The purpose of this paper is to clarify the content of Reality-Shock (RS) and the recovery process from RS in Cooperating on Community-Reactivating. As a result of having interviewed 9 members of Community-Reactivating Cooperator Squad (CRCS), the following things became clear. CRCS had experienced 4 types of RS at the beginning. They are RS about “the set of work content,” “the orientation of their careers for the future,” “own unripe cooperating skills,” and “their position and treatment as CRCS.” Besides, the degree of influence varies in these RS for CRCS. RS about “the orientation of their careers for the future” has a strong negative influence while “the set of work content” has a positive one. After experiencing RS, CRCS recovered from it by creating work conditions in which effective support could be received. It was considered that “attitude change” is important to create such conditions when CRCS have to express their demands to stakeholders. Furthermore, it is considered that it is also necessary for CRCS to have career perspectives and work on improving their cooperating skills in the recovery process from RS.

In many agricultural and mountainous villages, private cars are indispensable for daily life. If individuals cannot drive or do not have access to private transport, there is limited opportunity for mobility. While the resources of local governments are limited, in order to ensure enough means of transportation in these areas, it is necessary not only for local governments but also for multiple actors to cooperate to build their own transportation services. Based on a literature review and an interview survey regarding efforts to establish a community-based transport system, this paper focuses on the relationship between each actor in order to clarify how to coordinate interests and form a collaborative structure. It also highlights the challenges involved in various stages of this process.

We focused on new soybean cropping systems for food security and income generation among smallholder farmers in highland areas of northern Mozambique. Using a comprehensive data set obtained from on-farm trials, questionnaire survey to trial farmers, their recording of farming activities, and measurement of their farmlands, we constructed a linear programming model to analyze the economic viability of new soybean cropping systems under different farm conditions. The result indicates that the introduction of such systems is economically viable among nearly half of the sample farmers. Even though they face major problems inherent in soybean farming such as lack of finance for labor employment and decline in soybean price, there is still room to introduce new cropping systems, especially soybean and maize intercropping in order to improve food and income supplies.