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Volume 35 (1990)
- Issue 4 Pages 305-
- Issue 3 Pages 213-
- Issue 2 Pages 95-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
- Issue Suppl Pages 1-
Volume 35, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Hiroshi MATSUMOTO1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 1-12
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
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Hiroomi ASANO1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 13-19
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relation between the epidermis tissue of E. philadelphicus and paraquat resistance was examined.
Results obtained are as follows:
1. Excised leaves of E. philadelphicus were treated as shown in Fig. 1 and paraquat penetration through them was examined. When a disk of the susceptible biotype was put on an excised leaf of the resistant biotype, it was not destroyed by paraquat applied at a concentration of 4×10-5M or lower. However, when paraquat was used at a concentration of 2×10-4M or higher, the disk of the susceptible biotype placed on an excised leaf was destroyed. Thus, it was concluded that paraquat penetrated through the excised leaf of E. philadelphicus (Fig. 2, 3).
2. The lower epidermis tissue of excised leaves of 10 lines of paraquat-resistant E. philadelphicus was peeled off and the disappearance of the resistance was examined. At a concentration of paraquat 2×10-4M or lower the resistance was occasionally observed whereas at a dose of 4×10-4M or higher, all the leaves of the lines was destroyed. Such observations suggest that the epidermis tissue contributes to the paraquat resistance of E. philadelphicus (Fig. 4, 5).
3. The influence of paraquat on protoplasts in E. philadelphicus was examined. Protoplasts showed abnormalities (deformation) 8 to 15 minutes after the application of paraquat in the resistant biotype. After 16 to 31 minutes the chloroplasts coagulated in the wall of the cell membrane and some of them collapsed. In the susceptible biotype, 8 to 14 minutes after paraquat application, the protoplasts showed abnormalities, and the cell membrane became uneven. After 9 to 21 minutes, the chloroplasts gathered on the wall of the cell membrane and some of them were broken. As described above, there was differences in the reaction of the protoplasts of both biotypes to paraquat (Table 1, Fig. 6).View full abstractDownload PDF (5208K) -
Hiroomi ASANO1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 20-24
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution of paraquat applied to the cut end of petioles and the foliar surface of leaves excised in E. philadelphicus was examined.
Results obtained are as follows:
1. The time course of 14C-paraquat absorption was not different between the resistant biotype and the susceptible one until 6 hours after foliar application and 24 hours after petiole application. Thereafter, the resistant biotype absorbed more 14C-paraquat than the susceptible one when both methods of application were compared (Fig. 1).
2. The patterns of 14C-paraquat absorption, transfer, and diffusion were significantly different between the resistant biotype and the susceptible one in the case of foliar application. These patterns indicated that 14C-paraquat in the resistant biotype was mostly bound in the mesophyll tissue while in the susceptible type 14C-paraquat had mostly been absorbed and transferred to the mesophyll tissue (Fig. 2).
3. Leaf disk application did rot result in any distinct difference in the 14C-paraquat absorption and transfer between the biotypes (Fig. 3).
4. Distribution of 14C-paraquat within the leaf tissue was not different between the two biotypes (Table 1).
These results suggest that the resistance to paraquat may not be due to the difference in the amount or the distribution of the absorbed paraquat, since paraquat penetrated through the epidermis tissue of E. philadelphicus to reach the mesophyll tissue after foliar application, although the patterns of paraquat absorption and transfer were somehow different between the biotypes.View full abstractDownload PDF (3632K) -
I. Relation of Glutathione Content and Glutathione S-Transferase Activity to Pretilachlor Selectivity in Several Plant SpeciesIe Sung SHIM, Kenji USUI, Kozo ISHIZUKA1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 25-35
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relation of pretilachlor (2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-[2-propoxyethyl]-acetanilide) tolerance to glutathione content, investigated in 4 gramineous species and 3 perennial weeds of paddy fields. The effects of light, exogenous glutathione (the reduced from: GSH), and safener CGA-123407 on pretilachlor resistance were also examined.
