x IV cm' (e =830). The photochemical reaction proceeded only in aqueous acidic solutions.
With irradiation the absorption maxima of the complex ion shifted to longer wavelength and showed isosbestic point at 300O^2- cm^-1 in acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution (pH 4.0). Cyanide ion was detected in the solution and the concentration incerased with increasing irradiation time. It was conchided from these facts that the primary reaction of the photochemical reaction was the release of CN- from the complex ion.
In order to determine whether the cyanide ion was released from Fe(11) or from Co(E), the complex ion which had labeled CN-, (CN)5Fe(CN)Co(Cl5N)57-, was used. The released cyanide ion was analyzed by a mass spectrometer and was found to be almost pure Ci4N at the conversion rate of 15, 30 or 50%.
So the primary reaction of the photochemical reaction was expressed as follows:
[(CN)5Fe(CN)Co(CN)5]6- + H₂0 -0. (CN)4(H₂0)Fe(CN)Co(CN)05- CN- (5)
In the case of the photochemical reaction in aircontaining solutions the primary reaction was followed by the secondary reaction. That is, the colour of the solution changed from yellow to green and then to blue, and finally a blue precipitate was produced. When an alkali was successively added to the solution, the precipitate disappeared, giving a precipitate of Fe(111) hydroxide. This behavior is quite similar to the photochemical reaction of hexacyanoferrate (11), which supported the reaction scheme (5).
Quantum yields of the primary reaction in a buffer solution (pH 4.0) were obtained from the determination of CN-. Quantum yields obtained were dependent on irradiating wavelength, that is, 0.64 at 313 nm, 0.20 at 366 nm and 0.20 at 435 nm, and were independent of the reaction temperature.
Production of hydrated electron was not detected by the dissociation reaction of N20. Possible mechanisms of the photochemical reaction were discussed with relation to photochemical reaction of the mono-nuclear complex ion.

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The interference of iron on the absorbance of chromium and its elimination in atomic absorption spectrometry was investigated by the use of air-acetylene flame.
The depression of chromium absorption was observed in the spraying of chromium (III) and iron (III) mixture, while the enhancement was observed in the spraying of chromium (VI) and iron (III) mixture. However, the addition of hydroxylamine was effective to suppress iron interference on chromium absorption, presumably resulting from the reduction of iron In to iron (II). The elimination of iron interference was completed by the addition of hydroxylamine and o-phenanthroline. Possibly the organic ligands hinder the formation of mixed oxide in the condensed phase and release the chromium directly in the vapor state before a non-volatile oxide forms.
This technique of interference elimination was applied to the determination of chromium in steels successfully.

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The thermal decomposition of azodicarbonamide has been studied in solid state. Themal characteristics were examined by using differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. The kinds of decomposition products were identified by using the pyrolysis gas chromatography, infrared and mass spectrometries. Main gaseous products were N2 and CO, the amounts of CO, and NH₃ were negligible, while cyanic acid and isocyanic acid were produced in various proportions. The residues were isocyanuric acid and biurea mixture. Cyamelide and ammonium cyanate were obtained as sublimation products.
The rate of decomposition was measured by the gas evolution method over the range 181197°C, invacuum. The course of decomposition could be followed by the expression of the form
where P., isthepressure, fgasev, lvedatc, mpletedec, mp, siti, n, Pthepressureatthetime theratecnstantandCtheconstant. Theactivationenergyandthepre-exponential factorwas, 31.6kca1/moland1.0×1013, respectively.
On the base softheseresults, the decomposition mechanismhas been proposed which involved the elim natinofazo-radical and the subequentreaction soft herad icalsformed. The main reactionswerethetrimerization of isocyanic acid and the addition of the resulting radicals to theamide.

