By utilizing preferential crystallization or diastereomeric salts formation, optical resolutions of a wide variety of racemic amines, carboxylic acids, and alcohols, including some physiologically active compounds as well as synthetic intermediates for ferroelectric liquid crystals, were effectively achieved. In the preferential crystallization, a new procedure for more efficient resolution of enantiomers has been devised and developed, where an easily soluble salt is added in the crystallizing solution as a coexisting salt to suppress crystallization of the other enantiomeric salt from the supersaturated solution. Furthermore, a resolution procedure using preferential crystallization of less soluble diastereomeric salts has been shown to be a practical one if a combination of a racemic amine and a racemic carboxylic acid is found to crystallize as a conglomerate. As resolving agents, trans- and cis-2-benzamidocyclohexa. necarboxlic acid ([1] and [4]) and cis-2-(benzylamino)cyclohexanemethanol [23] have been shown to be useful and widely applicable to the resolution of organic compounds, showing usefulness of resolving agents of synthetic origin.

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One-electron redox products derived from Michler's ketone [1] have been investigated by means of ESR and ENDOR techniqes. The ESR and ENDOR spectra for the anion radical [1^-⋅] have been observed (Table 1). The linewidth alternation observed in the ESR of [1^-⋅] was detected as variation of the hyperfine splitting constants (hfsc) of the ortho rin g protons for ENDOR spectra at low temperatures (Figs.3, 4). The activation energy (ΔE)due to the vibration of the benzenerings is estimated to be about -15.16 kJ/mol from the ENDOR data. The hfsc's obtained from their analyses are well supported by a molecular orbital (MO) calculation of [1^-⋅] molecule.
The ESR spectrum of the cation radical [1^-⋅] clearly indicates that the spin densities are localized only in one N, N-dimethylaminophenyl moiety. Probably [1^-⋅] is, twisted by 90° between the carbonyl group and both benzene groups (Fig.10). The MO calculations based on this model have shown a fairly good agreement with the observed spectra.

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A kinetic study was conducted on base-catalyzed proton-deuteron-exchange reactions of several substituted phenols. The exchange rates were determined by using the two-bond isotope shifts (²Δ) on the carbons and pattern-fitting analyses of the ¹³C-NMR signals.
Phenoxide ion (PhO^-) was recognized by ¹⁸C-NMR chemical shifts of the reactio n solution. The reaction rates observed were proportional to various concentrations of base catalysts.
The rate constants were found to be expressed additively with substituent para meters.
The parameters for the meta and para positions were also found to be line arly correlated to the Hammett's σ+ constants with slope ρ= -3.0.

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The effect of foreign sulfate (Cs₂SO₄, Tl₂SO₄, or SrSO₄) on the promotive action for the transition from III to V phase of Na₂SO₄ crystals due to the sorption of water vapor was studied at 25°C under various relative humidities.
In the samples blended with Cs₂SO₄ and with Tl₂SO₄ crystals, which are isostructural with the V phase of Na₂SO₄ crystals, the promotive action under high relative humidity (90%RH) was enhanced by the epitaxial effect of Cs₂SO₄ and Tl₂SO₄ crystals, respectively. The promotive action under a low relative humidity (50% RH) was still enhanced in the sample blended with hydrophilic Cs₂SO₄ crystals, but it was restricted in the sample blended with Tl₂SO₄ crystals, because the SO₄ tetrahedron of the host crystal became difficult to rotate due to the dissolution of Tl of which ion size is much larger than that of Na. In the sample blended with SrSO₄ crystals, which are isostructural with the III phase of Na₂SO₄ crystals, the promotive action was restrictied by the epitaxial effect of SrSO₄ crystals independent of the relative humidity.

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The impedance spectrum measurements were made on cobalt phthalocyanine-based nutral carrier PVC membrane (thickness 0.5 mm) at 298 K room temperature in sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions of various concentrations. In the range of frequency from 100 Hz to 20KHz, the mutual relationships between resistance and capacitance of the membrane as functions of the frequency and phase angle were studied. It was found that the equivalent circuit for the membrane in sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions could be expressed by a series combination of solution resistance(R_S) and a parallel circuit consisting of the resistance(Z_R)and capacitance(C_d) of the membrane system. From the results, charge transfer resistance (R_ct), ion mobility(μ₁) and diffusion coefficient (D₁) at 10^-1M NaH₂PO₄ solution h ave been calculated. The results were R_ct=20.9KΩ⋅cm², μ =4.3 ×10 ^-6cm⋅s^-1⋅ V^-1, D₁=1.1 × 10^-7cm²⋅ s^-1. Warburg coefficient (σ) and diffusion coefficient(D_m) of dihydrogen phosphate mono anion in the membrane at 10^-1 M NaH₂PO₄ solution were 9.8 × 10⁷Ω⋅cm²⋅s^-1/2, 4.0 × 10^-14cm²⋅s^-1, respectively. It is found that ion exchange reaction is the slowest process in the membrane. It is possible that such impedance measurements can be applied to the PVC membrane of neutral carrier type ion selective electrodes to obtain important information about the mechanism of adsorption7based ion exchange reaction.

