Isononyl alcohol (a mixture of isomeric C₉ alcohol) is produced by oxo reaction of mixed octenes followed by hydrogenation. The oxo reaction is effectively catalyzed by the new rhodium-phosphine oxide catalyst. The selectivity for isononyl aldehyde is more than 98%. To stabilize the rhodium catalyst, a small amount of phosphine is added to the oxo reaction mixture, followed by distillation to separate aldehydes from the rhodium catalyst solution. This rhodium-phosphine catalyst is oxidized by an oxidant to regenerate the rhodium-phosphine oxide catalyst recycling to the oxo reaction. According to this new catalytic recycle system, the expensive rhodium catalyst can be recycled in an active state as dissolved in the solution.
The production of lsononyl alcohol was commercialized first in the world by using the triphenylphosphine oxide-modified rhodium catalyst.

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The stability of H-ZSM-5, an active catalyst of hydration reaction of cyclohexene in the liquid phase, was studied under the hydrothermal conditions. The acidity and the activity were decreased with the passage of time at the higher temperature than 100°C. ²⁷A1-NMR spectra of deactivated H-ZSM-5showed the increase in the nonframework aluminum.
From investigating the reactivation meth od of the deactivated catalyst, we were able to regenerate both original levels of acidity and hydration reaction activity by treating them with the dilute alkali aqueous solution at 80°C for 1 h and with the ion exchange with the nitric acid solution.
he detailed change of the amount of H⁺, aluminum cation and aluminum hydroxide in the catalyst followed by repeated deactivation and reactivation were determined, the following facts became clear from the above results:
(1) With H-ZSM-5 deactivating, H⁺ and aluminum cation decreased with dealumination from the framework, and the aluminum hydroxide increased.
(2) While the catalyst reactivating, the elution and the rearrangement of nonframework aluminum took place at the same time.
(3) By repeated deactivation and reactivation, the acidity and the activity was held the original value after the regenaration.

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(Ni/Na)-montmorillonite having different cation exchange capacities were prepared by heating Namontmorillonites partially ion-exchanged with Ni²⁺. The resultant clays which were pillared in an excess of aluminum chlorohydroxo oligomers, had a basal spacing of ca.19 Å before heating. The amount of pillar was related to the cation exchange capacity of the clays, i. e.0.048, 0.13, 0.19 and 0.25 g-Al₂O₃/g-Clay. The pore volume of the pillared clay after heating at the temperature range from 300 to 700°C decreased with an increase in the heating temperature. In comparison with the pillared clay having small amounts of pillars, those with large amounts of pillars maintained a large pore volume when heated to high temperature.
The obse rved results indicate that the amount of pillar influences the thermal stability of pillared clay, with those pillared clays having larger amounts of pillars more stable.

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The catalytic decomposition of peroxomonosulfate (PMS, KHSO₅) was found to be light-emissive and utilized for the chemiluminescent (CL) determinations of Co ( II ) and Fe ( II ) by a flow injection method. With the same flow system, Co ( II ) and Fe ( II ) were selectively determined under a neutral condition (pH 7) and an acidic condition (pH 2), respectively. By use of sensitizer, brilliant sulfoflavine in an octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride micellar solution, the CL signal was enhanced by 100-400 times and its linear dynamic range was extended over three orders of magnitude. The lower detection limits (S/N=3 ) were 5×10^-9 M for Co (II) and 6×10^-9 M for Fe (II) and the relative standar d deviations (n = 10, 100-μl injection of 1×10^-7 M sample solution) were 1.4% for Co (II) and 5.2% for Fe (II). The method was successfully applied to real samples. A brief explanation of the present CL reaction is also given.

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In the reaction of phenyl 1-naphtylacetate (1α) with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), 2'hydroxy-2- (1-naphtyl) acetophenone (2) and 4'-hydroxy-2- (1-naphtyl) acetophenone (3) were obtained as the rearrangement products. Similarly, 2'-hydroxy-2- (2-naphtyl)acetophenone (4) and 4'hydroxy-2- (2-naphtyl) acetophenone (5) were given in the Fries rearrangement of phenyl 2naphtylacetate (1β).
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Fries rearrangement of 1α and 1β seems to proceed mainly via intramolecular pathway. Retro-Fries rearrangement and isomerization of rearrangement products (2, 3, 4 and 5) also proceed intramoecularly.
When nitorobenzene was used as a solvent in the Fries rearrangement of 1α and 1β, the reaction proceeded smoothly with lower ortho-para ratio (2/3 and 4/5) in compared with the case of chlorobenzene used.