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A method has been developed for the determination of traces of gold in pure copper by neutron activation analysis using ion exchange preconcentration.
The sample was dissolved in a mixture of HNO₃ and HCI, and the solution (1 g of copper in 35 ml) was passed through a small column packed with 150 mg (wet basis) of Dowex AG 1 X 8 anion exchange resin (Cl-form; 100 200 mesh) to separate gold from copper. After being washed with deionized water, the resin was treated with 10 ml of 0.1 N NH4SCN solution to be converted into SCN-form, and finally with water.The resin was transferred into a polyethylene bag and dried in an electric oven at 75°C for 10---15 hr, and then heat-sealed off.
The resin samples together with standards were irradiated with pneumatic tube system of JRR-2 reactor at a flux of 7 x10" n/cm²/sec for 20 min. After cooling for 2-s4 days their ractivities were counted with a Ge(Li) or a NaI(Tl) detector without futher chemical treatment.
The interference elements in Cl- and SCN-form resins were preliminarily determined and found to be mainly Cl, Br, Na, Mn and Hg. In the radioactive nuclides formed by (n, r) reaction, "Br gave the strongest interference in the counting of 0.412 MeV T-ray from '"Au, because 82Br is of a similar half-life with '"Au and emits r-rays of energies higher than 0.412 MeV. By converting Cl-form resin to SCN-form, the amount of Cl as well as Br was so much decreasable that the S/N ratio of 0.412 MeV photopeak could be much improved. Interference by radioactive Cl, Mn and Na was negligible after cooling for 2 days. Hg scarecely interfered with the present measurement, because of its lower T-ray energies than that of "BAu. The amount of copper remaining in resin after previous chemical separation was about 5.2 pg per 200 mg resin (wet basis). Its interference could be reduced to be negligible by cooling it for 3---4 days.
At present, the chemical yield and concentration factor of gold were about 97% and 1.9 x 105, respectively. Analytical results of gold in 99.99% Cu were 0.06-0.07 ppm, and blanks were< 0.001 ppm. Theoretical limits for qUantitative determination and quantitative detection were estimated to be 0.0O^2- ppm and 0.0006 ppm, respectively.

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Electroreduction of the mixtures of c, 8-unsaturated compounds and alkyl bromides was carried out in various solvents. The use of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) as a solvent afforded the best yield of the coupling product as shown in Table 3. On the basis of the halfwave reduction potentials (Table 6) and the results given by the controlled potential electrolysis shown in Fig.2, this reaction is considered to involve the nucleophilic attack of the anionic species generated from the electroreduction of the a, 8-unsaturated compounds to the alkyl bromides.

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The noncatalytic oxidation of benzaldehyde in benzene solution was studied. The reaction rate in a homogeneous liquid-phase oxidation was determined by the continuous measurement of the concentration of the dissolved oxygen during the reaction.
Eqs. (1) and (2) were obtained in the different kinetic regions of the concentration of aldehyde and oxygen, and a more general formula covering both equations was shown in eq.
The detailed mechanism of the reaction was estimated from the above equations by usual method. The concentration of oxygen and aldehyde corresponding to the change from eq. (1) to eq. (2) was determined quantitatively as follows.
(RCH0)/(O^2-)= klk'
From these results, the origin of different kinetic results obtained by various investigators on the liquid-phase oxidation of benzaldehyde was clarified and a reasonable mechanism of the reaction was proposed.

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It was found that the oxidative polymerization of 2, 6-xylenol catalyzed by copper complex with pyridine was affected by the addition of water. The oxidation entirely stopped at the molar ratio of water to pyridine 1: 1 (Fig.2). On the other hand, the rate of oxidation increased with water content until the molar ratio was about 10 (Figs.3, 4 and 5). A minor amount of 3, 5, 3', 5'-tetramethyl diphenoquinone was obtained in addition to poly 2, 6-dimethyl1, 4-phenylene ether in aqueous pyridine solution. When a small amount of alkali was added in the presence of water or methanol, the rate of oxidation of 2, 6-xylenol didn't change, although the oxidation of Cu (I) was strongly inhibited and the induction period was considerably prolonged (Fig.6). While, a large amount of alkali inhibited the oxidation.
Both a non-polar solvent, n-paraffin and a strongly polar solvent nitrobenzene inhibited the oxidation of phenol (Table 1), probably due to the retardation of Cu (I) oxidation in the case of former and due to the retardation of phenol oxidation in the case of latter.
Basicity or a-substituent of pyridine as the ligand of copper complex were found to remarkably affect the oxidation of 2, 6-xylenol (Table 2). The rate of oxidation of 2, 6-xylenol as well as the oxidation of cuprous chloride have shown linear relations against PKFI of pyridine and quinoline bases except a-substituted pyridines (Figs.7 and 8). Quinolines and 2, 6-lutidine seem to prefer the formation of diphenoquinone rather than the polyether.

