Journal of Weed Science and Technology
Online ISSN : 1882-4757
Print ISSN : 0372-798X
ISSN-L : 0372-798X
Volume 25, Issue 1
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • 1. Investigation of Propagation
    Michihiko TAKAHASHI
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 1-5
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Cluster amaryllis (Lycoris radiata Herb.), a hardy wild plant once closely connected with rural life, especially with agriculture.
    This paper reports on physiological and ecological studies of the plant grown in the Shikoku area, particularly on factors contributing to its spread of habitat.
    1) The average fresh weight per bulb was found to be 14-15g. The number of bulbs occurring naturally per 400cm2 was 31-55. Growth was usually gregarious, the shape of the clump being round or ovoid, about 30×50cm to 50×50cm in size. The average number of bulbs per clump was 150. Clumps grew close together to form frequently a larger group.
    2) Although in Kagawa Prefecture bulbs in mountainous area showed different dry and fresh weights from bulbs in plain area, the differences in specific gravity of tissue powder were not significant statistically among areas. These results indicate that the plant is highly adaptable under normal circumstances.
    3) From autumn through spring few weeds appeared in places where the plant was growing.
    4) When cluster amaryllis was used as food in times of famine, the lower part of the bulb, Which was cut off and thrown away, often sprouted again. This probably was a factor in expansion of habitat.
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  • 2. Prevention of Mice-boring to Field Levees
    Michihiko TAKAHASHI
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 6-9
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper reports the experimental study of the effects of cluster amaryllis (Lycoris radiata Herb.) on mice.
    Experiments have shown that the Alkaloid contained in their bulbs keeps mice away.
    1) Mice dug through a 10cm dirt wall in 27 minutes on an average. However, when cluster amaryllis were planted in the dirt wall the mice failed to penetrate the dirt wall.
    2) Juice was extracted from cluster amaryllis bulbs and mixed with soil at the concentrations of 5% and 10% in volume. This resulted in a very hard soil, which mice failed to penetrate. Both the physical and the chemical changes in the soil are considered important factors for the results.
    3) It was observed that mice avoided areas of soil on which cluster amaryllis juice had been sprinkled.
    4) It was observed that mice avoided passing through cluster amaryllis plants growing at an average spacing of 1 flower stem per 23.07cm2.
    5) The juice extracted from cluster amaryllis bulbs was found to have mild toxic effects, upon autopsy of mice which died after being force-fed a 5ml dose. A 2ml dosage resulted in 2 hours of abnormal behavior, vomiting, obvious discomfort and palpitation, with no noticeable after-effects. The above effects are considered responsible for the avoidance of cluster amaryllis by mice.
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  • 1. The Effect of Density on Growth and Seed Productive Structure of Large Crabgrass and Common Purslane
    Teruo TERASAWA, Hiroomi ASANO, Shohei HIROSE
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 10-16
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As a part of studying the mechanism of environmental adaptation in weeds, this experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of planting density on growth and seed production of two species of weeds.
    Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis var. marginata Fernal.) or common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) was planted in a/2, 000 pot to provide the four levels of planting density, i. e. large crabgrass; 5, 20, 50 and 100 plants/pot, common purslane; 5, 20, 40 and 65 plants/pot.
    1. In common purslane, the increase of mortality up to about 10% was observed with the increase of planting density during the growing period. On the other hand, no mortality was observed in large crabgass.
    2. Tolal dry matter production per plant decreased almost linearly with increasing the planting density up to 65 plants in common purslane and 100 plants in large crabgrass, and in both weeds the differences between maximum and minimum density were larger at the harvesting time than at the vegetative stage.
    3. As for the seed productions and their components, the number of heads or pyxis per plant, and seed production per plant decreased in both species with the increase of planting density.
    Seed production per head or pyxis, however, showed the highest value at 20 plants-plot in large crabgrass and 5 plants-plot in common purslane respectively.
    4. Phenotypic plasticity on each character of both weeds was showed by regression coefficient to planting density, and it was recognized that common purslane had a high phenotypic plasticity as compared with large crabgrass.
    5. Crude reproductive efficiency (CRE) of both weeds was calculated according to Harper & Ogden's method. It was showed clearly that large crabgrass had a high CRE value as compared with common purslane and also in common purslane, CRE value decreased with the increase of planting density.
    6. The individual variation within plot was compared with respect to some characters measured, and it was commonly observed in both weeds that the individual variation within plot increased with the increase of planting density.