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Using fourteen kinds of polyelectlolytes (polymers), we examined the inhibition of scale deposition from various types of industrial waters, namely ( 1 ) gas-cleaning water at iron works with different NaHCO₃ concentrations (CaCO₃ deposition), ( 2 ) sea water at different temperatures (CaCO₃ deposition), and ( 3 ) calcium phosphate containing water (Ca-PO₄ deposition). It was ascertained for any polymer-water combination that the inhibition behavior is explained by the basic principle reported previously: The inhibition efficiency of a polymer increases with its chelation affinity towards Ca²⁺ ion but decreases when the chelation affinity excessively increases to facilitate gelation. It was also found that the inhibition efficiency of a polymer with high chelation affinity increases with decreasing Ca²⁺ concentration and increasing Na⁺ concentration. The latter ion is likely to act to stifle the gelation. Based upon the results obtained, a guide line for selecting a polymer for a given composition of water is suggested.

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The precipitation of Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ with CO₃^2- and SiO₃^2- from model boiler waters (pH 11-12, 100-215°C) was examined. For the Ca²⁺ - SiO₃^2- system, the (Ca²⁺)/(SiO₃^2-) molar ratio in the precipitates is 1, indicating that the reaction is the combination of Ca²⁺ and SiO₃^2-, For the Mg²⁺ -SiO₃^2- system, the (Mg²⁺)/(SiO₃^2-) molar ratio is 1 at low Mg²⁺concentrations, but gradually increases as Mg²⁺ concentration increases, probably due to additional Mg(OH)₂ precipitation. For the Ca²⁺-SiO₃^2- CaCO₃²⁺- system, CaCO₃ precipitation occurs initially, followed by the formation of CaSiO₃. For the Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺-SiO₃^2- system, MgSiO₃ is first produced, followed by the formation of CaSiO₃.
The scales deposited on the heat transfer surface of a test boiler always consist of ‘crystalline’ calcium carbonate (calcite) and ‘amorphous’ calcium silicate, and the amounts of these compounds increase with increasing Ca²⁺ concentration but decrease with Mg²⁺ concentration in water. It is shown that Mg²⁺ easily precipitates with SiO₃^2- and OH^- but does not contribute to scale formation.
The effect of or ganic polyelectrolyte (polymer) on the scale formation was examined. Polymer samples tested were polyacrylate (PAA, M_W 4400), acrylate/2-hydroxy-3-allyloxy-1propane sulfonate (92/8) copolymer (AA⋅ HAPS-1, M_W 3000) and acrylate/2-hydroxy-3-allyloxy-1-propane sulfonate (80/20) copolymer (AA⋅HAPS-2, M_W 3000). These polymers strongly inhibit the scale deposition on the heat transfer surface, although they do not prevent Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from precipitating as carbonates and silicates. The inhibition efficiency of polymer is determined by its chemical structure and the composition of boiler water. For PAA, the inhibition efficiency decreases with increasing Ca²⁺ concentration, owing to the gelation of the polymer with Ca²⁺, but is recovered by addition of Mg²⁺. AA⋅HAPS-2 showed no gelation even in the presence of Ca²⁺ and had excellent inhibition efficiency over a wide range of water composition.

