This paper presents several methods to estimate confidence intervals of mean (madian) option price of individual measured by the travel cost method based on a discreate choice model which involves improvement of recreation site quality. One is an approximation method with taylor series for option price estimator of individual. Second is an approximation method with Edgeworth expansion. These approximate confidence intervals are formulated in firms analytically tractable. Third is simulation method for option price estimator of individual. Monte Carlo simulations are executed to illustrate performances of these proposed confidence intervals of mean (madian) option price of individual.

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In this paper, we will simulate a recycling based regional production system taking account of pollutants and discarded parts of new products. Decision made there can help us to develop a plan to produce new environmentally conscious products under marketing strategy about the products. We investigate and construct an analytical model for the recycling based regional system. This model is formulated as a multiobjective liner programming problem. We consider three objectives; such as to decrease the total cost, to increase the part-recycling, and the material-recycling. We apply the ε-constrained method and the weighting objectives method respectively to obtain and observe the Pareto optimal solution and preferred solution for confirming the effectiveness of the proposed model.

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This article aims to significantly extend the authors' previous study that deals with the interaction between material circulation and economic activities in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Considerably differing from the previous study, virgin and recycled goods are discriminated, recycling activities are internalized, and used data are reestimated for improving the data reliability in this paper. Applying the new model, some simulation analyses are implemented in order to examine the economic possibility of zero emissions oriented society in Aichi Prefecture. From the simulation results, one can see that prices of recycled goods should fall by 18% to 95% so as to realize the 100% of recycling. Moreover, as significant general equilibrium effects, the following results are pointed out. Economic activities of raw material producing industries are reduced being substituted by recycling activities, agricultural and food processing industries expand due to the substitution effect of price down, and finally, machinery processing and the tertiary industries also grow due to a change of commodity demand structure.

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This paper proposes an analytical tool, based on a hybrid rectangular input-output framework expressed in both monetary terms and physical terms, to estimate the energy requirements contributed by energy-supply industries. The hybrid framework is introduced to relax the effects of different prices among industrial sectors on the input structure in physical terms. By applying hierarchy system to the hybrid model, we conducted a method to estimate the total energy requirements resulting from the production processes among non-energy sectors and analyzed in practical. The application of generalized inverse matrix theory to the extended input-output analysis also is discussed.

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This paper describes a methodology which evaluates the change in CO₂ emission by providing railway systems. The model is developed employing a concept of “ELCEL (Extended Life Cycle Environmental Load)”, which is an application of the Life Cycle Assessment to utilization of infrastructure. This model can consider various combinations among travel demand, train performance and operation plans. The estimated results suggest that 1) additional emission by railway construction and maintenance work is noticeably large compared with the expected emission reduction by modal shift from car to rail, 2) to reduce emission by subway provision, travel demand over 30, 000 person /day is required, 3) tram provision can reduce emission only when travel demand is small and the ratio of modal shift from car to rail is high.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of space structure patterns around railway station buildings on the degree of visual access of the stations. A typology of open space structure patterns could be constructed based on analyzing different cases of study around the Tokyo metropolitan area. A geometrical analysis was applied on both theoretical analysis and a sample of real cases. The study focused on studying the effect of shape of plaza and type of link to main street. Merits and demerits of the different space structure patterns and the effect of size restrictions were clarified.
The results indicated that increasing the W/D ratio of the plaza increase the degree of visual access to the station. Stations with plaza orthogonally linked to main street were found to provide good degree of visual access. On the contrary, stations with plaza binary linked to main street were found to restrict the degree of visual accessibility. Additionally, the effect of factors such as location of plaza and direction of link were shown to affect the degree of visual accessibility.

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We think it is useful for a project of civil engineering in the future to learn a technology of civil engineering of the past and study a formation of urban landscape. We classify the transition of urban development along the Takase Canal that was based on the function of a water transport systems. And we give consideration to mutual effects between the infrastructure and living environment along this canal. Takase Canal was constructed by making the best use of the latest technology in Edo period. This infrastructure played an active part in those days and supply many amenity to cities along this canal in Kyoto.

