Currently, activation of the international exchange activities on wildlife medicine is requested, in eastern Asian countries, including Japan. Understanding the situation of each countries and facilitate sharing the problem consciousness are needed to find a way of the coexistence of wild animal and human being. A symposium, "Networking of Zoo and Wildlife Medical Activities in East Asia", has been held in 16th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, not only to better understand the existence of the threat to the wild animal in each countries, but also the situation of the risks that cross over the border. The speakers from China, Korea and Taiwan were invited, to present the circumstance of the virus that brought by wild birds, and other existing risks to wildlife. The majority of the panelists indicated the importance to share the information of the recent situation of each country. Especially, several rules should be settled when monitor the situation of the infectious diseases, that could be transported by the migrating birds; article to monitor (virus), species etc. Also, to establish immediate and straight information sharing system is an acute issue. Each countries situated on the flight way of the migrating birds, should coordinate on their conservation, by making a hazard map of the existing risks. 1.

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In order to gain the most advantage from the death of an animal, the use of a pathological examination will provide the greatest cost-effectiveness. Here we offer some pointers for obtaining reliable results from a pathological examination.

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The pathologic anatomy elucidates the individual cause of death and gives much information, check of the quality of the treatment, and simulation of the surgical operation for clinical veterinarian. Furthermore, we think that the keeper should participate in pathologic anatomy. Because it can make use of the cause of animal's death on husbandry and improvement in nutrition. However, the clinical veterinarian may not have a lot of time that is enough for pathologic anatomy. This report introduces clearly macroscopic observation, systematic pathologic anatomy to sampling. In reference to this procedure, we want significant pathologic anatomy to carry out by safety in consideration of zoonosis.

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The possibilities of research in zoo were discussed about the academic freedom and the curiosity of researchers. The two essential points actually control the development of research in social education.

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Zoo is an education and research center. Here we would like to introduce part of our research and to discuss what is “research” in the zoo? Two studies have been reported; (1) the test of hemagglutinaion inhibition antibody titiers of Newcastle disease in zoo bird, and (2) the soil bacterial flora analysis with genetical method. It is important to build internal and external cooperative relations for investigation research in the zoo. Although zoo veterinarians are required to do large variety of works, it needs to do the investigation research activities continuously for not only zoo field site but the public.

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The exhibitions of animals at zoo and aquarium are valuable in studying not only the behavior and activity of the wild animals, but also their functional morphology. The two types of exhibitions, the “Traditional exhibition” and “Behavioral exhibition” observed at zoo and aquarium are useful in their own way in observing the animals. The traditional exhibition is useful in observing the body parts and its movement of the animal in close range. The behavioral exhibition is useful in observing the animal actions in the state of nearly natural environments. It is important to understand the characteristics of these exhibition styles in order to effectively to study the function of the morphology in animals. The researches based on the animals kept at zoo and aquarium from various view points will enlighten further studies of zoology.

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The current situation of zoo and aquarium in Korea are introduced. Research activity in Seoul Grand Park Zoo including the artificial breeding of the endangered species is described. Future collaboration with Japanese specialists is expected for the conservation of common species in Japan and Korea.

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The era has been coming when antibiotics overuse is often seen in infectious diseases therapy for animals as well as human. It leads to increase of resistant bacteria to antibiotics, which become a threat to their environment and life. The proper use of antibiotics is the critical element for clinical efficacy, few side effects, and prevention from development of antibiotic resistance. Nowadays, design of antibiotics therapy is based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics theory which stands for parameters including Cmax/MIC for aminoglycosides, AUC/MIC for fluoroquinolones, and time above MIC for beta-lactams. A new therapeutic design of two-step infusion is expected for clinical efficacy and prevention for resistant bacteria.

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The lecture and discussion in the symposium was organized on conservation strategies for preventing the extinction of Tsushima leopard cat（Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus）that is listed as Critically endangered species (ⅠA) in the Red Data Book edited by the Ministry of Environment of Japan. For the conservation of Tsushima leopard cats, continuous efforts in related regions of the projects should be made including 1) comprehensive approaches in terms of the administration, local government and organizations, and the attitude of local people towards the animals in the wild habitat, 2) a peripheral support by veterinarian organization for preventing the transmission of infectious diseases mediated by domestic cats, which is a part of cause of population decrease, and 3) captive breeding in ex-situ conservation in zoos for the reintroduction. There has been limited progress on the reintroduction program of endangered mammals in Japan. The present project will be expected to play a key role for the future revolution of wildlife conservation.