    7. It was suggested from above results that both weeds have the different reproductive strategy under the stress condition caused from the increase of planting density.
    The high reproductivity in large crabgrass seems to be derived from keeping the number of plants per unit area, their uniform growth and seed production. On the other hand, in common purslane it seems to be derived from the mutual supplement in reproduction among the plants which survived under the stress condition.
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  • III. Classification of Weed Communities in Sown Grasslands in Akita and Yamagata Prefectures
    Hiroshi SAKAI, Tokuo SATO, Shigetoshi OKUDA, Tsuyoshi AKIYAMA
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 17-23
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Weed communities on several sown grasslands were examined in Akita and Yamagata prefectures of the northern Tohoku district. Weeds, the most frequently observed in the district were Rumex obtusifolius, Rumex acetosella, Plantago asiatica, Miscanthus sinensis, Erigeron canadensis, Petasites japonicus var. giganteus and Polygonum longisetum. Weed communities on grassland in Akita and Yamagata prefectures were classified as follows:
    I. Amaranthus lividus type (Differential species; Amaranthus lividus and Setaria faberi).
    1. Amaranthus retroflexus-community (Differential species; Amaranthus retroflexus, Commelina communis, Portulaca oleracea, Polygonum aviculare, Chenopodium album and Stellaria neglecta).
    2. Rumex acetosella-community (Differential species; Rumex acetosella and Plantago asiatica).
    II. Carex albata type (Differential species; Carex albata, Polygonum hydropiper and Juncus effusus var. decipiens).
    3. Typical community.
    4. Scirpus wichurae-community (Differential species; Scirpus wichurae and Juncus tenuis).
    III. Rumex obtusifolius type (Differential species; Rumex obtusifolius).
    5. Typical community.
    6. Plantago asiatica-community (Differential species; Plantago asiatica, Poa annua and Artemisia montana).
    7. Erigeron canadensis-community (Differential species; Erigeron canadensis).
    8. Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum-community (Differential species; Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum).
    IV. Rumex acetosella type (Differential species; Rumex acetosella, Plantago lanceolata, Anthoxanthum odoratum and Hypochoeris radicata).
    9. Rumex obtusifolius-community (Differential species; Rumex obtusifolius).
    10. Typical community.
    11. Gnaphalium japonicum-community (Differential species; Gnaphaliumm japonicum).
    12. Petasites japonicus var. giganteus-community (Differential species; Petasites japonicus var. giganteus).
    13. Bryum argenteum-community (Differential species; Bryum argenteum).
    V. Petasites japonicus var. giganteus type (Differential species; Petasites japonicus var. giganteus and Epilobium cephalostigma).
    VI. Bryum argenteum-Hypnum plumaeforme type (Differential species; Bryum argenteum and Hypnum plumaeforme).
    VII. Erigeron canadensis type (Differential species; Erigeron canadensis).
    VIII. Miscanthus sinensis type (Differential species; Miscanthus sinensis).
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  • IV. Dynamics of Weed Communities in Sown Grasslands in Akita and Yamagata Prefectures
    Hiroshi SAKAI, Tokuo SATO, Shigetoshi OKUDA, Tsuyoshi AKIYAMA
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 24-29
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the previous paper, the classification of the weed community was presented in the sown grasslands in Akita and Yamagata prefectures. On the same grasslands, the dynamics of weed communities were studied in the present paper.
    1) The dynamics of weed communities in the sown grasslands were presented with a diagram in relation to site factor (soil moisture contents) and degree of succession.
    2) The direction of succession in weed communities were summarized in connection with soil moisture contents;
    Mesic site: Amaranthus lividus type→Rumex obtusifolius type→Rumex acetosella type→Miscanthus sinensis type.
    Xeric site: Bryum argenteum type→Hypnum plumaeforme type→Erigeron canadensis type→Petasites japonicus var. giganteus type→Miscanthus sinensis type.
    Hygroric site: Carex albata type, typical community→Scirpus wichurae-community.
    3) The weed communities were discussed in relation to P-A index and life form of composed weed species.
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  • Yasuei YAGINUMA, Akiyoshi KAWADA
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 30-33
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Sasaella ramosa Makino has raised serious ploblems for the productivity and the managements of mulberry in Fukushima Prefecture. In field experiments, Glyphosate [N-(phosphono-methyl) glycine isopropylamine, emulsifiable concentrate, active ingredient 41%], a translocated type herbicide, was tested for the control of S. ramosa Makino by foliage application in mulberry fields.
