The photolysis of trichlorofluoromethane (F-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12) in distilledor sea-water was investigated. The aqueous solutions of F-11 (245, 446 ppt) and F-12 (467, 678 ppt) were subjected to photolysis by a xenon lamp or under the sunlight and the amount of the remaining fluorocarbons was analyzed with ECD-GLC using the head space technique. When F-11 or F-12 in distilled-water was irradiated by a xenon lamp, 41% and 20% of them respectively were lost after 8h. The decomposition of the fluorocarbons in sea-water proceeded more efficiently, and approximately 63% of both F-11 and F-12 were lost by the irradiation with a xenon lamp. Under the sunlight, however, both fluorocarbons decomposed so slow that the loss of only 8% of F-11 in seawater was observed under the same experimental conditions for 4 weeks, whereas no significant decrease of F-11 and F-12 in distilled-water was observed during the experiment of 4 weeks.

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In order to determine a natural yellow dye from the fruits of gardenia in various foods, thinlayer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed for the identification of geniposide which was a main component of the fruits of gardenia. Samples were analysed on TLC of silica gel (the solvent system for detection of geniposide : chloroform/methanol/water=65 : 35 : 10v/v, lower layer) and HPLC (Shodex ODS column with a mobile phase of 0.05M disodiumhydrogenphosphate/acetonitril=85 : 15v/v). This method was found to be a sensitive way to identify a natural yellow dye from the fruits of gardenia in foods.

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Effects of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (300 mg/kg, i.p.) injected as a 6.25% solution in olive oil twice a week for 3 weeks on lipid peroxide level and biochemical parameters have been studied with male rats. HCB leads to increases in liver weight, liver lipid, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, the level of cytochrome P450 and b₅, and the activity of NADPH dependent cytochrome C reductase. The increase of TBA value was localized upon 105000×g pellet. The concentration of HCB in liver fraction was not related with the level of TBA value. The concentration of HCB perlipid of 105000×g pelllet was almost equal to those of the other pellets. The elevation of TBA value due to HCB administration was closely correlated with the increases of cytochrome P450 and lipid concentration (Correlation coefficient was over 0.99).

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A simplified analysis of benzo (α) pyrene (BαP) in airborne particulates was investigated by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Airborne particulates were collected on a glass fiber filter (20×25 cm) by a Hi-volume air sampler and a part of the filter (diameter ; 14 mm) was placed on a column filled with 2g of basic alumina. BαP in the particulate was extracted by an eluting solvent of ethanol and benzene. The eluate was completely evaporated under reduced pressure and then the residue was redissolved in acetonitrile. BαP was analyzed by a reversed phase HPLC equipped with a spectrofluorometer. Recovery of BαP and its coefficient of variation by this method were 98.7% and 1.84%, respectively. when this method was applied to the determination of BαP in airborne particulates, the analytical data were in good agreement with those by conventional method ; ultrasonic extraction-HPLC method. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are well separated by a reversed phase column. Extraction and clean-up are performed simultaneously to simplify the procedure and save time for the analysis. The advantage of HPLC using a spectrofluorometer is its sensitivity and selectivity.

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The transport of cadmium-binding protein produced in chlorella cells (Ch-CbBP) across rat intestine was in vitro studied using a segment of everted rat small intestine in comparison with CdCl₂. 1) When Ch-CdBP or CdCl₂ was added to the mucosal solution, the transport of Ch-CdBP or CdCl₂ from mucosa to serosa was nearly proportional to the initial Cd concentration and to the incubation time. 2) A significantly higer transport of Cd of Ch-CdBP than that of CdCl₂ was observed but Cd accumulation in the tissue of small intestine was lower in case of Ch-CdBP. 3) It was suggested that Ch-CdBP was transported across rat small intestine without any degradation or change, because Sephadex G-75 gel filtration profile of Cd in the serosal solution after the addition of Ch-CdBP in the mucosal solution was almost identical to gel filtration profile of Ch-CdBP.