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The alkylation of phenol with isobutylene was studied with special reference to the change in the composition of products in the course of the reaction at the temperatures of 10-75°C and in the presence of 4 x10-3-2 x 10-2 mol of BF3 per 1 mol of phenol.
In early stages of the reaction, tert-butyl phenyl ether (TBPE) was produced predominantly over tert-butylphenols under mild reaction conditions (e. g., molar ratio BF, /phenol= 4 x 10-3, reaction temperatures of 10, --25°C);
However, with the progress of the reaction, TBPE was easily converted into ortho tert-butylphenol (OTBP) and para tert-butylphenol (PTBP). At the same time, the disproportionation between tert-butylphenols occurred to produce 2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol (2, 4-DTBP) and phenol. The transalkylation between 2, 4-DTBP and phenol, OTBP, and PTBP also took place easily to produce PTBP and OTBP. However, the tert-butyl group of PTBP and 2, 4-DTBP placed in the para position to the hydrcxyl group seemed not to migrate under the reaction conditions. Hence, in later stages of the reaction, PTBP was the major component of the product.
Based on the experimental results, the reaction scheme of tert-butylation of phenol was discussed.

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A new analytical method for the determination of amphoteric surfactants was established with the use of phosphotungstic acid.
The cationic form of amphoterics is precipitated by the addition of phosphotungstic acid to form a complex in dilute aquous acid. On the other hand, Benzopupurine 4 B, an anionic dye, combines with amphoterics and does not shove their acid color even in acid solution but the acid color appears at the end point when titrated with phosphotungstic acid. Based on these facts, 10 ml of sample solution are adjusted at pH 3-2 with hydrochloric acid after adding 1-2 drops Benzopupurine 4 B solution as the ind icater and titrated with phosphotungstic acid standard solution until the acid color appears. The precipitates are filtered and washed with pure water, and then dried in vacuum and weighed.
The content of the active component of amphoterics in the sample and its molecular weight are calculated from the titration value and the weight of precipitates.
The results of this method show that various amphoterics betain type, ethoxylated betain type, sulfonated betain type, imidazoline type, sulfated imidazoline type, alanine type etc. nca be analysed with satisfactory accuracy.

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A rapid micro procedure for the determination of sulfonate and sulfate type surfactants was developed by modification of the methylene blue titration method. The method is based on the oxidation of methylene blue chloride to dimethylthionoline, a red dye, in the presence of chloroform and sodium hydroxide.
In a typical procedure 5 ml of sample solution (0.5-4 mmolg) is pipetted into titration bottle. To the sample solution are added 1 ml of methylene blue solution as the indicator and 10 ml of chloroform after adjustment of pH at 11-12 with 0.5 N sodium hydroxide. The solution is titrated with cationic standard solution. The end point is reached when the chloroform layer turns clear red.
The results show that the anionic active component of various amphoterics (taurine type, sunfonate betain type, sulfate imidazoline type) and various anionics can be determined rapidly and with accuracy (deviation 71%) by this method. But carboxylic acid type amphoterics and soap can not be determined accurately.

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The sorption process of ethyl methacrylate-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymers having three different compositions was pursued from C-potential change. The measurements were carried out at the room temperature to about 70°C, encompassing the glass transition point (Tg) of the copolymer examined.
The rate constants K for the sorption obtained from C-potential (estimated from the streaming potential method) were compared to the diffusion constants obtained directly from sorption experiments.
The results are as follows:
(1) In the temperature range T> Tg, the rate constant, K, showed clearly the dependence of the sorption process upon the composition, that is, the activation energy 4. Ef (negative) increased with increasing HEMA content (i. e., with increasing surface density of OH-groups);
(2) The lowering of Tg of the copolymers by plasticization of sorbed water was observed; and (3) The values of K and D were decreased with increasing HEMA content of copolymers at the experimental temperature.

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When disodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) is added to dilute aqueous solution of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) or poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), contraction of polymer coil occurs by dehydration and, therefore, intrinsic viscosity, [Z], of these polymers decreases as shown in Fig.2. On the other hand, viscosities of concentrated solutions of these polymer's changed by the addition of Na₂SO₄, as shown in Figs.3, 4 and 5. Viscosities of concentrated solutions of PVP decrease with increasing concentration of Na₂SO₄, and the anomalous viscosity disappears as a result of Newtonian flow. On the other hand, viscosities of concentrated solutions of PVA increase with incresing concentration of Na₂SO₄, and elastic gel is formed by the addition of more salt. It is concluded that intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurs by dehydration of PVA and enhances the anomalous viscosity.
The variation of the viscosity of concentrated solutions of these polymers with temperature is found to be expressed by Andrade's equation, n= A ex p (eIRT). In the case of PVP, as the viscosity decreases rapidly by enhancement of dehydration and by shrinking of polymer coil, temperature coefficient, e, increases with increasing concentration of Na₂SO₄ as shown in Fig.9. In the case of PVA, the parameter, e, decreases with increasing concentration of salt as shown in Fig.9, because the dehydration by Na₂SO₄ increases the viscosity of PVA solution as mentioned above.
When sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is added to solution of these polymers, the viscosities of the solutions of PVA and PVP increase, because SDS combinds with these polymers in the concentrated solution as well as in dilute solution as shown in Fig.6. It is suggested that mechanism of SDS-interaction with polymers differs from that of interaction of Na₂SO₄ irrespective of the existence of common hydrophilic group.

