The processes of aging result in many physiological changes which can lead to alterations in both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Such changes can result in altered sensitivity to chemicals, whether drugs or environmental agents, in the elderly. It is extremely difficult, however, to generalize about the nature of such changes. Part of this may reflect disagreement, or at least, confusion in the literature over what the term"age"means. It is not uncommon for a study to discuss age-related changes and, in fact, be comparing neonatal to pubescent or young adult animals. Therefore, it is clear that"age"should always be clearly defined. When interest is in post-maturational changes which occur during the lifespan, age-related comparisons should be made between young adults, middle-aged organisms, and, at the very least, those at the mean life-span of the population. This requirement has been stated before, but not always adhered to. Studies comparing only very young and terminally senescent animals may not provide a fair representation of the effects occuring over the life-span of the species in question. While no broad generalization can be made about pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic changes, it is probably fair to state that such changes will often occur. The result, in terms of altered sensitivity, is unpredictable. However, it is likely that such changes will lead to a population at special risk to environmental toxicants.

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A method for the quantitative estimation of characteristics of inorganic components in rain water is proposed. In this paper, the following relationships were studied : SO₄^2- vs. various cations ; NO₃^- vs. various cations ; and Cl^- vs. various cations. By stoichiometric analysis, the chemical forms and the sources of airborne materials in rain water were determined. Rainfall events on the Japan Sea side of Japan (Kanazawa) were analyzed and additionally compared with data for the Tokyo area (Kanto region). Some samples contained Cl^- released from anthropogenic sources as well as from maritime sources. The excess (non-maritime) Ca²⁺ in some samples still retained a correlation with maritime components, although other excess cations were almost independent of maritime components. Since the sum of NO₃^- and Cl^- (in meq/1) was approximately equal to that of NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺, it was suggested that there was a mechanism to balance the anions and the cations. As a result, hydrogen ion concentration was expressed as a function of SO₄^2- and Ca²⁺ concentrations.

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A monitoring method was developed to determine mean concentrations of pesticides in air for a long period in a week. The pesticides investigated were fenitrothion, malathion, fenthion, phenthoate, tetrachlorovinphos, edifenphos, pyridaphenthion and fenobucarb. Air was sampled into a glass column with 115 mm by 17 mm i.d. (3 mm i.d. at both sides) packed with 5 g of activated carbon (Calgon BPL of 35 to 60 mesh) at 0.1 to 0.5 l/min for 7 d. The sampled pesticides were eluted from the activated carbon column by 100 ml of benzene at 0.5 ml/min. The eluate was concentrated to 0.3 ml for the determination by use of gas chromatography on a glass column with 2 m by 3 mm i.d. packed with 5% silicone DC-200 on Chromosorb W AW-DMCS (60 to 80 mesh). A flame thermionic detector was used for fenobucarb and a flame photometric detector for the others. The desorption efficiencies of the pesticides from activated carbon column were ranged from 77 to 99%. Recoveries of the pesticides on the overall performance of this method were 73 to 95% ; the minimum determinable concentrations were 0.05 ng/m³ (for fenitrothion) to 0.23 ng/m³ (for edifenphos). This method was applied to determine the pesticides in rural areas in Niigata Prefecture from May, 1988 to March, 1989 ; fenitrothion, edifenphos, pyridaphenthion and fenobucarb were detected from May to October.

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The allergen in commercial Red No. 225 (Sudan III), which has been used as a coloring matter for cosmetics or topical medications, was identified. Sudan I (0.057%), 2-naphthol (0.0048%) and azobenzene (0.0080%) were determined by HPLC, but commercial Red No. 225 comprised most unknown compounds. Therefore, to identify allergens, impurities were isolated, respectively. After solvent precipitation of most Sudan III, impurities in the filtrate were separated into five fractions by preparative thin-layer chromatography. Fraction (Fr) 1, Fr 2 and Fr 3 consisted of predominantly single compound, respectively. The three fractions, Fr 2, Fr 3 and Fr 4, showed positive responses in guinea pig skin sensitization test. As a result of analayses with nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and mass spectrometry, the structure of Fr 3 was clarified as an isomer of Sudan III ; 1-(o-phenylazophenylazo)-2-naphthol. The identification of impurities in the Fr 2 and Fr 4 has been under investigation.

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The rapid and simple analysis of protein samples without laborious pretreatments was studied by using pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC). At first, correlations of the composition ratio of amino acid residues and peak intensity of their degradation products were investigated by PGC of simple protein samples whose composition of aminio acid were known. In 13 amino acids, it was possible to determine the composition ratio of amino acid residue in the protein with the peak intensities of their degradation products. This method was carried out in several protein samples (wool etc.), in which the results were similar to the reported values. In addition, the present method was possible to discriminate the protein species with the combused residues of protein samples or these proteins contained in KBr disk for infrared spectrometry. This method described in this report was useful for the identification of these protein samples in forensic chemistry.

