Infrared spectroscopic techniques of mass-selected neutral clusters and cluster cations in supersonic beams are newly developed by combining a vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization. The methods are applied to ammonia clusters and unprotonated ammonia cluster cations. The spectroscopic principles of the methods and the infrared spectra of ammonia clusters and cluster cations are reviewed.
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are the most powerful analytical methods for trace and ultratrace element analysis with high sensitivity as well as multielement capability, wide liner dynamic range and less interferences. The fundamentals, instrumentation, analytical feasibilities, and applications of these instruments are described.