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The polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by collagen/water system was carried out at 80°, 85° and 90°C. In this polymerization reaction, the induction period became short by rising the temperature, and the total yield and percentage of grafting increased. The rate of polymerization decreased with an increase of temperature. On the other hand, in an attempt to understand the behavior of collagen fiber which is present in the polymerization system, the inner structure of collagen fiber treated with hot water at 80° and 90°C was studied on the basis of data on thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. It was found that the collagen fibertreated at 80° differed from that treated at 90°C in an inner structure. It appears that the present polymerization is correlated with the inner structure of collagen fiber.

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The effect of alkyl chain length of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (en-ABS) on the rate of polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in an aqueous medium without any ordinary radical initiators was investigated in terms of their ability of micelle formation.
The rate of polymerization of MMA increased with increasing concentration and number of carbon atoms, m of CBS in the range from C7 to Cl3 at 80°C, but it shifted down for Ci6ABS, presumably owing to its limiting solubility at this temperature. When the reaction was carried out at 90°C, where Cl6ABS was perfectly soluble, the rate of polymerization of MMA increased with increasing alkyl chain length in the range from C7 to Cl6 as shown in Fig.2 and Table 2. ABS with alkyl groups of the carbon number lower than 5 showed no polymerization activity. This was interpreted in terms of its inability of micelle formation.
The polymerization reaction was significantly affected by the addition of an organic solvent in the reaction system and the polymerization hardly occurred in the system where an organic solvent was added by more than 25 wt% of the reaction medium. These results are summarized in Table 5.
The rate of polymerization of MMA in this system did not depend upon pH in the range from 3 to 11.2 as shown in Table 6.

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2, 6-Xylenol (XOH) was oxidatively polymerized by Cu-partially-quaternized poly(vinylpyridine) (QPVP) complexes in a water-benzene system, the catalytic effects of the polymer-ligand and the mechanism of the polymerization were discussed. The Cu-QPVP complexes were soluble in water and the QPVP chelate which is formed above pH 5 was relatively stable in the range of pH 5, ---10. The oxidation was influenced by the pH of aqueous phase; the main product was biphenoquinone below pH 7, and was poly(phenyleneoxide) above pH 7. The maximum of the polymer yield was observed at pH 9; this fact is because of the following changes with the increase of the pH value in the system; i) the change of the composition of the complex, ii) the decrease of the concentration of the catalyst, iii) the decrease of the oxidation potential of the monomer.
The polymerization did not proceed in either the water or the benzene solution. From this result and the solubility of the reactants, it was suggested that XOH is polymerized at the interface between water and benzene. The polymerization rate was larger in the Cu-QPVP system than in the Cu-Py system (Table 6), and then it is considered that QPVP acts as an emulsifier.

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Various water-soluble cobalt (I11)-poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes (Co(11)-PVP complexes) were prepared by the reaction of Co (ifi) complexes with PVP alcohol solution. Then the rate con-stants and the activation parameters for the reduction by ferrous sulfate in dilute sulfuric acid solution were determined, Cis-Co (en)2 PVP C1JC12, cis-[Co (en)2 PVP Br] Br, , cis-Co (en)2 PVP NOCI, and cis-[Co (trien) PVP Cl]C12 were used as polymer-metal complexes. The reactivity of the Co (111)-PVP complexes decreased in comparison with corresponding Co (III)-pyridine complexes because of an increase in the activation enthalpies, but it is noteworthy that the activation entropies were larger than those for the Co 010-pyridine complexes, which suggested that the characteristics of the polymer ligand in solution affected the activation parameters for the polymer complexes. The effects of the bridging and nonbridging ligands on the electron-transfer reaction of the Co (RI)-PVP complexes were also discussed. These effects were found to be similar to those observed for usual cobalt (111) complexes of low molecular weight.

