Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan
Online ISSN : 1884-1406
Print ISSN : 0030-5219
ISSN-L : 0030-5219
Volume 22, Issue 1
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • with reference to his alleged “esoteric” teachings
    Kojiro NAKAMURA
    1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 1-20
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Al-Ghazali (1058-1111 A. D.) has generally been known as one of the greatest innovators of the orthodox Islamic thought. It has often been claimed, however, that he had the unpublicized “esoteric” teachings. That is to say, he was in reality a philosopher (failasuf) in the disguise of an orthodox Sufi doctor, in spite of the fact that he once officially denounced philosophers as the dire enemy of the Sunni Islam. Ibn Rushd, a famous Muslim philosopher, was the first to propagate the allegation. In fact, there are some “evidences” favorable for the indictment. First, al-Ghazali hints here and there in his writings that he has some secret ideas which he cannot disclose except to the initiate. Second, there are some works attributed to al-Ghazali which are apparently Neoplatonic in nature. Many scholars, Muslim and non-Muslim, have devoted many articles and books to the study of this problem of the alleged “esoteric” teachings ever since the end of the 19 th century. Particularly the third part of al-Ghazali's Mishkat al-Anwar has attracted the attention of the scholars because of its mystical thought of Neoplatonic tendency.
    Download PDF (1651K)
  • Hideo OGAWA
    1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 21-30
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Since Franz Cumont wrote his two classical books on the diffusion of Oriental cults in the Roman Empire, there have appeared agr eat number of studies devoted to individual aspects of this phenomenon. During this period of active interest, there was an immense progress of archaeological researches for remains of these religions throughout the Roman Empire, while there was no remarkable discovery of new literary sources.
    After the Second World War, Professor Vermaseren inaugurated a new series of monographs contributed by scholars of Oriental cults of various nationalities, that is, Les études preliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'empire romain. In spite of its very modest title («préliminaire»), this series includes substantial, comprehensive, or even decisive works on each topic. In the particular field of Mithraic studies, his Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae is also a monumental work, a worthy successor of Cumont's Textes et monuments.
    At present Professor Vermaseren's interest tends towards a new synthesis of each Oriental cult, which would be realized only through the international cooperation of scholars of same interest.
    Since 1971, another international school, which is devoted exclusively to the study of Mithraic cults has been active in England. With the publication of Journal of Mithraic Studies and the international conference, which is to be held every four years, this new society intends to revolutionize Cumont's classical theories concerning various aspects of Mithraic religion. It is not clear at present, whether this challenge would be very fruitful in near future.
    Download PDF (802K)
  • Yoshiki KANAZAWA
    1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 31-60
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Sowohl hat man in der hellenistischen Zeit die sog. ψιλανθρωια, die Menschenliebe, als eine Königstugend von den Herrschern erhofft, wie auch die politische Begnadigung des Herrschers, die Amnestie, und ebenso deren Folge, d. h. die verliehenen Privilegien, häufig die ψιλανθρωπα in Urkunden genannt sind. Daß die ψιλανθρωπα in Gesuch-und Prozeßurkunden oder in einigen Dankdekreten des Ptolemäerreiches kein bloßes Wohlwollen im Sinne bedeuten (zB. LETRONNE), sondern sie einen faktischen Tatbestand wie einen königlichen Gnadenerlaß usw. hindeuten sollten, war schon von U. WILCKEN festgestellt (erst 1920, APF VI 405) und danach her fährt man mit Erörterungen und Beschreibungen des Lagidenreiches auf dieser Bahn fort.
    In diesem Aufsatz sind etwa sechzehn Quellenstücke aus Inschriften und Papyri sowie auch einem Ostrakon, auf denen das Wort ψιλανθρωπα oder ψιλανθρωπεω solchen Begriffs lautet, je in zweierlei Kategorien abgesondert zusammengebracht: PMey 1, SB 599, 620, 4638, 6236, 7259, 8299, 8883, 9508, PTeb 73, 124, 739, SEG ix 5, UPZ 161, 162 und BGU 1311. Natürlich sind jene der Römerzeit hier nicht berührt, mit Ausnahme von BGU 1053 und 1156. Während des Erlasses über ganzer Landbreite, der Generalamnestie als einer Kategorie der Philanthrôpa, könnte man mit belgischer Fachforscherin der ptolemäischen προσταγματα, Mlle M. -Th. LENGER, für noch andere Kategorie derer eine Privilegsverleihung an Einzelwesen anerkennen: ihren Worten nach, “les philanthrôpa particuliers” (Studi Arangio-Ruiz I 497).