    Glyphosate (spray volume: 400l/ha of 20 or 40 times dilution) was effective for the control of S. ramosa Makino including the subterranean stems in the application at mid-summer or early winter.
    Glyphosate applied between mulberry rows did not injure mulberry, without so much as the spray solution drifted on the foliage of mulberry.
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  • Mitsuyoshi OKII, Masayuki TERANISHI, Ikuo MATSUKUMA, Makoto KONNAI, Te ...
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 34-41
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Herbicidal activity of N-substituted phenylcarbamoylβ-alanine derivatives, i. e., N-alkyl-N-(substituted phenylcarbamoyl)β-alanines (Str. 1) and their ring closed compounds, 1-alkyl-3-(substituted phenyl) dihydrouracils (Str. 2), were evaluated in Petri dish test and pot test. The significant correlation was recognized by comparing the herbicidal activities [pI50(s) by the Petri dish test; pI50(f), log%(F), log%(T) by the pot tests] with the hydrophobic parameter (log P). Then the herbicidal activity of the above mentioned compounds was analyzed in term of the parameter log P using the FUJITA-HANSCH approach.
    (1) Herbicidal activities of N-alkyl-N-(3, 4-dichlorophenylcarbamoyl)β-alanine methyl esters (Str. 1-1) were regressed highly significantly into the two-dimentional single parameter equations. And the optimum log P (log Po) of the Str. 1-1 was fluctuating in the range of 3.2-3.4. Alkyl moiety which gave the log Po was iso-propyl group. Herbicidal activities of N-alkyl-N-(4-chlorophenylcarbamoyl) β-alanine methyl esters (Str. 1-2) and 1-alkyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl) dihydrouracils (Str. 2-1) were regressed into one-dimentional equations by the results of Petri dish test or into two-dimentional (-like) equations by the results of pot tests.
    (2) Among the benzene ring substituents, the 3, 4-dichloro compounds showed the highest activity. Effect of the benzene ring substituents of 1-methyl-3-(substituted phenyl) dihydrouracils (Str. 2-2) was higher than those of N-methyl-N-(substituted phenylcarbamoyl)β-alanines (Str. 1-4) and the methyl esters of them (Str. 1-3).
    (3) The relationship between the opened (Str. 1-3, Str. 1-4) and the related ring-closed (Str. 2-2) compounds was also appreciated. Activity order of those groups consistent with the hydrophobicity order.
    (4) The relationship between the results of Petri dish test and those of pot tests was observed on the Str. 1-1, Str. 1-3, Str. 2-1 and Str. 2-2.
    (5) As the compound having the highest activity, 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1-iso-propyl dihydrouracil was assumed.
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  • Koichiro KOMAI, Kunikazu UEKI
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 42-47
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1) Methanol extracts obtained from dry matter of purple nutsedge tuber were fractionated into six fractions as shown in Fig. 1., and they were essential oil (F.1), neutral fraction (F.2), phenolic fraction (F.3), acidic fraction (F.4), ethylacetate soluble fraction (F.5), and precipitates in methanol extracts (F.6).
    2) Two fractions, F.1 and F.6, inhibited the germinations of lettuce (Lactuce sativa L. cv. New York) and white clover (Triforium repens L.) at the concentration of 400ppm, but the other fractions were less effective. Furthermore, F.1 and F.6 incorporated in pots appeared to be inhibitory on the growth of seedlings of lettuce, large crabgrass (Digitaria adscendens Henr.) and white clover. The seedlings treated also showed reductions in dry weight. These fractions also gave an inhibitory effect on the growth of the nutsedge plant itself.
    3) The essential oil content in purple nutsedge was high in underground parts such as tubers, rhizomes and roots. However, the essential oil content changed both in aerial and underground parts throughout the growing season. Especially, a remarkable changes was shown in the roots from 30 days to 60 days after planting.
    4) GC-MS analysis indicates the presence of sesquiterpenoids such as cyperene, β-elemene, caryophyllene, α-humulene, β-selinene, cyperenone and α-cyperone in the steam distillate of soil with purple nutsedge. These data suggested that components of F.1 and F.6 are responsible for inhibitory action on test plants.
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  • 1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 48-62
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Kunikazu UEKI, Hiroshi HYAKUTAKE, Katsuichiro KOBAYASHI, Minoru TAKABA ...
    1980 Volume 25 Issue 1 Pages 63-70
    Published: June 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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