Bei der Sprache, der Mitanni-Arier sind bislang fünf verschiedene Thesen vorgetragen worden, in welchem je nachdem die Meinung vertreten wurde, es handle sich entweder (1) um Iranisch oder (2) um Indisch oder (3) um Urarisch oder (4) um eine Mischung aus Indisch und Iranisch oder (5) um die Sprache eines dritten Zweigs des Arischen. Nach sorgfältiger Untersuchung meint der Verfasser wie folgenderweise:
(1) Bei dieser Sprache gibt es kein Merkmal (1) des Iranischen oder (3) des Urarischen oder (4) der Mischung aus Indisch und Iranisch.
(2) Es gibt keinen genügenden Beweisgrund für die Anordnung dieser Sprache zum (5) dritten Zweig des Arischen
(3) Die Sprache des Mitanni-Arier gehört zum (2) Indischen, aber nicht, wie HAUSCHILD meint, zum Altindischen, sondern zum Protoindischen, dem Vorfahr des Altindischn und Mittelindischen, weil these Sprache nicht nur die älteren Wortformen als im Altindischen enthält, sondern auch den mittleindischen Lautbestand zeigt.
Für die Beweisung der Gehörigkeit dieser Sprache zum Proto-indischen, behandelt der Verfasser die Wortofrm aika fur ai. eka. Wie wohlbekannt, fordert das Versmass im Vedischen dreisilbige Lesung für tredha an neun Stellen unter elf. Diese Lesung soll nicht trayadha, sondern trayidha<traidha sein, weil die Kontraktion von aya zu e auf Grund der Regel von samprasarana im Zeitalter det Vedischen nicht beweist ist. Derartiges Überbleibsel der Aussprache ai für e deutet die Wortformen mit *ai im Proto-indischen an. Also sind die Wortformen mit der Spur der mediae aspiratae, wie -miašta und Dušratta als diejenigen im Proto-arischen begriffen.

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The term fay' theory means in this article the theory that the state reserves for itself the absolute title to all lands in the conquered territory. By most of the early historical traditions of both Hijaz and Iraq the word fay' meant the spoils of war in general, the fourfifiths of which were to be devided among the troops, and further, only by the tribal traditions of Iraq collected by Saif b. 'Umar, the Sawafi, confiscated state domains in the Sawad. The consensus of the ancient fiqh school of Iraq was that the Sawafi, as part of general spoils, should have been devided among the muqatila, and that of the ancient fiqh school of Hijaz was that all lands in the conquered territory became the common property of all Muslims.
The use of fay' signifying lands reserved for future generations of Muslims was first clearly observed in the decrees of 'Umar II. The victory in the fay' theory of the Hijazian school over the Iraqian school was achieved not as the result of any scholastic disputes between the two schools but as the result of the Umayyads acceptance of the former theory as the theoretical basis of their land policy. Once the new conception of fay' was established by Caliph's decrees, all jurists of the Empire began to work out the elaborated theory of state ownership of all conquered lands. The fay' theory was at last formulated by Ibn Sallam in its final form in the early 9th century. According to him the lands in the Sawad was fay' mawquf (reserved fay') for the benefit of ever increasing future generations of all Muslims and the legal position of reserved fay' was similar to that of tenanted land and, therefore, the kharaj was identical with the rent paye l to the state.

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Although Daniel C. Dennett, after his investigation of Aphrodito Greek Papyrus, opposed the “Tribute” thesis of Becker, the way of collecting tax organized in the middle Umayyad dynasty is found to be different from one of traditional materials which is recorded by al-Maqrizi's al-khitat. This should be identified to be one of the Arab Conquest Age. The system of tax collect was gradually established in the age of Umayyad dynasty when the Arabic rule over Egypt was strengthened, in parallel with the centralization of Islamic Empire.

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The “Gulistan” or the Rose Garden of Sa'di which was written in A. D. 1258 is one of the most celebrated books ever written in the Persian langnage. It is written in prose interspersed by a considerable number of verses of various forms.
Sa'di, one of the greatest and most celebrated of the Persian poets, was a unique moralist. As he was neither a zoologist nor botanist, the Flora and Fauna found in his noted work are mostly not treated technically, but metaphorically.
I wrote an article on “The Beasts Found in the Gulistan” in 1952 and contributed it to the periodical of the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, and my present article on “The Plants Found in the Gulistan” has been written on the same principle.
Besides the names of the parts of plants and grasses, there are only some fifty names of different kinds of trees, vegetables, cereals, nuts and fruits, which are divided into the following eight categories.
(1) Shrubs and garden plants (9 kinds)
(2) Flowering plants (4 kinds)
(3) Plants and trees for medical uses (6 kinds)
(4) Vegetables (7 kinds)
(5) Fruits and fruit-trees (11 kinds)
(6) Nuts (3 kinds)
(7) Cereals (3 kinds)
(8) Plants for industrial use (6 kinds)
The verses containing the names of the plants, flowers, fruits, etc. have been collected under the above mentioned categories.
The flowers found in the book are “gul” or rose, “láleh” or tulips, “sunbul” or hyacinths and “yásmin” or jasmines which almost all the Japanese think to be imported European plants. Out of the fifty names, “gul” is the most important one and is found thirty times and the words with “gul” as a component element appear eleven times. The “Gulistan” or Rose Garden, the title of the book, consists of “gul” and “istan” meaning “place abounding in…” The yellow roses which had been introduced into Austria from Western Asia are said to have been brought from Austria into England and Holland in the latter half of the sixteenth century. As for the tulips, their original home is Western and Middle Asia.
Notwithstanding the conspicuous progress of the study of herds for medical use in the Islamic sphere, the plants for this purpose found in the book are quite few. As for cereals “jau” or barley appears eleven times, while “gandum” or wheat and “birinj” or rice are found only once respectively. Among the industrial plants “panbeh” or cotton and “ney” or reed are found two and six times respectively.

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