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We understand that the amenity area of water is near the river or the lake. But Japanese have interesting idea about water. In this study, I focused on the water-network. Sakamoto in Siga has network of channels. This is an example that we can fmd the relation between nature and human.In this idea, we enjoy water not near nature but near human area This idea have many application. We can propose new water front conception in the town.

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The vernacular environment, such as tanada (terraced rice fields) and Nibutani (a sacred place for the Ainu), has not been well preserved in Japan, while there is an increasing request for preserving it. Do to a lack of adequate understanding of historical significance of the vernacular environment in Japan, however, the tendency to meet the above request seems not to have grown yet. On the other hand, the vernacular environment in the United States has been well preserved so that the identity of a community and its residents' life is recognized. The purpose of this study was to examine the significance of evaluation and preservation of the vernacular environment, based on the comparison of the historic preservation thought of Japan with that of the United States, conducting literature survey, preserved historic property investigation and interview survey with relevant specialists. As the result, the study has indicated that the vernacular environment need be evaluated and preserved in Japan as well from the viewpoint of the preservation of the identity of a community and its residents' life. In addition, the same study has discussed the evaluation objects as well as the evaluation points which are considered effective in evaluating the vernacular environment in both Japan and the United States.

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In this paper, visitors'image of Raku-sai and Raku-tou area of Kyoto is analyzed to identify which sightseeing spot and route they felt the most attractive. Their excursion pattems are also examined to represent the connectivity between spots that is defined by the reciprocal of the number of combination in a trip chain. This paper analyzes the relation between image of spots and the excursion patterns. Further, considering the historical and cultural background of the dominant spots, the desirable excursion districts in these areas are proposed: Arashiyama-Sagano district in Raku-sai, Ginkaku-temple and Tetsugaku-nomichi, and Kiyomizu-temple and Ninen-zaka districts in Raku-tou.

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This study aims to identify the cognitive structure on street images by a tachistoscopic experiment. The cognitive structure means the deepening process of street images and changes of image forming factors according as the increase of the exposure time. Major finding are as follows: 1.Four image layers in the street cognition were identified, and they are the psychological distance to the street, the dignity of the street, the street scale, the popularity of the street. 2.The time and sequence of image forming structure by the image layer were determined.

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Post-modem planning method which based on human experience, is very important to create complexities of the city. Especially, the composition of the city centre has been focused by several research fields. This paper concerned city centre from a view point of experience and recognition.
A psychological classification test had done and it derived ten image types of the street. Based on this classification, five commercial district were analyzed. As the result, attractive commercial district has complexity composition of image types of the street.

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There are many studies about Images in landscape recognition. But they all considered the Images to be limited. But people have great variety of senses of value. So we suggest a new method to extract the images in landscape cognition named “free association method” in this study. Then, we suggest how to model the structure of the Interrelations of Images.

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We can define the space of railway stations as a combination of the main building, space of style, and the train shed, space of function. We aim to clarify what kind of space the structual development of train shed wanted to realize and found out the fact that the development of train shed was due to conservartory engineer's ideas of big space originated from cathedral and after that some of railway and conservatory engineers adopted its techniques and systems of construction. Finally, we examined the historical transition of the relationship between main building and train shed and its backgrounds and located train shed's position in architectural history.

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It is required to understand the driver's behavior accurately for construction of efficient traffic information systems. The route choice behavior models are constructed in this research focused on uncertainty of travel time information. The perceptive travel time of drivers and the traffic information can be regarded as the stochastic variables. On the basis of the Bayesian theorem, the perceptive travel time is changed by the offered travel time information. The model parameters are estimated by using SP survey data. The influences of uncertainty of travel time information to the driver's route choice behavior are studied.