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The reaction mechanism of acid-catalyzed formation of 1, 3: 2, 4-bis-O- (p-isobutylbenzylidene)-Dsorbitol (BIS) from D-sorbitol and p-isobutylbenzaldehyde (BAL) in methanol was discussed. In the study, three isomeric intermediates, 1, 3-, 4, 6-, and 2, 4-0- (p-isobutylbenzylidene) sorbitol (MONO)were isolated and characterized. In order to clarify the relationship between the MONOs, homogeneous hydrolyses of both BIS and the isolated 2, 4-MONO was studied. According to the results, the reaction mechanism of BIS formation was proposed as follows.
(1) At first, BAL is quickly converted to dime thyl acetal [ I ] followed by the exchange reaction with D-sorbitol via mixed acetals [ II ] to form a mixture of 1, 3-, 4, 6-, and 2, 4-MONOs. The equilibrium ratio thereof was proved to be 1: 1: 3, indicating that 2, 4-MONO is thermodynamically the most stable one. However, at the initial stage of the formation reaction of BIS, the isomer ratio of MONOs, 1: 1: 1, differs from the value in the equilibrium state, suggesting that the reaction is not thermodynamically controlled, but kinetically controlled.
(2) After that, the isom er ratio of MONOs reaches the equilibrium one.
(3) Next, BIS is predominantly formed by the exchange reaction wit h 2, 4-MONO and [ I ], probably via a “transoid” conformational oxycarbocation [ V ].

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3- (2-Alky1-2-imidazolin-1-y1)-1-propanesulfonic acids (alkyl: n-C₉H₁₉-, n-C₁₁H₂₃-, n-C₁₃H₂₇-, and n-C₁₅H₃₁-) (2) were prepared by treatment of 2-alkyl-2-imidazolines with sodium hydride in anhydrous THF (60°C, 3 h) and subsequent reaction with 3-propanesultone (60°C, 3 h).3, 3'- (2-tridecy12-imidazoline-1, 3-diy1) bis (1-propanesulfonic acid) was isolated as a by-product from the reaction of 2-tridecyl-2-imidazoline with 1, 3-propanesultone in 1, 2-dichloroethane. The structures and purities of the compounds thus prepared were confirmed by IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, elemental analysis, and melting-point measurement. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) for 2 were determined at 30°C by the measurements of their surface tension, electroconductivity, and dye solubilization. Surface tension at CMC ranged from 34.0 to 41.7 dyne cm. The tridecyl derivative (C₁₃- (2) ) showed a good solubilization power for Orange OT. A linear relationship between CMC and the carbon number in the 2-alkyl chain (log CMC = 3.22 - 0.508N; N denotes the nu mber of the carbon atoms in the 2-alkyl chain) was found for 2 (alkyl= n-C₉H₁₉-, n-C₁₁H₂₂-, and n-C₁₃H₂₇-). The antimicrobial tests were performed with a gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, a gramnegative bacterium, Escherichia coli, and a fungus, Aspergillus oryzae; it was found that the pentadecyl derivative (C₁₅- (2) ) has an antifungal activity as high as sodium pentachlorophenwdde against Aspergillus oryzae.

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Fibrous adsorbent (Cell-PEI) for selective removal of endotoxin was prepared by immobilization of polyethyleneimine onto cellulose fiber. The anion exchange capacity of the Cell-PEI was easily adjusted by changing the ratio of polyethyleneimine to the cellulose. The endotoxin-adsorbing capacity of the adsorbent increased with increase in anion exchange capacity of the adsorbent, but decreased with increase in ionic strength of the buffer. The adsorbent (anion exchange capacity 1.1 3.0 meq/g), however, retained a high endotoxin-adsorbing activity at a wide range of ionic strength (μ= 0.05-0.4). The adsorbent (anion exchange capacity 1.1 meq/g), furthermore, selectively removed endotoxin in a bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution at an ionic strength of μ=0.05-0.2 and at around neutral pH, without affecting the recovery of the BSA.

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Effects of various microstructural and kinetic parameters of the catalyst layers on the performance of PAFC anode were analyzed using theoretical I-V equations that were derived by Vogel et al. Parameters chosen were platinum loadings ( Wpt), thickness of catalyst layers (L), exchange current densities (i₀), coverage of adsorbed hydrogen on platinum at equilibrium potential (θ₀), H₂ concentration, and CO concentration.
In the range of parameter values chosen for simulating real cell catalyst layer, electrode current density increased in proportion with (wpt)^1/2, (i₀)^1/2, (L)^1/2 and better performance was obtained on the electrode having large value of θ₀.
The performance declined ste eply by the CO contamination in the fuel gas below 1% level.