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The reactivity of active oxygen on coprecipitated 30 mol% Cr₂O₃-70 mol% TiO₂ catalyst for the simultaneous removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides was investigated by the temperature programmed desorption and decomposition (TPDD) method.
In this process, SO₂ is catalytically oxidized to SO₃, and then fixed on the catalyst as ammonium sulfates (NH₄HSO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄) formed by the reaction with H₂O and NH₃, and NO_x were reduced to N₂ with. NH₃ over the same catalyst at low temperature of ca.130°C.
The measurements of TPDD spectra were carried out using a microreactor equipped with a TCD detector (carrier gas: helium). The temperature range of TPDD was set from room temperature to 1000°C, and the heating rate was 10°C/imin. The pretreatments of catalyst were carried out using a packed bed reactor, and a gaseous mixtures of various compositions of SO₂ (mainly 250 ppm), NO (mainly 250 ppm), NH₃ (500 ppm), H₂O (mainly 10%) and N₂(balance gas) were fed without or with O₂ (5%). The main results obtained are as follows;
1) Active oxygen was divided into a oxygen (desorption peak position: ca.400°C) and β oxygen (desorption peak position: ca.700°C), and these tow kinds of active oxygen contributed to the simultaneous removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.
2) The amonium sulfates formed in the simultaneous removal partially covered β oxygen, and this oxygen could not react.
3) NO reacted with α oxygen, and not reacted with β oxygen under the absence of H₂O. Under the presence of H₂O, NO reacted with β oxygen, that is, the reaction of β oxygen with NO was accelerated by H₂O.
4) These two kinds of act ive oxygen were apparently decreasesd by the pretreatment of SO₂ under presence of H₂O. Under the absence of H₂O, the spectrum of TPDD was changed by the SO₂ pretreatment, but the total amount of α and β oxygen was not changed.
5) When the vacant sites of surface oxygen (α and β) were produced, the more stable β site for the oxygen desorption was more preferentially filled with oxygen.
6) The uptake of oxygen from gas phase was accelerated by the pr esence of SO₂, and the vacant sites of β oxygen were filled with the oxygen.

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For the preparation of silica alumina gels by means of cogelation from the aqueous solution of sodium silicate and aluminium nitrate were examined the effects of several operational conditions on the physico chemical properties including solid acidity and catalytic activity. If the time of pouring a solution into another was shorter than the so-called gelation time, under an adequate agitation, different pouring directions didn't make any difference on the pore size distribution and the surface area of the gels. If the pouring time was longer than the gelation time, the pore size of gels distributed broadly, reflecting the broad size distribution of the gel constituent particles. This results from unsteady heterogeneous gelation. By shifting pH to acid after the completion of the cogelation, the particle diameter of the resultant gel increased, the alumina content decreased, the solid acid amount and the catalytic activity were enhanced. On the other hand, by shifting pH to alkaline, each characteristic is opposite to the acidic case. The alumina contents of all the gels prepared without shifting pH tend to be larger than the target. The good correlation was obtained between the intrinsic activity for 1-butene isomerization and the predicted value of the acid amount from chemical adsorption level.

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Tris [1-(p-substituted phenyl)-1, 3-butanedionato]iron(III) complexes, FeL₃ (L=p-XC₆H₄COCHCOCH₃, X=NO, [1], COOCH3[2], Br [3] Cl [4], H [5], NHCOCH₃[6], C₂H₅[7], CH₃ [8], OCH₃[9], OH [10]), have been synthesized, and their configuration and stability were investigated by the magnetic and spectral measurements.
[6] and [10] obtained as hydrate were heated to give anhydride ([6 b] and [10b] at ca.110°C under the reduced pressure. The anhydrous complexes [1] - [10] started to pyrolyze at ca. 170°C, and changed to iron (III) oxide at above 450°C. These anhydrous complexes have the mononuclear high spin octahedral configuration in soild state and as well as in chloroform, pyridine and DMSO. The absorption bands due to νc_??_o+ν_??_, ring dif. +ν_Fe-o, ν_Fe-O+ν_C-CH3, and ⁴T_lg(G)←⁶A_lg(S), which are related to the bond between carbonyl oxygen and iron(III), shifted to the higher frequency side as the substituents become more electron donative. It was not recognized linear relationship between the band of π→π^* transition on the metallic chelate ring and Hammett parameters (σ_p), but was found to exist between the ligand field band of ⁴T_lg(G)←⁶A_lg(S) and σ_p. The stability of these anhydrous complexes was found to increase in the order of [1] <[2]<[3]<[4]<[5]=[6b]<[7]<[8]<[9]<[10b].

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The multivariate analysis was applied to the estimation of the structure of unknown synthetic resins by a personal computer. Pyrogram of fourteen known and three unknown synthetic resins were obtained by a pyrolysis gas chromatography, individually. These pyrograms were divided to twelve sections in terms of retention time in each pyrogram. In all pyrograms, fourteen sections were given to relative values (0-5) based on the highest peak. The data were used for the multivariate analysis such as cluster analysis, quantifi cation N, principal component analysis and factor analysis. The unknown samples we re compared with known samples using cluster distance, principal component score and factor score. The unkown synthetic resin 1 was estimated to be similar to high pressure polyethylene or poly-1, 2-butadiene by the present multivariate analysis.

