A fundamental studies were made on chemical changes of phenol during chlorination of water by means of electron capture detector-gas liquid chromatography and the following results wereobtained. In the water chlorinated at pH 7.0, phenol was easily chlorinated by a substitution mechanism to give chlorophenols. The number of substituted hydrogen atoms increased with increasing concentration of HClO, and the concentration of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (I) formed in water reached a maximum level within 30 min. Then the chlorine in para-position of I was hydrolyzed off and subsequently oxidized with HClO, if present at a high concentration, to form 2, 6-dichloro-1, 4-benzoquinone, which was not stable in the chlorinated water at pH 7.0. In an alkaline solution at pH 9.0, phenol was chlorinated with ClO^- to form chlorophenols which were somewhat stable in this water. Chlorination of phenol was hardly influenced by the presence of alkaline metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Cl^-, CO^2-₃, NO^-₃, PO^2-₄, and SO^2-₄ in less than 5 ppm, but suppressed by Fe²⁺, Sn²⁺, NO^-₂, and S₂O^2-₃.

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The effects of intraperitoneal administration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenic strain on carbohydrate metabolism in mice at varying administration doses were examined. The content of liver glycogen in mice at 5 hr after injection decreased in inverse proportion to the increase of the dose of viable pathogen. On the other hand, the level of blood sugar in mice changed effectively with an increase in the dose, and at the dose of 0.8 mg (2.72×10⁵ cells) a distinct hypoglycemia appeared within 5 hr after injection. The activities of hepatic phosphorylase and G-6-Pase showed a tendency similar to the rise and the fall in the levels of blood sugar. The result of this experiment suggests a complexicity of metabolic response in host to the aggression of pathogen.

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In order to establish a method for toxicological evaluation regarding bio-availability of heavy metals in food, the chemical form of cadmium in rice was investigated. Polishing of the rice can remove only a little of cadmium. In aluron particles separated by the differece of specific gravity from powdered rice, cadmium was located in 3.5-fold higher concentration than other portions, but it was far lower than the degree of concentration of phosphorus, mainly in phytic acid, which is about 65 fold. Cadmium was effectively removed from polished rice grains by only dipping them in acidic medium, but not in neutral and a little in alkaline media. Protein and relatively small portion of phosphorus accompanied cadmium by acidic treatment. On the other hand, diluted sodium chloride solution could also elute cadmium out of rice grains along with phytate-phosphorus. Both effects, acid and salt, look like additive and more than 95% of cadmium was removed from rice grains by several hours of dipping in a mixture of 1% acetic acid and 5% sodium chloride solution. The mode of release of cadmium, protein, and phosphorus under various pH conditions and the subsequent gel filtration of released cadmium fraction reveal that cadmium in rice grains exist as an insoluble complex with phytic acid and protein, which will become soluble, presumably in an inorganic form, in an acidic medium and also become partly soluble under alkaline condition making partly in a high molecular protein-binding form.

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In order to study the placental transfer of mercury compounds (methylmercury and inorganic mercury), mercury-binding proteins in human placenta were examined by comparing with proteins binding with Zn, Cu, Cd, or Se, and the following results were obtained. 1) The human placenta supernatants were fractionated by Sephadex G-75 column. Zn was mainly bound to high molecular weight (mol. wt.) proteins, but Cu was observed in several mol. wt. ranges. Se was bound both to high and low mol. wt. proteins. Cd was primarily found in low mol. wt. fractions (metallothionein) with only a minute amount in high mol. wt. fractions. Zn and Cu concentration in umbilical cord blood was lower than that in maternal blood. 2) Inorganic mercury was bound both to high (void volume to 40000) and low (about 1100, metallothionein-like protein) mol. wt. proteins. Methylmercury bound to high mol. wt. proteins (void volume to 40000), but components of low mol. wt. (only a few thousands) were also observed. It was noted that methylmercury-binding proteins were differrent from inorganicmercury-binding proteins and, therefore, it was suggested that methylmercury compounds were more transferable across the placenta than inorganic mercury compounds.

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A method in which polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) residual at trace concentration in water are concentrated using an alkylbenzenesulfonic acid-binding polyamide column and determined by gas-liquid chromatography was investigated. The sample was submitted to the polyamide column and then PCN were eluted from the column with ethanol. After dilution of the eluate with water, PCN were extracted with hexane, and the extract was washed with concentrated sulfuric acid. After evaporation of hexane, the residue was applied to polyamide thin-layer chromatography, giving a good separation of PCN from polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides. The purified PCN were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (ECD). The water samples fortified with PCN at a level of 0.5 ppb were successfully determined, giving the recovery of 83.9-86.9%.