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Young (1.5-month-old) and adult (12-month-old) Wistar female rats were used to study the influence of age on the distribution of cadmium. One-half of each group was injected subcutaneously with CdCl₂ (1.0 mg of Cd/kg body weight) in saline and the other rats in each group received saline alone (0.5 ml/kg) every day for 2 weeks. Exposure to cadmium resulted in an increase of cadmium and zinc in the liver and kidneys. The Cd/Zn ratio in the kidneys was significantly greater in the 12-month-old rats than in the 1.5-month-old rats, although the concentration of cadmium in the former was only slightly greater than that in the latter. Most of the accumulated cadmium in the kidneys was bound to metallothionein in both groups. The Cd/Zn ratio in renal metallothionein was significantly greater in the 12-month-old rats than in the 1.5-month-old rats. These results suggest that there are some differences in the metabolism of zinc and/or cadmium in the kidneys, particularly in relation to metallothionein, between 1.5- and 12-month-old rats.

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Red tides appearing in the coast area of Japan cause the mass mortalities of fish and other marine organisms together with the decrease of fish catch for seveal ten days. In 1972 the most severe case occurred in the Harima Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, by the red tides due to Chattonella antiqua (HADA) ONO, when 14 million yellow tail fishes were killed corresponding to the loss of 72 billion yens. The fish kill due to C. antiqua occurred successively in 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1982 in the Harima Nada and other water areas. The countermeasure against the outbreaks of the red tides is one of the most important marine environmental problems to be established. The present author proposed the mechanism of fish kill by C. antiqua. The potent toxic substances were not found in C. antiqua thus far. The destruction of surface cells of the gills by free fatty acids contained in C. antiqua seems the first step of the fish kill. The following accumulation of lactic acid in the blood caused the decrease of Boar's effect of hemoglobin. Decrease of dissolved oxygen in sea water promotes the fish death in suffocation caused by these situations (Fig. 2). The minimum lethal cell density of C. antiqu was estimated as about 500 cells/ml at 23°C in 100% saturation of dissolved oxygan.

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A number of unicellular microalgae, either planktonic or benthic and either with or without flagella, elaborate toxins which are accumulated by fish or shellfish and lead to human intoxication when the fish or shellfish are consumed. Examples are demonstrated with Protogonyaulax spp. and Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa in paralytic shellfish poisoning, Dinophysis fortii in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, Gambierdiscur toxicus in ciguatera, and Ptychodiscus brevis in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Recent progress made on the chemical structures and pharmacological properties of the causative toxins was reviewed with emphasis on saxitoxin derivatives, okadaic acid and its esters, dinophysistoxins, ciguatoxin and maitotoxin, and brevetoxins. Toxins involved in mass fish kills are also reviewed briefly.

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Paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), a potent neurotoxin with specific toxicity comparable to that of tetrodotoxin, is mainly produced by toxic species of Protogonyaulax. The PSP produced, is believed to be transferred through the food chain to bivalves which appear not to be affected by the ingestion of plankton. However, man is poisoned when he eats infested bivalves, with typical symptoms such as numbness of limbs, paralysis of lips and death in serious case. The PSP infestation to bivalves followed by outbreaks of human poisoning has long been known in North America and Canada. Similarly, since 1975, frequent PSP infestation to bivalves and sporadic PSP poisoning cases have also been reported in Japan, posing a serious public health problem as well as a great economic loss in fishery industry. PSP has recently been found to be composed of many components, separable from toxic plankton and bivalves ; many of their structures and properties were elucidated. It has thus come to the recognition that PSP might exist in plankton as such low-toxic component (s) as GTX₅, GTX₆, GTX₈ and others.

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Musty odor have become more frequent problem with increasing use of reservoirs as sources of water supply in Japan. Musty odor problems occur in the eutrophicated reservoirs, but that occurrences are not related to concentration of nutrients, phosphate ane nitrogen. In Japanese reservoirs the occurrences rato of the musty odor problem increased proportionately to an increase in potassium permanganate consumption. We have developed a new analytical method for measuring odorous compounds, geosmin and 2-MIB, at a concentration of nanogram per liter level. Using this method slow sand filtration was found to be effective for removing odor, where the odorous compounds were reduced to less than 10 ng/l in the effluents. The analyses of the water taken from the lake as well as of the laboratory cultures of the blue-green algae led to the conclusion that 2-MIB is produced by Phormidium temue, whereas geosmin by Anabaena macrospora in Lake Biwa.

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