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The preparation of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions by the Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification method was investigated with poly (oxyethylene) hydrogenated castor oil (EC-n) as emulsifier and methylphenylpolysiloxane as an oil.
Very fine and monodispersed O/W emuls ions were prepared over a wide range of HLB (Hydrophilelipophilebalance) in comparison with the phase inversion method. The rate of oil phase penetration depended on HLB or the number of oxyethylene unit of EC-n. The rate of the emulsification process was delayed in the case of the surfactant concentration of 0.5 wt%. However, both the penetration of the oil phase and the emulsification process were promoted by the pretreatment of SPG membrane (dipping the membrane in surfactant solutions or circulating the solutions around membrane).
From these results, some other unidentified factors are considered to exist in the SPG membrane emulsification method.

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Cr(III) component in waste solutions precipitates as slightly soluble chromium (III) hydroxide in an alkaline medium and the oxidation yields tend to be much low in the presence of the precipitate. To remove this defect of the oxidation, it seems reasonable to convert waste Cr (III) into a favorable form for oxidation, that is, the chromium (III) complexes which satisfy the following requirements.
(1) They should be soluble in an alkaline water.
(2) They can inexpensively be prepared fr om waste chromium by a simple method.
(3) They should be oxidized into chromate ions by hydrogen peroxide, kinetic ally quickly, and thermodynamically quantitatively.
(4) The ligand s which are liberated from the chromium (III) complexes during the course of their oxidation, can inexpensively be recovered by a simple method and be recycled. Among more than 10 kinds of chromium (III) complexes investigat ed, the chromium (III) complexes suitable for these requirements were chosen under the condition that the standard formal redox potentials between chromate (VI) ions and chromium (III) complexes should be lower by over 40 mV than those between O₂ and H₂O₂ at the same pH as the former system. Mono- and bis (oxalato) -complexes were found to satisfy all these requirements.
The optimum conditions for re covery of chromate (VI) from waste chromium are as follows: the molar ratio of oxalic acid/Cr ranges from 1.0 to 2.0. When the waste chromium is (III) alone, complexation is carried out for 6 hours at R. T.∼40°C. When the waste chromium consists of a mixture of Cr(III) and Cr(III), complexation is carried out parallel to reduction of Cr (VI), and to the process warmingthe mixture at 60∼80°C after the reduction. Oxidation of chromium (III) complexes is carried out for 3 h at R. T. and at pH 12.
After this pr ocess to chromate (VI) recovery, chromium ion was not detected in the solution and chromium in the original wastes was collected as chromium (VI) with almost 100% yield.

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Breakthrough curves of NO adsorption on various metal ion-exchanged zeolites have been employed to evaluate the intraparticle effective diffusion coefficient (D_i). D_i was 0.7×10^-3 -29×10^-3cm2⋅s^-1 and was changed with zeolite structures, metal ions exchanged, and adsorption temperature. On MFI zeolite, D_i was dependent on the radius of metal ion, and a maximum D_i was observed around 0.09 nm of the radius. With CuZSM-5 and Agmordenite, the maximum D_i was observed around 250 K, while the D_i of Comordenite was not varied with the adsorption temperature.

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Polycrystalline CeAlO₃ has been obtained by arc-melting method using CeO₂ and α-Al₂O₃ as starting materials. X-Ray analysis reveales that the crystal structure is tetragonal with cell dimensions a= 3.7639 (9) Å and c= 3.789 (1) Å. These crystallographic deta are in good agreement wit h those recently reported by present authors for the single crystal CeAlO₃. It is considered that Ce⁴⁺ ion in CeO₂(raw material) is “thermally reduced” to Ce³⁺ ion by arc-melting in an argon atmosphere. As a result, tetragonal type CeAlO₃ is successfully synthesyzed for the first time by direct melting method.

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Thermogravinometric analysis of six synthetic lipid polymer films including poly (ioncomplexed)lipids, dioctadecyldimethylammonium poly (styrenesulfonate) (2C₁₈N+PSS-) and dioctadecyldimethylammonium poly (L-glutamate) (2C₁₈N+PLG-) was conducted. All lipid films annealed in hot water (60°C, 1 h) showed drastic decrease in weight at temperatures corresponding to phase transition of the films. This indicates that the hydration at hydrophilic lipid head moieties is weakened by phase transition and then water molecules desorb; water molecules desorbed per single lipid molecule at thisregion were 0.4-1.0. The lipid films started to degrade at about 200°C. Methanol treatment of a 2C₁₈N+PLG- film produced α-helix structure of poly (L-glutamate) in the lipid; however phase transit ion dependentwater desorption was not observed for this lipid film.

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A heighly sensitive ammonia sensor was developed. A lecithin-coated glass electrode has no sensitivity to the ammonia, but addition of copper chlorophyll to the lecithin layer makes the sensor highly sensitive. The sensitivity is proportional to the copper chlorophyll/lecithin ratio. The developed sensor has superior sensitivity to the common ammonia sensor.

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