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There have been many researches on impact of traffic information on behavioral patters of drivers.
Nevertheless, these researches have merely looked at response of a driver under a hypothetical situation using a questionnaire surveys or computer simulation. Only a few research have made reference to real world data to analyze actual responses of drivers and influence on traffic flows as a result of such responses.
This research, using Miki Junction of Sanyo Expressway as a specimen, studied impact of traffic information at the junction by analyzing fluctuation of traffic volume after diverging point and also using questionnaire surveys (RP survey).

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To explain the characteristics of the tourists' area selection, an activity-based model is developed. In this model, it is assumed that tourists determine a combination of visiting areas by stepwise processes, under constraints of the tour and mode scheduling. The parameter estimates of the model suggest that:(i) car users' area selection tend to be wider but the number of the visiting area are smaller than public transport users, and (ii) repeaters' area selection tend to be wider and the number of the visiting area are larger than first visitors.

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In a household with fewer vehicles than household members, the use of a household vehicle by one member decreases its availability for other members. A model of mode choices by household members is developed as a vehicle allocation model in this study while taking into account the exclusiveness in vehicle use. A two-level nested logit model is applied where the choice by the main driver of a household vehicle is placed at a higher level and the allocation of the vehicle to other members in a lower level. The scale parameter is structured to represent the heterogeneity across households. The results of empirical analysis suggest that some improvement of the model's goodness-of-fit is gained by considering the exclusiveness in vehicle use, and that the main drivers who are household heads or drive standard-size vehicles are less altruistic.

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We proposed two hypotheses with respect to the process of adjusting anticipated travel time to a new traffic environment: the Information-Effect Hypothesis, i. e. as a driver acquires more information on travel time, he can predict travel time more precisely and refers less to anticipated travel times he has had in the past in order to anticipate travel times; and the Experience Dominance Hypothesis, i. e. the influences on anticipated travel time of information which is not from driving experience is weaker with actual driving experience than without actual experience. These hypotheses were supported by statistical tests applied to data of commuting drivers' anticipated travel times during a closure of Flanshin-Expressway route. The result has an implication that formulating an effective information-dissemination policy requires a marketing strategy that accounts for whether drivers have actual experiences or recognition that they have experiences.

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This study aims at examining various categorized alternatives on the estimation results of time choice models. MNL models which are widely used in travel demand forecasting suppose that the error terms of utilities are independently and identically distributed. Paired Combinatorial Logit model and Mass Point Logit model are employed to relax the restrictive assumption of independence and identity respectively. The estimation results of these models revealed that the significance of similarity and non-identity among alternatives depends on time categories.

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A mode and destination choice model is developed, using a coordinates-based methodology, to resolve the problems arising from zone systems on which most models developed so far are based. Land use data and travel data for model construction are calculated by using GIS and a traffic simulation model. The parameters are estimated after sampling destination alternatives while considering various constraints. The parameter estimates indicate that destination is determined by not only the attribute of the destination point but also the attribute of the surrounding area.

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Park & Ride system is an effective transportation system of the TDM policies. However, it is difficult to forecast its demand, because this system is a kind of mixed modes which consists of the combination of some transportation systems and uses the same road network at the part of access to terminals with car demand. We develop the stochastic user equilibrium network model witelastic mixed mode demand based on Nested Logit choice structure, so called [NLSUE/Mixed Mode] and its calculation algorithm. By the sensitivity analysis using a model network, this model and algorithm can be applied to predict demands of a P&R system.

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Several OD estimation techniques are evaluated based on its accuracy under different sampling ratios by using real data from two bus routes operated in Tokyo metropolitan area. Given that prior OD matrix is available, it was found that the Maximum Entropy method could be applied to update OD matrix with desirable level of accuracy as long as most of OD flows in the OD sample are still large enough. Without priori OD matrix, the intervening opportunity method also offers reasonable estimation when applied to BDCS data. It is clear that more effective utilization of available data, for instance BDCS data or priori OD matrices can help bus operators save planning expenses. Some criteria were proposed for determining applicability of each OD estimation technique based on differences in constraints and needs of planning side.