Corn and rice were tolerant, while barnyardgrass and finger millet showed a sensitivity to pretilachlor. Of the perennials, Sagittaria pygmaea MIQ. and Eleocharis kuroguwai OHWI were highly resistant and Cyperus serotinus ROTTB. comparatively sensitive (Table 1). Glutathione content was the highest in corn plants and the lowest in barnyardgrass plants; it was also lower in mature seedlings than in young seedlings. An extremely low content of glutathione was determined in the above 3 perennials than in the gramineous species (Table 2). GST activity was higher in the tolerant than in the susceptible gramineous species, regardless of the substrate used. The relationship of pretilachlor selectivity to the glutathione content of the these plant species was not obtained, although it had high correlation to the GST activity. The enzyme activity of the above perennials was much lower than that of the gramineous plants but it also had no relation to pretilachlor tolerance (Fig. 1). GST was induced by pretilachlor treatment and the inducibility was higher in the tolerant than in the susceptible gramineous plants (Tables 3, 4).
Light illumination increased the glutathione content of rice; however, it did not reduce the pretilachlor phytotoxicity to rice (Table 5). The exogenous GSH was easily absorbed, while the pretilachlor phytotoxicity in rice and finger millet plants was little changed even by increased glutathione content (Tables 6, 7). The growth inhibition of rice by pretilachlor treatment was selectively recovered by CGA-123407 treatment (Fig. 2). Glutathione content also was raised by CGA-123407 treatment in both plants, while GST activity was activated selectively only in the rice plants (Tables 8, 9). The increment of GST activity, therefore, coincided with the reduction effect of pretilachlor phytotoxicity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1270K) -
Hiroshi MATSUMOTO, Shuuichi KOJIMA, Kozo ISHIZUKA1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 36-43
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe herbicidal mode of action of diphenyl ethers oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene) and bifenox (methyl-5-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate) in Lemna pausicostata HEGELM. was investigated by monitoring an electrolyte leakage and a lipid peroxide decomposition product. Among the diphenyl ethers tested, these two herbicides caused intensive leakage in the plant after a lag period of 4-hr. Thiobarbituric acid-reacting material, product of lipid peroxide decomposition, content in a bathing solution was also increased. Light and oxygen were required for their action and by decreasing the light quantity, the effect of oxyfluorfen was delayed. Exogenously applied antioxidant α-tocopherol, and the scavengers of active oxygen species D-mannitol and hydroquinone partially protected from herbicidal injury. Protection was also partially afforded from phytotoxicity by the photosynthetic electron transport inhibitor, diuron. Although the mechanism of involvement of photosynthesis in the action is still unclear, active oxygen species were suggested to be involved in the initiation of lipid peroxidation.View full abstractDownload PDF (895K) -
Koichiro KOMAI, Toru NAKASUGI, Ikuo TUJII, Makoto MIURA, Masayuki HAMA ...1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 44-52
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mode of action and structure-activity relationship of iridoidglucosides were examined.
1) Among the tested iridoidglucosides, asperuloside, geniposidic acid, geniposide and aucubin were isolated from higher plants, and genipin and deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester were derived from the isolated glucosides (Fig. 1).
2) The plant growth inhibitory activities of the iridoidglucosides were stronger in the case of radicle elongation compared with the growth of the shoots. The inhibitory effects of the iridoidglucosides were stronger in rice seedlings than in lettuce seedlings (Fig. 2 and 3).
3) The inhibitory activities of paederosidic acid, geniposidic acid, aucubin and catalpol, which have a -OH group at the 6-position and/or -COOH group at the 4-position were reduced compared with those of asperuloside which has a lactone ring. On the other hand, deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester and gardenoside, which have a -COOCH3 group at the 4-position were found to be inactive at several dose levels or which other glucosides inhibited effectively the growth of seedlings of lettuce and rice (Fig. 2 and 3).
4) The glucosides also showed a strong growth inhibitory activity against catchweed seedlings, which the inhibitory activity of asperuloside accumulated at high concentrations in the catchweed tissues was markedly reduced (Table 1).
5) An aglycone, genipin derived from geniposide showed a strong inhibitory activity on growth and germination compared with the glucosides (Fig. 2, 3 and 4).
6) Inactive, deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester was not affected by enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucosidase. Based on these data, it appears that the inhibitory action of iridoidglucosides occurs after conversion into aglycone by hydrolysis in vivo.View full abstractDownload PDF (3082K) -
Srisom SUWANWONG, Kenji USUI, Kozo ISHIZUKA1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 53-60
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
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Yoko SATO, Mamoru SATO, Takayuki SUZUKI1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 61-67
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper describes the degradation of the herbicide, pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-2, 6-dinitro-3, 4-xylidine] by bacteria isolated from farmland soil previously treated with it, and the identification of several metabolites produced by bacterial inoculation.