    Die Gegenstände und die Umgebungen usw. der Philanthrôpa in den obengenannten Quellenurkunden sind hier unter jeder Kategorie näher geprüft, damit den Folgerungen zum Schluß:
    Erstens, das Wort ψιλανθρωπα oder ψιλανθρπεω habe während des 3. Jhdts. vChr. nur eine Bedeutung des Wohlwollens bzw. der Barmherzigkeit der Könige als abstraktes, allein jenes werde seit dem 2. Jhdt. vChr. vielfach auch die faktischen Privilegien selbst oder Verleihungen derer, ebenso wie die politische Amnestie bedeuten. Dies weist ja m. E. auf den Gang der Entkräftung dieser Dynastie hin und daß, sie immer mehr zu weiteren Zugeständnissen gegen Landleute (λαοι), d. h. die Ägypter, gezwungen würde. Das fing erst unter Epiphanes an (Rosettana) und jene Tendenz beschleunigte sich während der zweiten Hälfte desselben Jahrhunderts und des folgenden. Dabei könnte man wohl fassen, es habe während des 3. Jhdts. noch kein solches Schwanken in der Macht der Dynastie gegeben, auf Grunde argumenti ex silentio, daß es fehle an Bedeutung Privilegienverleihung oder Amnestie für das Wort ψιλανθρωπα. Diese allgemeine Tendenz des je zunehmenden Nachgebens ist klarer, wenn man es unter jeden Gnaden der drei Dekrete vergleiche: eine im Synodenbeschluß des Jahres 217 vChr. (unter Philopator, SEG viii 467, 504a), die zweite in der Rosettana (196 vChr.) und andere in PTeb 5 (121/0-118 vChr.). Der Gehalt der Philanthrôpa ist immer größer in jeden drei. Die Philanthrôpa dürften daher, kann man wohl sagen, ein Waagmesser des Schicksals der Lagidendynastie sein.
    Zweitens, die Sozial- und Wirtschaftslage des Ptolemäerreiches sei durch Philanthrôpa, die Amnestie und Privilegienverleihung, wahrscheinlich großartig verwi
    Download PDF (2455K)
  • a new proposal for solution
    Ken'ichi KIDA
    1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 61-83
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The so-called songs of the Servant (Is 42, 1-4; 49, 1-6; 50, 4-9; 52, 13-53, 12) are related to two offices of the prophet (Second Isaiah himself) and the leader of the returning exile. The prophecy of the second Isaiah is divided into two parts. The first part includes chapters 40-48 and the second chapters 49-55. The first part is supposed to be spoken from the time of Cyrus'attack against the city of Babylon until its fall. The second is uttered from the time of departure of a group of judean exile from Babylon to the time of their arrival and settlement in Jerusalem.
    The first song of the Servant (42, 1-4) is a part of installment liturgy (Is 41, 21-42, 13) of the political leader of the exile whose responsibility is to gather together those who were willing to return to Jerusalem in order to reconstruct the temple of Jerusalem. The second song (49, 1-6) is related to the renewal of the prophetic office of the second Isaiah to be a spiritual leader of the returning exile. In relation to it, we can find another liturgy of the official renewal of the servant to be a actual leader of the returning group (Is 49, 7-13). The third song (50, 4-11) reflects the difficulties of the prophetic work on the way to Jerusalem. This song shows close affinities with the confessions of Jeremiah. The last song (52, 13-53, 12) is the lamentation on the death of the Servant, who was fallen, because of his premature ambition to restore political independence in Judea. The suffering servant could be identified with the leader of the returuing exile, Sheshbazzar, whose name is recorded in Ezra 1, 8. 10; 5, 14. 16.
    Download PDF (1833K)
  • Masatoshi KISAICHI
    1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 85-109
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this paper is to try to examine what is called 'the Almohad hierarchy' in the reign of Ibn Tumart from a point of view of the governmental structure. In his reign, almost all of the Almohads were organized in the Almohad hierarchy which had the characters and the functions as follows:
    (1) Ibn Tumart was on the top of the Almohads as an absolute chief.
    (2) al-'Ashara (The Ten), that is, Ibn Tumart's ten confidants, being the first to recognize him as Mahdi. They formed the council which discussed all matters of great moment were under the Mahdi.
    (3) al-Khamsun (The Fifty), that is, fifty representatives of the Almohad tribes, forming the grand assembly of the Almohad community which discussed matters of less importance. They were intermediaries between Ibn Tumart and the tribes.
    (4) The Talaba and the Huffaz, being missionaries. The Huffaz were the boys studying the Qur'an and the Almohad doctrine and becoming the Talaba.
    (5) The Ahl al-Dar, being the chamberlains who served Ibn Tumart days and nights.
    (6) The Almohad tribes equal to the list of al-Qattan: Hargha, Ahl Tinmallal, Jadmiwa, Janfisa, Hintata, Ahl al-Qaba'il. Most of the Almohad soldiers were composed of them.
    (7) The Jund, that is, regular soldiers, being constituted of the foreigners who came from the towns with Ibn Tumart, but their scale was small.
    (8) The Ghuzat, apparently being the special military groups of boys.