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The C-potentials, surface dye adsorptions, and free energys of dyeing of polyacrylonitrile fibers, Cashimilon and Vonnel P, in a cationic dye Methylene Blue solution (pH 10) have been determined. With increasing dye concentration, the sign of the C-potential of these fibers in a dye solution changed from negative to positive and the surface dye adsorption increased because of the electrostatic bonds between the fiber and the dye. The c-log Cd (Cd: dye concentration) curves of the fiberes were found to be linear and these slopes did not change with rise of temperature. The surface dye adsorption decreased with rise of temperature. Also the free energy of dyeing 4G calculated from the slope of the C-log Cd curve, etc. decreased with rise of temperature. The heat of dyeing 4H and the entropy of dyeing 4S for Cashimilon fiber were -0.8 kcal. mor and -0.3 cal deg-', respectively. Those for Vonnel P fiber were -1.0 kcal and -0.7 cal mol-i deg- respectively. It was suggested from the occupied areas of this dye molecule adsorbed on the fibers at the maximum dye adsorption that Methylene Blue was incompactly adsorbed on the fibers.

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Some experimental results are presented in which ferricyanide and ferrocyanide ions (initial concentration being 5.3 ppm) were removed from their aqueous solutions by means of ion flotation technique. Ferricyanide ion can form a sparingly soluble and hydrophobic precipitate by the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB), thereby ferricyanide ion can be removed as a scum in a column separator or Denver type flotator. The latter required less flotation time than the former. Solubility products of the precipitates, of ferricyanide-CTMA, the composition of which being {Fe (CN), } (CTMA)3, was determined to be 4.3 x 10-22.
The most successful result was obtained under the condition that the molar ratio of ferricyanide ion to CTMAB was from 1.0 to 1.5 and the range of pH of solutions was from 5 to 8. In the above condition, the residual concentration of ferricyanide ion was found to be less than 0.5 ppm. Equally successful results were obtained with the solution containing ferrocyanide ion. Ion flotation of ferricyanide ion by CTMAB was not appreciably influenced by the presence of sulfate ion up to the sulfate concentration of 1000 ppm.
In the case of ion flotation of ferricyanide ion where dodecylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride (DBTMAC) was used as a collector, no successful removal of ferricyanide ion was achieved by the use of Denver type flotator. This may be interpreted in terms of the higher solubility of the precipitate (solubility products 6.5x 10-12) of ferricyanide-DBTMAC; no scum was formed in the above system. However, in the case where DBTMAC was used as a collector, satisfactory results were obtained by making use of the column separator. The present results seem to indicate that Denver type flotator is preferable to the case where ions to be removed can form a scum, whereas column separator is suitable for the case where no scum is formed.

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Flow birefringence, 4n, of cyclohexane solutions (20 wt%) of polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether (average number of ethylene oxide unit was 8.5) was measured as a function of the amount of dissolved water at varying temperatures. The birefringence observed was negative in every run in the present work. As the amount of dissolved water ipereased, the absolute value of zin increased initially toward a maximum, and then decreased. These experimental results were discussed in terms of the variation in dissymmetry (non-sphericity) of the inverscd micelle.

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The isomerization of m-xylene was studied by the continuous flow method under pressure. The activation energies for the isomerization of m-xylene to p-xylene and o-xylene were 30.32 kcal/mol under the pressures of 300 kg/cm², 2000 kg/cm² and 4000 kg/cm². When the reaction pressure increased from 300 kg/cm² to 5000 kg/cm², log km, i, and log knto increased by 1.3, as was shown in Fig.2. The activation volume, which may be considered to correspond to the dif- ference in molar volume of m-xylene between a chemisorbed state and an activated state, was obtained from Fig.2 and was shown in Fig.3. From these results the chemisorbed state and the activated state of m-xylene were discussed.

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Some investigations were made on the preparation of lanthanum sulfides from lanthanum oxide using carbon disulfide as a sulfurizing agent. Three kinds of sulfides were obtained in a temperature range of 500-4400°C. The composition and structure of the reaction products were as follows: below 650°C, LaS₂, cubic, a=8.19 A: 700-1300°C, A*-La2S8, structure unknown: above 1350°C, C-La2S3, cubic, a=8.72 A.
In order to know the thermal stability of these sulfides the change of these sulfides on heating in air was also investigated by means of DTA, TGA and X-ray diffraction method. These sulfides were found to form La2O^2- above 1300°C after the thermal decomposition of intermediate compounds such as La2O^2-S₂, La2O^2-S and La2O^2-SO₄.

