ABSTRACT.　Recently, infectious diseases of wildlife occurred in conjunction with anthropogenic activities become critical problem and are considered associated with relation between humans and wildlife. Humans feed wildlife for various purposes such as just fun, tourist attractions, and conservation, although wildlife can live without our intense supports. Feeding wildlife can cause increase in population density of specific species at feeding sites, led to negative impact on ecological health such as changes of their behavioral ecology and loss of biodiversity. In addition, it can increase potential risk of infectious diseases and actually the outbreak of feeding-related incidents were recognized; highly pathogenic avian influenza in Hooded cranes in Izumi, Kagoshima, 2010 salmonellosis in Eurasian tree sparrows in Asahikawa, Hokkaido, winter 2008 - 2009 and avian pox in crows in Hokkaido, Japan, since 2006, considered associated with feeding for conservation, bird table, and garbage, respectively. Moreover congregation of wildlife at feeding sites may increase contact opportunities among them, and with other species, livestock, and humans, which increase risks for disease spread and spillover. For ecological health supporting lives of humans, livestock, and wildlife, epidemiological studies and biosecurity countermeasures on infectious diseases associated with relation between humans and wildlife.

ABSTRACT.　Controlling infection risks in handling injured wildlife is important. However，it is unclear how much contamination occurs to the fingers during handling of injured wild birds. In this study, we examined 46 birds of 17 species, which were rescued at the Aomori Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, and investigated contamination of fingers after each examination by using ATP bioluminescence.

　ATP bioluminescence values of the fingers increased from 1.6±1.0×10² RLU to 2.1±2.0×10⁴ RLU after examination of injured wild birds. Especially, the ATP bioluminescence values increased after handling of traumatized and dysstatic birds (2.9±1.7×10⁴ RLU), which were significantly higher than the values of uninjured birds (5.0±2.8 ×10³ RLU). Note that the ATP bioluminescence values also differed by the ecology of species. It is therefore important to wear gloves during handling injured birds and wash hands afterward in order to lower the infection risk.

ABSTRACT.　Although there are various wildlife diseases that cause serious damage to wildlife, domestic animals, and/or human, human activities cause some of these wildlife diseases. Development of wildlife disease surveillance allows for early detection of diseases because wildlife serves as sentinels for health in all species. Since 2008, Ministry of the Environment has conducted the nation-wide surveillance of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in wild birds cooperating with prefectural governments and universities. In spite of this surveillance system for the specific disease, there are no comprehensive surveillance systems for other wildlife disease problems. In this report, the current circumstances and challenges that surround wildlife diseases surveillance in Japan were reviewed referring other countries’ cases.

ABSTRACT.　The authors have investigated Salmonella in wildlife in and around livestock farms in Hokkaido. The prevalence of Salmonella in wildlife including crows, ducks, raccoons and foxes and the characteristics of the isolates in our investigation suggest that there are epidemiological relationships between wildlife and livestock. For control of multihost pathogens, such as salmonella, we need approach to wildlife, livestock and human comprehensively, with considering ecology of the pathogens.