In this article the authors seek to compute the percentage of comber waste, to make some modifications or improvements in the constitutent parts of the combers now in use, and to find a guide to further study on the subject. As regards combing action in a cotton comber, we have made some theoretical approaches from the geometrical arrangement of fibers in sliver. Assuming that the staple diagram of fed ribbon lap, the timing of combing parts and the distance between any two of them, are given, we have computed the percentage of comber waste and drawn a comber noil staple diagram and a comber sliver staple diagram.

View full abstract

During the processing of viscose staple fibers by cotton spinning machines, the breaking strength, breaking elongation, crimps and length of fibers are more or less affected by the action of each machine. We have tried to find the relation between (1) the cut length and denier of the fiber and (2) the degree of damage. We have found that:
(1) The degree of breaking strength is negligible.
(2) Yarn shows a 4_??_5% smaller breaking elongation than the raw material does.
(3) The bulk of crimps are lost in the machine prior to the carding process. Only 15 to 20%, of them are retained in the final product. However, the amount of the retained crimps is influenced by the pressure of draft rollers and by the amount of draft.
(4) The amount of broken fibers in the final process is an average of 13% for 1¹/₈-inch staple and 15% for 11¹/₄-inch staple. The finer denier fibers should normally be subject to more damage, but no remarkable difference is found between 1 denier and 3 denier staples of the lengths mentioned.

View full abstract

This article discusses the effect of temperature on the twisting moment of twisted nylon and some other twisted yarns.
If heated twisted nylon, acetate and Terylene yarns are subjected to cooling at a given temperature in the one-time heating process, the twisting moment decreases with the decrease in temperature. In the process of re-heating following cooling, the moments of these yarns increase-until the temperature at which cooling was started is reached-along the moment-temperature curves which are identical with the curves representing the cooling effect. Above that temperature the moments change along the curves showing the effect of one-time heating.
On the other hand, the effect of temperature on twisted viscose rayon yarn is represented by a single moment-temperature curve.
These fundamental properties in the heat-setting of twist are discussed in this article.

View full abstract

It seems important that we have full knowledge of how far the efficiency of scouring and drying varies with the degree of the porosity of fed wool assemblies, opened or unopened.
The author has made experiments, analyses and measurements concerning the mechanism of porosity construction as a basic subject for inquiry. His findings are given in this article.
The author has also made experiments to inquire into the effect of wool porosity on the practical processes of steeping, scouring and drying, in the hope of offering a guide in actual operations. His findings will be published in later issues.

View full abstract

The author suggests a new method of eliminating static electricity from textiles by means of β-ray irradiation. A guide roller which contains some β-ray sources below its circumference covered with any metalic thin plate, for example, aluminium or iron, is used for the purpose. If any textile having electrostatic charge on it is passed over the guide roller, static electricity is discharged by β-ray irradiation and immediately removed by its ionizing action. This has been shown by experiments.

View full abstract

The strength-measuring indicator of the MacKenzie type tester stops automatically at the instant of fiber breakage, but to measure the breaking extension, we have to observe the instantaneous position of the extension-measuring indicator. By combining a spring and a weight, the authors have made a device which automatically stops the extension-measuring indicator at the instant of fiber breakage. The device has been completed by a partial improvement of the existing tester.
The extension-measuring indicator of the new device stops with a lag of about 0.2mm. It lessens the measurer's fatigue, reduces the observer's errors and measures with greater accuracy the value of breaking extension.

View full abstract

Tension withdrawn from a shuttle is affected by the number of winds per traverse, by the hardness of the yarn layers, by the length and location of the pirn, by the eyelet of the shuttle, by the velocity of withdrawal from the shuttle and by the side walls of the shuttle. In this study the effect of the side walls, apart from the effect of ballooning, is looked into.
Tension of ballooning theoretically increases in proportion to the square of the velocity of withdrawal, but an experimental value shows a smaller value than a theoretical value. This indicates that the effect of friction between the side wall and weft yarn is greater than the effect of the velocity of withdrawal.

View full abstract

The authors have studied the elongation of cloth and its distribution due to winding operations, and experimentally compared, by three methods, the effects of tension and load upon the tightness of cloth layers.
The authors find that, from the view point of the number of revolutions, the thickness of cloth layers, etc., “negative winding” seems the best, but the control of roller weight and tension for stable winding is not easy.

View full abstract

A full-automatic positive let-off motion for looms developed by the author is described in this article. The author defines the length of warp let-off by this new device as the displacement of the feeling roller, i.e., as the change of the angle of inclination of the weight lever. It is necessary, then, to know the effects of the change of the angle of inclination of the weight lever on the length and tension of the warp let-off. For this purpose the author has derived theoretical formulas.
On the basis of these formulas, it is certain that the maximum amount of the swing of the weight lever falls within the limits permitted for woven fabrics.

View full abstract

Our object is to offer a non-stop lap machine of simplified mechanism and with originality of function, capable of producing uniform lap with higher efficiency.
After research, we have succeeded in perfecting lap machine which actuates each member of a rational mechanism and which works continuously and positively through all stages-winding-up, severing, ejecting and forming of laps and supplying substitute lap bobbins.

View full abstract

This automatic lap changer is the result of the authors' attempt to achieve, through a non-stop automation process for the blowing and picking of cotton:
(1) An improvement in the quality of lap.
(2) Higher efficiency in the blowing and picking of cotton.
(3) A saving in labor and prevention of physical danger.
The desired results have been obtained by using the conventional gears to drive each part and by adopting the electrically controlled pneumatic system for each motion.

View full abstract

In our previous report (Vol. 3, No. 2, December 1957), we explained the mechanism and function of Model D Opener, and referred to the quality of lap produced by this new device. In the present report we give, in detail, the results obtained by using Model D Opener for trashed cotton which contains much more non-lint than the standard raw cotton. The results are better than those obtainable from standard raw cotton processed with the conventional finishing scutcher.

View full abstract

This is a report of the results of an attempt of the author to express fabric hand in numerical values as close to the feel to the hand as is possible. By such values he has been able to express the feel of blended and resin-finished fabrics. By comparing such values with the numerical values for standard fabrics, he has obtained some data helpful to the improvement of fabrics in general.
By folding and pressing fabrics, changes in their thickness were expressed in numerical values equal to the amounts of work. Such numerical values agreed with the feel to the hand. They also clarified some property indiscernible by hand.
The following points have been made clear through this experiment:
(1) The difference in feel due to the difference in the blending ratio of spun fabrics and to the difference in the fineness of the component fibers.
(2) Quantitative standard of the feel of underwear, outer garments end other clothing.
(3) Some properties due to weaving structure are shown by a graph.
(4) A load-thickness curve may be transferred to three straight lines in a logarithmic graph, and each of the lines may be represented by the following formula:
y=25Be^{11.515×(Alx)}
y:load (g), x:thickness of fabrics (mm), A, B:constants

View full abstract