The purpose of this paper is to make clear the characteristics of both air and surface temperature distribution in a middle building without using heating systems in winter. For this purpose the author observed the vertical distribution of air temperature and that of surface temperature on walls, floors and so on. And the author also observed the horizontal distribution on the same floor, of room temperature and of surface temperature.
The observation was done in a nine-storied building in Tokyo Gakugei University at Koganei city from December 29, to 30, 1980. One observation took about 40-60-minutes. The author had observations seven times.
The results are as follows:
(1) As for the vertical distribution in passages, lower floors were low temperature areas owing to letting in the cool air at the first floor, and the highest floor was low owing to radiating heat. Making a comparison between east side and west side, the temperature on west side was low. This phenomenon was due to radiating heat from the glass wall standing west side of the wall facing north rather than to the difference of heat-getting condition between east side and west side.
(2) The vertical distribution of surface temperature of walls was very similar to that of air temperature but the peak of temperature appeared from evening till early morning. This phenomenon shows that heat goes up through walls to the upper part of the building.
(3) As for distribution of air and surface temperature in eighth floor, the difference between a room facing south and north was naturally fomed, but, in winter, radiating heat at outside wall contributed to distribution of air and surface temperature
(4) In winter, considering heating, the glass wall standing in the north side and the bare concrete roof were undesirable structures.

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In Japan, kinship groups have been the main social organization of village life. But, in recent years, these groups have changed due to changes in the geographical environment of the villages. The changes in the kinship group structure of a village, Tokiyama, in the northern part of the Suzuka mountains may be summarized as follows:
(1) In Tokiyama, charcoal making had been the main industry since the Edo Era. On account of this unique industry, Tokiyama was independent, and migrations caused by marriage within the village were more often than migrations to and from other villages. Consequently, villagers had many “Shinseki” (kindred) in this village, and these “Shinseki” formed the social organization in Tokiyama.
(2) In about 1965, because of the Fuel Revolution, charcoal making in Tokiyama began to decline and villagers began to commute to “Town” to work. At the same time, both the population and number of households in this village, and migrations caused by marriage within the village began to decrease.
(3) on account of the decrease in migrations caused by marriage within the village, new “Shinseki” have seldom been made in this village during the past 25 years. And the blood relationship of the old “Shinseki” have become thiner due to the alternation of generations. “Shinseki” in this village have been brought to a crisis of extinction. But because of the decrease of the population and the number of households in this village and the aging of the villagers, “Shinseki” in this village are important for many villagers as their sole support. So the “Shinseki” relationship is maintained, in spite of this crisis. Consequently, the members of “Shinseki” in Tokiyama are fixed and “Shinseki” is essentially changing from a blood relationship to a regional relationship.

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The author investigated the elementary courses of study of science, arithmetic and social studies after the Second World War (Table 1) and found that the content related to phisical geography had changed and decreased with their revisions (Fig. 1). The author believes that geographical education is a practical application of geography and that geographical education in elementary school should be based on the methodology derived from the integrated discipline of geography. It must necessarily be pointed out that our future social studies should regain and reorganized what is now included in science and arithmetic, which will, hopefully, lead to the unity of nature and man.

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