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This study focus on relationship between the Land Use and the Car Usage in Neighbor Blocks by using National Person Trip Survey in 1992 with land use data. 1996 blocks are classified into 29 groups, which have similar characteristic on travel behavior each other. We clarified there was big difference of the car usage per capita in those groups. There are 3 important conclusions. Firstly the car usage of the highest group is 3 times longer than the lowest. Secondly the car usage depends on the service level of public transportation. Finally the car usage become longer at low-rise residents which have non-mixed land usage.

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Serious traffic congestion which followed immediately after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, obstructed fire fighting, rescue activities and relief-logistics. In this study, first, we analyzed main traffic modes and factors affecting car use during the three days immediately after the Earthquake. Secondly, we discerned the attitudes of affected residents toward car use under traffic regulations immediately after a great disaster. The main findings are based on the results obtained by a questionnaire survey which we carried out for driver's license holders who experienced the Earthquake.

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Concern about car ownership and usage is being emerging from the viewpoint of congestion and environment. The purpose of this study is to present information for policy selection regarding car related problems by identifying the relationship between car ownership/usage and social attitude. In this study, by using the data obtained from questionnaire survey conducted in three countries in East Asia, descriptive models are built to represent causes and effects of car related problems. Implications for car related policy based on analysis are concluded by using the models.

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In this paper, the individual behavior to reserve services whose supply is constrained in markets is investigated. An individual is supposed to reserve services by taking into account the supply- and demandsidesrisks. The former risk is formulated by probability that the individual may fails in consuming theservice in future, while the latter is the one tha the/she may cancel the reservation. The rational expectation equilibrium model is formulated to describe how the supply-side risk emerges from market transactions.

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For aged society it is needed to understand travel behavior and the effects of transport policies to daily activity pattern of the elderly. In this paper, using one-week activity diary data, GIS-based gaming simulation tool linked with alternative activity pattern generator is developed, introducing pick-up mode considering space-time constraints of two people's activity schedules and trade-off of multi-day activities. By conducting depth interview surveys with this tool, detailed and particular constraints were understood and the possible new activity patterns to the change of constraints considering pick-up mode and multi-day activities were examined, which is difficult for the traditional questionnaire surveys.

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In order to develop container terminals more efficiently, it is necessary to make a route choice model for domestic shippers.
We estimated a distribution of time value for cargoes by using import/export container cargo data obtained in 1998 by Ministry of Transport and made a minimum sacrifice model which expressed the shipper's route choice, considering container cargo flow including domestic and international feeder transportation.
By applying this model, we could analyze international container cargo flow between Japan and West Coast of North America, and estimate number of callings at Gate-Way ports and Subsidiary Gate-Way ports in Japan.

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In the freight transportation, there are various problems, such as traffic jam and air pollution. In order to solve the problems, it is necessary to construct a rational transportation system. Locating freight transportation facility properly is one of the ways. This study proposes locating model considering externalities, and analyze optimum location applying to virtual city. The result clearly shows that there are externalities.

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This paper developed a location model of interregional freight complexes with the Scale Economy. The model is formulated as minimization of total cargo transportation related cost, and marginal cost of scale of freight complexes facility and handled cargo volume are decreased. It is applied to current distribution of cargo on real road network in the East Japan. The conventional assignment procedure was employed. As a result, reliable solutions are obtained in a practical time. Located freight complexes are classified into three types: 1) independent, 2) dependent on around and 3) stand-alone. Total transportation cost is reduced steeply if the facilities are developed appropriately.

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The discrete analysis for travel behaviour is required to evaluate the impact of urban transport policy. The description model for daily travels based on the activity is constructed with soft computing approaches in the study. Particularly, the destination choice and mode choice are formulated as a sequential decision process for the travels. The destination choice model with fuzzy constraint and the hybrid mode choice model combining with logit model are proposed with the database from the PT survey in Chukyo area. Both models provide the sequential estimation process with significant level. The precise modelling methods for decision in travel behaviour are summarized through the above investigation.