Among ten bacterial strains isolated from the soil, three strains, P-1, P-3 and P-e showed a high ability to degrade pendimethalin in mineral salt medium supplemented with 5ppm of the chemical.
The residue level of pendimethalin 40 days after inoculation was 35.1, 9.8 and 12.6% in the medium containing the P-1, P-3 and P-e strains, respectively (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
Four degradation products in the reaction mixture were detected by GC and GC-MS analysis. Among these products, the major metabolite (metabolite 1, m/z 251) was assumed to be a reduced product of a nitro-group of pendimethalin. The other three metabolites were considered to be a benzimidazole (metabolite 2, m/z 261) and compounds produced by the hydroxylation of methyl or propyl groups (metabolites 3, 4, m/z 297) (Fig. 3). Metabolites 1 and 2 were common products of all three bacterial strains, whereas metabolites 3 and 4 were detectable in the medium with the P-3 strain only (Fig. 4).
Moreover, it was assumed that the P-1 and P-3 strains belong to the genus Bacillus and the P-e strain to the genus Alcaligenes based on the main bacteriological properties (Table 2).View full abstractDownload PDF (811K) -
Yoko SATO, Mamoru SATO, Takayuki SUZUKI1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 68-73
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe current studies were carried out to analyse the degradation of pendimethalin in soil and that of herbicides such as trifluralin, nitralin and alachlor by several bacterial strains P-1, P-3 and P-e which are able to degrade pendimethalin.
The degradation of pendimethalin was investigated by using the following soils; sterile soil, non-sterile soil and sterile soil with a suspension of P-3 strain. It was demonstrated that pendimethalin was readily degraded in the non-sterile soil and the amount of residue decreased by half 55 days after incubation, whereas the herbicide in sterile soil was not degraded even after 62 days, and 90% of the initial amount could be recovered. In sterile soil to which the P-3 strain had been added, the degradation rapidly progressed until 20 days, and thereafter stopped (Fig 2).
Trifluralin and nitralin were markedly degraded by all the three strains in mineral salt medium, whereas alachlor was slightly degraded by the P-e strain alone (Table 1). The three metabolic products from trifluralin detected by GC analysis was found to correspond to two products formed by the reduction of one or two nitro-groups of trifluralin and a compound having a benzimidazol structure (Fig. 3) based on GC-MS analysis. Major metabolites of nitralin were also detected as two products formed by the reduction of nitro-groups.View full abstractDownload PDF (690K) -
Youzou USAMI, Hiroshi KOIZUMI, Mitsumasa SATOH1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 74-80
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSProcesses of secondary succession were studied in a field where several management practices were applied in terms of cultivation methods and the amount of fertilizer applied for 5 years from 1984 to 1988.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. In the untreated field where tilling was carried out in the spring of 1984 and thereafter no more tilling was applied, herbaceous annuals, such as Digitaria ciliaris, Polygonum lapathifolium and Chenopodium album, dominated for 2 years. After the 3rd year following the final tilling, herbaceous perennials, such as Solidago altissima, Phytolacca americana, Pueraria lobata and Robinia pseudo-acacia, dominated while the number of annuals and small herbaceous perennials decreased. During the 5 year period of investigation, the proportion of the number of annual species to that of all the species which emerged decreased rapidly while the degree of succession (DS) increased markedly.
2. In the field where dead plant parts grown in the previous year were removed every spring, the composition of the plant species was similar to that in the untreated field, while the proportion of the number of herbaceous annuals was generally higher than that in the untreated field and the degree of succession lower.
3. In the field where dead plant parts were removed and at the same time the soil was cultivated through rotary tilling every spring, invasion and establishment of perennials were prevented, and herbaceous annuals dominated even in the 5th year after the onset of the investigation.
4. A high degree of succession was observed in the field where the amount of fertilizer applied was low. The ecological characteristics of the various weed species were unaffected by the amount of fertilizer applied.View full abstractDownload PDF (815K) -
Tohru TOMINAGA, Hisao KOBAYASHI, Kunikazu UEKI1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 81-83
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
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Masayuki NEMOTO, Tadamitsu AKAIKE, Yoshitada YAMANAKA1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 84-87
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
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Shigeru TAKAYANAGI, Hiroaki WATANABE, Hiroshi TSUYUZAKI, Hiroyoshi OMO ...1990 Volume 35 Issue 1 Pages 88-93
Published: April 27, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (894K)
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