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The title of the student session of Fukuoka congress was “The present situation and actions for Wildlife issues in Kyushu and Okinawa area”. The purpose of this session was to enlarge the mind and to raise student's interest in wildlife issues in Kyushu and Okinawa. We invited three lecturers to tell students about their actions. Mr.Takashi Nagamine (Conservation & Animal Welfare Trust) spoke about Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis, and Gallirallus okinawae in Okinawa. Ms.Hiromi Yoshida (Sea Turtle Association of Japan) told us about the sea turtle research which she did while she was a student in Miyazaki. Mr.Kanji Tamai (Hirakawa Zoological Park) lectured about Herpestes javanicus, the alien species in Kagoshima. We learned that the most important thing to solve wildlife issues is to make and keep the connection among people in communities, professional and student who is interested in wildlife. Students should create and continue to strengthen this relationship. This network will develop the wildlife medicine and will solve the wildlife issues in the near future.

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We propose a method for obtaining three-dimensional digitized morphology using skull collections from natural history museums. The skull specimens are three-dimensionally digitized by computed tomography (CT), and the original morphological data is stored on a hard disk or server in the natural history museum. The data can be used to morphologically observe and describe the skulls in detail. The skulls can be examined freely from any viewing angle and can be partially removed for nondestructive observations of the inner structure of the specimens. It is possible to quantitatively analyze the form and function of the skulls by using the three-dimensional coordinates. For example the visual system can be functional-morphologically examined in each species by using the three-dimensional coordinates structurally related to orbits or optic nerves. The data were installed as DICOM-standard formatted files, and could be converted to polygonal data using available software. The three-dimensional data can be used in the following manners: (1) volume rendering from voxel data of DICOM-formatted files for qualitative observations of the specimens, and (2) conversion of the DICOM-formatted files to polygonal data for fine osteometry, computer graphics, and artistic design. The DICOM-formatted data can be accessed freely via the internet by users worldwide.

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The tongue and lingual papillae of three species of insectivorous bats: Japanese common pipistrelle, Tube-nosed bats and Asian Particolored bats were observed by scanning electron microscopy and compared to those of other bats. The tongues of these three species were elongated and could be divided into two regions: the anterior lingual and lingual torus. The tongues of the Japanese common pipistrelle and Tube-nosed bats have greatly developed lingual torus and all three species possessed four types of lingual papillae i.e. filiform, fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae. Filiform papillae were distributed in the entire dorsal surface and were classified into four types (bifid, truncated cylinder, large and conical) according to their shape and were distributed in different areas on the dorsal surface of the tongue. The fungiform papillae were distributed from anterior tongue to lingual torus. Two vallate papillae were situated symmetrically to the median line in the posterior tongue that were encircled by a papillary groove and annular pad. Foliate papillae were located in the posterolateral region of the tongue with an external oval shaped form with a central part divided by a groove. In conclusion, the tongue in the three species of bats studied have a lingual torus and a unique pattern in the distribution of the four types of filiform, fungiform, two vallate and foliate papillae. This morphology is common with that of other insectivorous bats.

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In order to understand residue levels of persistent organochlorines (OCs) in wildlife inhabiting Okinawa, PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, HCB, and chlordane compounds (CHLs) in the liver of feral small Asian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) from the Yambaru area in Okinawa Island were analyzed. The mean concentrations of OCs were in the order of PCBs = DDTs>CHLs>HCB. HCH concentrations were below the detection limit in all the liver samples. The concentrations of DDTs in mongooses were significantly higher than those in raccoon dogs reported previously, whereas CHL levels were notably lower in mongooses. High correlation coefficients were observed between concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, and CHLs in male specimens.

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In this study, we measured the oxygen consumption of 6 resting captive great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and examined seasonal changes in their metabolic rate. The oxygen consumption rate was measured in spring, summer, and winter at the same room temperature of 25°C and at the same level of humidity. Each measurement session lasted for 1 h while animals were resting after acclimation. No significant seasonal differences in the mean weight of the cormorants were observed on the measurement day (ANOVA, p = 0.483). The mean oxygen consumption rate was determined to be 14.96 ml/min·kg in spring, 10.50 ml/min·kg in summer, and 16.93 ml/min·kg in winter. The seasonal difference in oxygen consumption was statistically significant, with the oxygen consumption of great cormorants being 1.6-fold higher in winter than in summer.

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Microsatellite marker assay for individual identification of Japanese serows was developed. Genomic DNA extracted from the skins of 60 Japanese serow specimens collected in Morioka City and surrounding areas was amplified for a set of microsatellite markers for related species. Of 58 markers tested, PCR products were confirmed for 55 markers. DNA fragment analysis was performed on 21 markers for which amplification was particularly good, and polymorphisms were present for 18 of the markers with the number of alleles (N_A) in the range of 2 to 10. All 60 individuals in this sample could be distinguished using 8 markers with N_A≥4.

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