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This paper presents a link cost model to quantify the expected positive delay for individual commuter trains and track links in urban rail network. The model was verified an actual suburban rail network as supplied by Odakyu Odawara line in the morning period, result of which was used to reflect actual conditions.

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This paper aimed to study, based on inhabitants' preferance, the new transportation systems between the Newtown (Gosyono-Newtown) and the nearest JR station (Yotugoya Station) in order to improve the living environment in the newtown.
In this research, actual conditions of JR station utilized by visitors and their problems, our proposed transportation systems to the JR station were analyzed by Quantification Theory II and the Disaggregated Behavioral Model.
According to this research, it has been clarified that it is very important to improve the lightening equipment arround sidewalk and to shorten necessary time to the JR station. In addition, it has been understood that when planning the new transportation systems, bus-system and P&R system have to be first considered.

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We introduce in this paper a multi-user terminal system for a container port to reduce the cargo handling cost. Due to the complexity in that system, an efficient yard operation must be desired. Then we propose a dynamic yard operation with trailers in the terminal. By the dynamic operation, the number of trailers can be reduced by 10% while keeping the cycle time of a quay crane the same as one with a conventional operation. Further the average handling time per ship can be 2 hours less with the same number of trailers as in the conventional one.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the change of transportation route and volume using The Transportation Model between Harbors, in the case that the function of one port involved in the international transportation network is improved by constructing High-integrated Container Stockyard. This model is able to find transportation route and volume that enable the transportation cost to be minimized, including the fuel and depreciation cost of each container ship, and loading and unloading cost in each port. And as the results of analysis, we can also define the conditions of facilities in Hub-Port.

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This study developed the methodology to determined the optimum headway, number of stops, fleet size that minimized the users travel time and total travel cost for given vehicle dynamic characteristics, congestion levels and fixed route of Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) for local, call-on and request stop service. This study also examined the sensitivities of the optimal basic variables to the changes in system parameters like passenger demand, fleet size, and traffic congestion and identified the factors influenced on the optimum conditions significantly. It was seen that optimum number of stops and stoppings are a function of passenger demand. The transit service should be operated as request-stop service for small demand; with the increasing demand the call-un service and eventually the local service. For large demand the optimum number of stops derived from the minimum total travel cost objective and minimum users travel time objective was satisfied. The optimum users travel time, fleet size and headway increased and the number of stops decreased with the increasing of en route congestion and vehicle interactions.

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Passenger demand on holidays is influenced by some factors, such as an economic growth and weather condition during in vacation week. In order to grasp a trend of inter-city passenger trips on holidays, the originally designed questionnaire survey is conducted to residents in Tokyo metropolitan area. Modal split models between inter-city train and automobile are calibrated using the preference data derived from the survey. This paper disasses some findings, which imply the increase of inter-city railway passenger demand on holidays.

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In a local city, bus system is one of the main and important public transportation. However, it will be difficult for the municipality to manage the bus system and to sustain the companies, which operate bus lines, because the deregulation is started since 2001. Here, we propose the method to evaluate not only the direct value for use but also the indirect value for use, the option value and the existence value of the bus system by using the Contingent Valuation Method. Through this research, we discussed on the possibility of sustaining the local bus system.

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The City-bus management has to make sure of the route-roles in public transportation network and to improve the route-performance corresponding to the route-roles. However, in the situation of bus management, it is difficult to make sure the route-roles. This paper tries to classify the route-role based on the objective data of the actual route-performance for every individual route. In conclusion, the bus routes are divided into six types, and then it is obtained the concrete route-roles and the improving direction of the route-performance by the types.

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In the UK, the paradigm of urban transport planning changed from “predict and supply” to “predict and prevent” around in 1990, and then the policy is announced through the Transport White Paper in 1998. In this paper, why the paradigm-shift happened is clarified by the review of the context of the urban planning since 1960's. Then Based on the transport white paper, the features of new transport policy are examined in order to have lessons for the transport policy in Japan.