    Download PDF (1743K)
  • Eiko MATSUSHIMA
    1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 111-126_1
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Récemment, nous nous sommes procurés un objet en terre cuite en forme de clou. Il est vernissé et inscrit à la tête. D'après cette inscription en cunéiforme, mais en élamite, nous pouvons savoir qu' it est fait à l'époque d'Untaš-dGAL, roi élamite au XIIIe siècle av. -J. C. Nous conaissons qu'Untaš dGAL a construit Dar Untaš, Tchoga-Zanbil actuel. Là, beaucoup de clous de même forme, de même taille et de même inscription ont été trouvés, souvent en groupe ou dans un magasin. Je suis sure que notre objet est un de ces clous, à cause de la ressemblance.
    A propos de l' inscription, nous ne savons pas encore comment lire exactement le nom de ce roi. La transcription de dGAL/DINGIR GAL est problematique. Qui est ce dieu? Quelle est la vrai lecture de ce sumérogramme? Contre Hinz qui propose de lire DINGIR GAL comme Napiriša, je prefère laisser ma transcription comme dGAL (mais provisoirement), car nous n'avons pas encore une attestation tout à fait sure de la lecture d. GAL=Napiriša.
    Il y a encore un autre problème. Queue est la nature de cet objet? Je pense qu'il s'agit de clou de fondation. Nous essayons donc d' étudier l'origine et l'histoire du clou de fondation en Mésopotamie ancienne. Pour ce sujet, nous avons actuellement trois articles fondamentaux; ceux de F. R. Kraus, W. Hallo, R. Ellis. On pourrait supposer, d'après Kraus, que les clous de fondation étaient posés au mur du temple horizontalement au moment de construction pour mettre le “contrat” entre le dieu et le roi bâtisseur. Probablement, on avait oublié le sens original et on ne pensait plus tard qu à mentionner le nom du roi et le fait de construction. Cela s'explique ce que nous lisons dans l'inscriptions royales sur les clous. Cette tradition devait être introduite en l'Elam. Or, Untaš-dGAL avait construit Dur-Untaš, la ville sainte avec tous ses efforts, mais la ville n'était pas achevée. Après la mort d' Untaš-dGAL, ses succésseurs avaient laissé tomber les travaux et la ville était abandonée. C'est pourqoi qu'on a trouvé tas de clous à Thoga Zanbil sous une condition très particulière.
    Download PDF (2954K)
  • Madoka SUZUKI
    1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 127-138_1
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Last year, I wrote a thesis on “The Egyptian Antiquities in Japanese Collections” and found that there were several funerary stelae in Japan.
    The stela now I propose to deal with is one of them. It is a beautiful large limestone stela with rounded top, which is preserved in the annex museum of the Toyama Kinenkan Foundation. About this monument I am interested in following points: the several parts of the text on the stela are cut off by a chisel intentionally and the kindred of the builder of the stela is represented in a special form.
    As for the first problem, I restored the name of god Amen to these lacunae. It is a well-known matter that the name of Amen was erased during the Akhnaton's religious reformation. I suppose that the stela was executed before the reign of Akhnaton.
    As for the second problem, thirteen persons are represented on the stela and they are named in the inscription above their heads. The family relation of these persons is, however, obscure. After a careful examination, I noticed that some of them were represented twice or thrice. So I heve concluded that the builder's family consists of only eight persons, and reconstructed the builder's family tree.
    This study will be useful for a better understanding of the ancient Egyptian funerary conception.
    Download PDF (3295K)
  • Takashi TAMURA
    1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 139-152
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    En 88/7 av. J. -C. la première guerre de Mithridate eéclata dans l'Asie Mineure. C'était la guerre entre Rome et la population indigène dirigée par Mithridate VI Eupator, roi de Pont. La population fut séparée en deux parties (pro- ou anti-romain) si bien que la guerre continua violemment de plus en plus.
    Je pense que cette guerre a exercé une grande influence sur la politique athénienne à ce moment-là. Si on analyse la liste d' archontes, on pourra comprendre cette influence. II y a un mot “anarchia” à la place de nom d'archon dans cette liste de 88/7 av. J. -C.
    Nous avons deux théories concernant “anarchia” en 88/7 av. J. -C.: celle de S. Dow (l' absence de l'archon éponyme à cause de la lourde liturgie) et celle de W. S. Ferguson et Ch. Habicht (la falsification à l'époque impériale romaine). Bien que la première soit raisonable au sens propre du mot qu'Aristote a transmis dans Ath. Pol., ce n'est pas suffisant pour expliquer pourquoi dans cette année seulement l' archon éponyme était absent. II faut réfléchir pour “anarchia” en 88/7 av. J. -C. au bouleversement politique et social à cause de la première guerre de Mithridate qui a exercé une grande influence à Athènes. La deuxième théorie est plus raisonable que la première parce qu'elle s'est bien accordée avec la situation politique en 88 av. J. -C.
    Donc la falsification nous montre qu'it y avait une tendance anti-romaine opiniâtre à Athènes au début de ler siècle av. J. -C. et qu' elle s'est manifestée comme un mouvement politique comptant sur Mithridate VI.
    Download PDF (1133K)
  • 1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 156-160
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (376K)
  • 1979Volume 22Issue 1 Pages 160-161
    Published: September 30, 1979
    Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (145K)
feedback
Top