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Purification efficiency is often lowerd when various chemicals are flowed to the activated sludge in wastewater treatment plant. This paper describes the efficiency of various parameters in determining the toxicity of chemicals to activated sludge. The following five parameters were compared by using mercury (II) chloride, mercury (II) acetate, copper (II) chloride and copper (II) acetate as test chemicals ; COD removal rate, oxygen uptake rate (OUR), nitrification, alkaline phosphatase activity (Al-PA) and TTC-succinate dehydrogenase activity (TTC-SDHA), and the following conclusions were obtained ; 1) Among five parameters tested, OUR proved to be the most simple, rapid and sensitive parameter to determine the qualitative toxicity of chemicals to activated sludge. 2) Other four parameters, COD removal rate, nitrification, Al-PA and TTC-SDHA, were fairly time-consuming and less sensitive than OUR.

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A simple method for the determination of benzene in the household products containing organic solvents by head space gas chromatography was developed. Two grams of sample was taken in a 100 ml of vial bottle together with 20 ml of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. The bottle was sealed and incubated for 30 min at 25°C, An aliquot of 0.5 ml of head space gas was analyzed by gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Benzene was also specifically determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Microdiffusion method (Conway's method) was adopted as a clean-up procedure. Ten milliliter of ethanol was added to an outer ring and a center portion of the Conway microdiffusion unit. One gram of sample was added to the solvent in the outer ring. The unit was sealed and stood at 30°C for 24 h. After standing, the solution in the center portion is taken in a volumetric flask and made up to 20 ml with ethanol. Ten μl of the solution was injected to HPLC equipped with ultra violet detector. By these methods, 30 commercial products were analyzed. A spot remover contained 26.7% of benzene. 2-3% of benzene was detected in some spot removers and remover for ski wax, but not detected in mildewcide and corrosion inhibitor.

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Simultaneous determination method of 7 kinds of pyrethroids (pyrethrum, permethrin, cypermethrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate, fluvalinate and tralomethrin) was investigated. Two to twenty g of minced fruits, vegetables or potatoes were homogenized with acetone, filtered, and concentrated to 50 ml. Then, 50 ml of coagulating reagent and 5 g of Celite 545 was added and filtrated by sunction. Green tea leaves were infused with boiling water. Tannic acid in the green tea extract was removed by the saturated lead acetate solution. Then, 100 ml of 10% NaCl was added and pesticides was extracted twice by 100 ml of n-hexane and concentrated to 5 ml. Lipids were removed by n-hexane-acetonitrile partition and the samples were purified using Florisil column. Pyrethroids were determined by ECD-GC using capillary column CBP1. Recoveries of 7 pyrethroids added at the concentrations of 0.25-4.72 ppm were 67.6-97.3% for vegetables, fruits and potato, 27.4-82.7% for polished rice and soybean, and 31.5-89.3% for green tea extract. But some pyrethroid components of pyrethroids in the peel of natsumikan were unable to determine because of interfering peaks. None of the 7 pyrethroid pesticides was detected by ECD-GC and GC-MS identification.

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This paper describes a new method to measure individual levels of atmospheric hydrogen chloride gas by use of a simple personal sampler. A main principle of the method is based on the discoloration of a colored silver complex by removal of Ag⁺ from the complex as AgCl. In order to differentiate HCl from NaCl, a pH indicator is also included in the method. As a result of a combination of discoloration, the sensitivity of the method increased significantly. A complexing agent, 4-(3, 5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-N, N-diethylaniline (PAEA) and the pH indicator, bromothymol blue (BTB) are immobilized in aqueous polyacrylamide gel (PAG) by inpregnating gels in the solution of these reagents. The gels thus prepared, HCl-PAG, are held in an appropriate carrying case and used in the same manner as a filter badge. The color change from blue to yellow could be observed at higher than 14.6 μg of hydrogen chloride. The advantage of this method is that it enables to make semiquantitative determination of hydrogen chloride by simple comparison of color change with a standard color chart instead of using spectrophotometer.

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A procedure for decomposition of contaminants in environmental water by simultaneous treatment with ozone and UV irradiation (ozone/UV treatment) was applied to linear dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) in river water. Total organic carbon in the river water was decreased by this, though the reduction was not total and some persistent substances remained. When various river waters supplemented with DBS were treated with both ozone and UV, DBS was completely decomposed into inorganic carbons, while the decomposition was incomplete with ozone treatment alone. These results suggest that ozone/UV treatment is an effective procedure for purifying wastewater containing DBS.

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Tetrahyrocannabinol and cannabinol were identified and determined in cannabis seeds sold as feed for birds by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

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