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Recently, in the inside where transportation problem diversifies, the various transportation measure has been carried out in order to solve transportation problems in the local city in our country. However, it seemed to relate cities characteristics condition to the propriety of the execution. Then, in this paper, the relation of the transportation measure of operational situation and city characteristics in local city was deduced under the premise of “transportation measure carried out in the local city in our country is carried out, when some cities characteristics condition were satisfied”, and city characteristics condition for the traffic measure execution was arranged in every typology of the measure execution pattern classified by the multivariate analysis.

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A generating system of future household's attributes is developed in this study. The system creates the weight for each sample case obtained from the disaggregate survey to match present multiple aggregate marginal distributions, and simulates the demographic changes in each sample household along the time dimension. The simulation results applied to Osaka City suggest that the distributions of the number of trips or vehicle-holdings differ from those obtained by a conventional weighting method, that thesystem predicts population and number of households for the year 1995 fairly well using the data from 1990, and that the distribution of the predicted 2020 populations by repeated simulations has a high kurtosis.

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This paper aims to examine the features of commuting transport in Okayama City and the effective schemes for the improvement of bicycle-use conditions to reduce car trips in commuting to the city center. A questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the travel behavior of residents and their needs for bicycle-use conditions. The study has revealed that the improvement of bicycle-use conditions in the city center has significant impact on the reduction of car commuting with travel time less than ten minutes in the city.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the new area-wide traffic calming project “Community Zone”, especially in the ability of improvement in safety and quality on living environment. With detailed accident data, vehicle speed survey, and questionnaire survey, we show the advantage and problems of this project. We found that the number of accident will be reduced by this project. But, in order to make it more attractive project, we have to find new measure for treating with bicycle and narrow streets.

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So far, we classified walking behavior, extracted road characteristics that were preferred by the walkers, and analyzed the shape of walking routes, based upon the data of walking behavior research at Tanusimaru town in Fukuoka prefecture. After these studies, we formulated the route choice problem using linear programming method from the view point of walking amenity, in order to build the choice model of walking routes. And then, we solved the mathematical problem to obtain the evaluation values of road characteristics, and several solutions were extracted as the result of analysis. Moreover, we checked the reliabilities of the evaluation value.

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In recent years, a highway network often suffered damages and stopped caused by natural disasters or superannuations of facilities. This paper presents an estimation method for a highway network planning using an inspection data for prevention of disasters.
The estimated scores of disasters and improvement costs on the routes connecting between pairs of city nodes are calculated. An estimation method of the improvement cost and its effect is proposed and calculation results on the emergency highway network in Yamaguchi prefecture are shown.

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In the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, over 120, 000 buildings collapsed as well as lifelinefacilities (electricity, water and gas supply, etc.) were destroyed and a large number of residents were forced to evacuate to shelters after the earthquake. This study aims to show the actual conditions of the residents' evacuation behavior immediately after the earthquake and during the following three years and reveal the factors affecting their behavior. The main findings of the study were based on two-questionnaire survey to residents in the affected area.

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Tohoku Shinkansen between Morioka and Shin-Aomori is being constructed at present. After the opening of Tohoku Shinkansen, the management of Tohoku Line between Morioka and Aomori is transferred to the Semi-public Corporation. Since it is a main route of railway freight train, which connects Hokkaido with Honshu, the persistence of the rail freight transportation is worried. In this study, necessities of railway freight transportation are shown. Alternative pathway and transportation are also examined. As the result, the rail freight transportation fulfilled large role, and the rail freight transportation of the via Tohoku Line persisted was less on the burden.

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It is often observed that local shippers tend to choose large-scale ports for international trade, rather than local ports. The aim of this study is to investigate principles of port choice behavior among shippers handled with international container, in the form of significant factors. A number of interviews with shippers were conducted and classified according to three characteristics:(1) port condition, (2) type of freight cargo, and (3) shippers' trade incentive. Also, through statistical data and comparison analysis by logit model, the study proved that behavioral incentive was treated differently by shippers depending on their trading types of physical distribution; direct between makers and oversea buyers, or through middle agents such as domestic trading companies.

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