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The mixture of phosphate ore and carnallite KCIgCl2.6 H₂0, in which the mole ratio of Mg0/Ca0 was 1.15, was heated at various temperatures up to 580°C. The reaction products were tested semi-quantitatively by means of X-ray diffraction. The principal reactions are shown by the following equations:
Ca5(PO₄)2F +5 MgCl2 = Mg0O^2-2+Mg2PO₄F + 5 CaCl2 (1)
2 Ca5(PO₄)3F = MgCl2 =
2 Ca5(PO₄)3Cl-1- MgF2 (2)
A portion of magnesium chloride decomposed on heating to MgO and HCl. Potassium chloride lepressed the decomposition and promoted the reaction (1). Without potassium chloride the iecomposition occurred remarkably and the reaction (2) proceeded markedly.

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A process for converting the leached residue into useful materials was investigated (Fig.1). When nitric acid was added in slightly less than stoichiometric amount required to combine with constituents except Fe2O^2- in the residue, a good separation of Fe2O₃ and SiO^2- from other constituents was obtained (Table 2), and a gelatinous precipitate containing mainly MgO, Al2O^2- and Cr2O^2- was obtained by the reaction of the filtrate with slaked lime (Table 3). Zeolite (species P) was obtained from this gel by the addition of SiO₂ and NaOH.
Sulfuric acid was added to the remaining calcium nitrate solution to recover nitric acid, and crystal growth of calcium sulfate dihydrate in the nitric acid solution was also studied.

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Sixteen nitroso-compounds were synthesized by the nitrosation of the phenols and naphthols with the sodium nitrite. The reaction of some metal ions witn these nitroso-compounds and the detection limit of these metal ions were examined. Of these metal ions(Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe2+, Fe"), cobalt and iron (II) show the very sensitive color change, and copper, nickel and iron (III) also behave sensitively. In these reagents, 2-nitroso-5-diethylaminophenol (nitroso-DEAP) is the most sen- sitive reagent for cobalt and iron (ff, ffi). By the use of this reagent, cobalt and iron ions of 0.06 pen/ can be detected. Generally, nitrosonaphthols are more sensitive than nitrosophenols. However, nitrosophenols which possess the strong electron donor groups at tbe p-position of the nitroso-group such as nitroso-DEAP are not inferior to nitrosonaphthols.

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The formations of the high boiling by-products in the isomerization and the disproportionation of m-xylene were studied over HY zeolite catalysts (HY-type 78% and NaY-type 22%) at 290°C under a pressure of 300 kg/cm². The yield of the disproportionation product, toluene, was higher than those of other isomerization products, p-xylene and o-xylene, as shown in Fig.1. The ratio of the yield of high boiling by-product to that of toluene was about 1/2. On the addition of 0.2% of ethylchloride to the reactant, the ratio decreased to 1/3 (Fig.2). Consequently, both the yields of toluene and of the high boiling by-product were much higher over the HY zeolite than over silica-alumina catalysts. The mass spectra of the high boiling by-products (Fig.3) showed that polymethyldiphenylmethane was the main by-products with high boiling points, and that small amounts of polymethylnaphthalene and polymethylanthracene were formed.

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The polymerizations of some aldehyde monomers such as chloral, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde with copper chelates of methacrylacetone[(MAA)2Cu] and of isobutyrylacetone[(IBA)2Cu] have been investigated and compared them with the results obtained with copper acetylacetonate[(AA)2 Cu]. All these chelates were found to catalyze the polymerization of chloral, but do not induce that of acetaldehyde (Table 1). The catalytic activity for chloral was in the following order: (IBA), Cu>(AA), Cu>(MAA), Cu. These chelates were also found to be very effective as catalyst for the formaldehyde polymerization (Table 2). The resulting polymers consisted of a polyether chain structure.

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A simple two steps integrator was attempted for measuring spin number or concentration in electron spin resonance. The wave hieght of two steps integration curve is considered to be proportional to the spin number or spin concentration of a sample. Linearity between the wave heights and the sample amounts or sample concentrations was examined, and compared it with that abserved in the ordinary ESR signals about DPPH, CuSO, VOSO₄, and so on. The former is more linear than the latter, and is considered to be useful for the determination of spin number or spin concentration.

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