The writer shows in this paper the stages of development foundry industry of Sanjo: (1) The foundry dependent on handicraft of the farmer's side job. (2) Emergence of the foundry craftsman as a specialist. (3) The first stage of the foundry under the control of the wholesale merchants. (4) The second stage of the foundry under the control of the wholesale merchant. (5) The modernized and concentrated foundry.
In the developing stage of the Shogunate Era the foundry craftsmen obtained their materials of products from the wholesale merchants and the deal of their products were under the control of the wholesale merchants. Afterwards the wholesale merchants gave craftsmen the fund to obtain materials. The production and dealing system changed gradually, but remarkable change came after the 2nd World War. The control of the wholesale merchants quickly disappeared since then, and modernized factories were built. Concentration of the factories was the new trend.
In spite of modernization, the foundry industry of Sanjo are all the small scale one in both capital and factory even today. The kinds of products which are produced in the different factories are very various and each amount of products is not much. In addition the technical process still depends mainly upon handicraft, most of them are combined each other through various kinds of technical processes. It is one of the reasons why concentration are promoted.

View full abstract

The exchange or delivering system of paddy field. warigae, in Japan was kept by the villages which depended on the common ownership of fields. Farmers of those villages exchanged periodically their shares by lots. The custom of the system distributed mainly in the Southwest Japan and the Hokuriku District. It originated in the Kamakura Period (from the 12th century to the 15th century) and showed the areal development in the Shogunate Period. Although in some areas owned by the feudal clans of the Shogunate Period the system was compelled by the lords, it depended generally upon the projection of farmers themselves.
The custom of exchange of each share existed also in forest areas for grass fertilizer and fishing grounds. However, it distribute more widely in paddy fields, it still remains in some villages of Japan.
The villages depndent on this sytem included almost the same characteristics, such as small scale field holding, fields within the flood plain, mono-culture of paddy without cash crop, a heavy tax, and small scale village. In short, They were the poor villages.
In these poor villages mutual aid is necessary to keep their harvest. The periodical exchange of each share of their common fields was enforced for mutual aid and impartial harvest. Redelivering of each share was decided in the village assembly for the lot every 5 or 20 years.
The writer shows in this paper that the warigae sytem was a feudal farmer's way to protect the poor village community.

View full abstract

Although the principal aim of teaching of the community area is to develop pupil's ability of geographical research in an areal study, a recent trend shows that most geography teachers, especially in big cities, understand it is just a part of regional geography. The writer shows an approach to develop the ability of the geographical reseach in the study of a community area in his experiment. In this experiment he attempt to use effectively pupil's free and voluntary research dependent on their own questions.
After three years of this experiment, the writer perceives the effects as follows: (1) Pupils find easily and effectively geographical problems by themselves. (2) Pupils have many experiences of the effective filed works. (3) Teaching data are easily obtained through pupil's own questions and researches.

View full abstract