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A method for gas-liquid chromatographic determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) in biological samples were investigated. This method is based on saponification of the sample with an alkaline ethanolic solution, extraction of PCN with hexane, treatment of the extract with concentrated sulfuric acid, clean-up of the extract by silica gel column chromatography, the separation from polychlorinated biphenyls by thin-layer chromatography on polyamide, and then the determination by gas-liquid chromatography using an electron-capture detector. Fatty biological samples fortified with PCN at a level of 10 ppb were analyzed by this method, with recoveries of 83.6-89.3%.

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Available chlorine in the aqueous solutions of variously chlorinated isocyanuric acids and isocyanuric acids with hypochlorous acid was separately determined for free and combined types by the utilization of difference in the reactivity of the free and combined types with the DPD method and neutral o-tolidine method. Reaction of the commercial isocyanuric acid in a high concentration with hypochlorous acid resulted in the formation of a combined chlorine but when isocyanuric acid repeatedly recrystallized from hot water was used, there was no formation of the combined chlorine. Isocyaunric acid obtained by evaporation of the recrystallization mother liquor formed a larger amount of combined chlorine than the original acid. These facts seem to indicate that the formation of combined available chlorine is due to impurities contained in commercial isocyanuric acid. In order to examine the reactivity of available chlorine in monochloroisocyanuric acid, its formation from isocyanuric acid by chlorination was attempted. Mass spectra were measured of chlorinated isocyanuric acids formed, with 18-79% chlorine content, and their structural components analyzed. Samples with high chlorine content consisted of trichloro compound and there was no peak of the monochloro compound. However, addition of isocyanuric acid to that sample resulted in the appearance of the peak of monochloroisocyanuric acid in its mass spectrum, in spite of the absence of the monochloro compound. In the samples with relatively low chlorine content, presence of isocyanuric acid and dichloroisocyanuric acid cannot be avoided, and the presence of monochloro compound in the sample could not be confirmed directly. The available chlorine in the chlorinated isocyanuric acids was measured as the free available chlorine, irrespective of its content. Free chlorine in chlorinated isocyanuric acid was preliminarily removed by boiling its solution and an aqueous solution containing ca. 500 ppm as isocyanuric acid was prepared. A solution of hypochlorous acid was then added for reaction with isocyanuric acid but there was no formation of the combined type chlorine. This fact also shows that impurities in isocyanuric acid have been removed by chlorination.

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The agglutination of bacterial cells, which are important from the standpoint of food hygiene, was carried out using various phytohemagglutinins (PHAs). The cells of St. epidermidis s-3090, E. coli NIHJ, and S. nagoya were agglutinated by soybean agglutinin (SBA). The cells of Staphylococcus strain were agglutinated by concanavalin A. Agglutinability of the cells was generally correlated with the number of receptor sites for PHA on the cell surface, and the number of ¹²⁵I-labeled SBA bound to E. coli NIHJ was 7.1×10⁵ molecules per cell. It was found that the binding of SBA to E. coli NIHJ was inhibited by D-galactose and the dispersion of the cells agglutinated by SBA was accelerated by the same sugar.

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A method for separation of eighteen phthalate esters involving the isomers by thin-layer chromatography using polyamide was examined. When developed with methanol-water systems, all of the compounds tested were clearly separated on the plates, showing typical patterns in reversed phase partition chromatography. The solvent systems most suitable for the separation of the isomers were also found, The technique will be applicable to a clean-up procedure in the analysis by gas-liquid chromatography.

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The properties of bacterial cells agglutinated by phytohemagglutinins were compared. The growth of agglutinated cells was slightly delayed than that of normal cells. In the case of the binding of soybean agglutinin (SBA) to E. coli NIHJ, the morphorogical change of the cells was observed within 24 hr. The drug sensitivity of St. epidermidis s-3090 cells bound to SBA or Ricinus communis agglutinin was accerelated, whereas the sensitivity of cells bound to concanavalin A was decreased.

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The formaldehyde concentration of a dilute solution prepared with deionized water, which is frequently used in laboratories, decreased rapidly in a few days and formaldehyde disappeared within about 2 weeks at room temperature. When the solution was prepared with river water, the decreasing rate of formaldehyde in the solution was markedly accelerated. The solution was stabilized by using steamsterilied water or by the addition of chloroform, cupric ion (10 ppm), or mercuric ion (10 ppm). The solution was also stable in acidic medium of below pH 2 or alkaline medium of above pH 12. From these experimental results, it was ascertained that the decrease of formaldehyde was due to its decomposition by microbes.

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