Discrimination of harmful animals and rescue target animals is done by administrative agency, but their process has some of local opinion, research by experts, and measures decision. Although balance of the public interest is very important in measures decision, people of different positions must be compromised to agree policy. Moreover, it is necessary for publicizing about the content and the background of measures decision. In wildlife management, the point of view of the public interest is also involved in the determination of rescue species. However, rabies has occurred in Taiwan in this conference just before. The occurrence of rabies in the region surrounded by the sea lead to necessary of considering the risk that occurs in Japan, and may need to monitor of wild animals. Therefore, it may become necessary to not only damage in life, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, also the point of view of public health. Biodiversity conservation is a challenge for continuing to co-exist wildlife and humans as well as reducing the friction of them. The development of a sustainable society is important in wildlife management and conservation of biodiversity, the society that young people can engage in agriculture, forestry and fisheries has been required.

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The present study reports an abnormality of the neck in a bedridden Asian elephant. When 1 year old, the elephant lost the ability to stand and grew up under the bedridden condition for 3.5 years. Our observations from CT scan revealed that the articular facets of the cervical and first 3 thoracic vertebrae possessed intricately rough surfaces and that the anterior articular processes of C4, C5 and C6 intruded to the adjacent processes. The articular processes were partly fused to the contiguous processes in the C5/C6 and T1/T2 zygapophyseal joints and the processes of C6 were completely coalesced with those of C7. The neck of the bedridden elephant was dorsally bent at 30.4 degrees more than that of a hyperostotic elephant. Under the bedridden condition, the nuchal ligament is contracted without the gravitational load of the head weight. This induces the dorsiflexion of the neck, and then generates a compressive force between adjacent vertebrae. The compressive force might cause the inflammation and bony destruction between the articular processes, and prompt the abnormal ossifications in the articulations through the repairing process. The abnormalities of the articular processes were identified in the attachment site of the nuchal ligament, and the vertebral fusions were distributed intensively on where the compressive force should be converged. This study concludes that a long-term lying posture under the bedridden condition might cause the over-dorsalization of the neck and the deformations of the articular processes in large mammals.

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The reproductive physiology of Kiso mares (Equus caballus) and Przewalski mares (Equus przewalskii) was investigated by fecal steroid analyses. Using the Kiso mares as a model, to determine time-dependent changes in the fecal sampling conditions, an enzyme immunoassay method was used to test the level of rectal fecal hormone changes over time (feces were kept at 20 ℃ ). It showed that the fecal progesterone (P₄) level in luteal and non-luteal phases began to increase after 8 hours, and the fecal estradiol-17β (E₂) and estrone (E₁) levels also increased significantly 84 hours later. The P₄ pattern of feces was found to be similar in the blood of Kiso mares, with a positive correlation of 0.46 (p<0.01). Based on the profile of fecal P₄ in Kiso and Przewalski mares, the average (± SEM) length of the ovarian cycle was 23.6 ± 0.7 and 26.8 ± 0.7 days, respectively. The usual breeding season of Kiso mares is from May or June to November, and that of Przewalski mares is from March or April to the following January, but some mares of the two species exhibited ovarian cycles throughout the year. Fecal P₄ levels of both species were increased from the 60-70th days of pregnancy, high values were maintained from 120-300 days, and then they sharply increased just before parturition. E₂ and E₁ levels also sharply increased from 90 days of pregnancy, reached a peak from 150-190 days, and then gradually decreased approaching parturition. 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one, 5α-pregnane-3, 20-dione, E₂ and E₁ were mainly detected in feces throughout pregnancy, and such steroid analysis is effective for monitoring pregnancy.

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Muscular tissues of 36 wild Tsushima leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) collected from November 2010 to March 2014 were histologically examined. Five animals (13.9%) had sarcocysts of Sarcocystis sp. in their muscles. The sarcocysts were approximately 33-745 μm long and 17-65 μm wide on the histological sections. The sarcocyst walls were approximately 1.4-1.7 μm thick and had numerous finger-like protrusions. Species of Sarcocystis was not identified in the present study.

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