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In order to evaluate the catalytic effects of polyethylene glycols (PEG's) in the ReimerTiemann reaction, the reaction catalyzed by PEG's was compared that in the presence of their diethyl ethers (PEGDEE's) or monomethyl ethers (PEGMME's) (Table 1). The paraselectivity increased with increasing the average molecular weight of PEG's and their ethers except for PEGDEE's. The total yield of o-and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde based on a phenol decreased markedly by use of PEGDEE's.
The para-selectivity was affe cted by not only the concentration of aqueous alkali (Fig.1)but also the molar ratio of allkali to the terminal hydroxyl groups of PEG's or PEGMME'S (Fig.3). The yield of p-isomer increased with increasing the concentration of aqueous KOH, while, that of o-isomer had the maximum value at the KOH concentration of ca.20 wt%(Fig.2).
The terminal hydroxyl groups of PEG's and PEGMME's are important to cause a regioselective reaction. The reaction using PEG 600 under the conditions of C_MOH/C_P-OH>10 gave a gummous intermediate, and that using PEGMME 750 yielded an oily one. The isolated intermediates were liable to acid hydrolysis to afford a great majority of the para-substituted product (Table 3). The absence of carbonyl absorption in the IR spectra of these intermediates suggested strongly the formation of acetal ([1a]). These observations indicated that the reactive species attacking the para position of a phenoxide was not dichlorocarbene but [3], which was generated by the reaction of dichlorocarbene with the terminal hydroxyl groups of PEG's or PEGMME's. The intermediate carbene [3] having a bulky structure seemed to attack preferentially the para position of a phenoxide by the steric demands.

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2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24-Octaalkylphthalocyanines [1] and their copper complexes [2] which have alkyl side chains of the C₈ C₁₀, C₁₂ and C₁₄ chain length, were synthesized. These compounds were soluble in chloroform, aromatic hydrocarbons, cyclic ethers and chloroarenes solvents. Their UV-VIS absorption spectra suggested aggregation of [1] and [2] in the solution, and the solubility was much increased with the introduction of longer alkyl chains. Thermogravimetric study on [2] is also described.

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6, 6'-Diamino-2, 2'-bipyridine (dabp), which has large complex-formation constant with divalent metal ions around neutral pH but has only a small complex-formation constant at pH 1 in an aqueous solution, was covalently attached to a polymer-substrate, chloromethylated polystyrene. Four dabp polymers were prepared, i. e., [8a] and [8b], in which dabp was attached directly to chloromethyl end of crosslinked or noncrosslinked polymer, respectively, and [9a] and[10a] having poly(oxyethylene) or alkylene spacers which were inserted between crosslinked polymer support and dabp unit, qrespectively (Table 1).
The extraction and release of divalent metal ions by the use of d abp-supported polymers have been investigated (Tables 2 and 3). Among the dabp-supported polymers, only [9a] showed an effective extraction and release property (Table 3), which is discussed, in terms of the hydrophilicity of the poly(oxyethylene) spacer (Table 4).

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The lamellar orientation in carbonaceous mesophase spherule was modeled on the following presumptions;
1) The lamella is oriented perpendicularly to the surface of the spherule.
2) Lamellar traces in the cross section of the spherule containing the pole-pole axis are circles. similar to the Appollonios ones.
3) The modeling of the three di mensional lamellar arrangement is accomplished by rotating the lamellar traces about the pole-pole axis.
The boundary condition determining whether each point of the section of the spherule shows extinction or not was driven by comparison of the simulated results on various conditions with the typical images for the section of the sphere, i. e. the section containing the pole-pole axis. This condition is on the angle between the vibration direction of the crossed Nicols and intersection line of lamella and observation surface. The simulated images at 8° of the angle were consistent with the observed ones.

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Treatment of grayanoioxin (G)III with 1.25% pyruvic acid-methanol at 65°C gave 1, 5-seco-G, G-II, and iso-G-II. It was clarified that the rate constant of C₁-C₅ cleavage of G-III was almost same as that of recyclization of 1, 5-seco-G under the above reaction conditions. Treatment of 1, 5-seco-G with 2.5% pyruvic acid-50% aq. methanol at 40°C gave G-III as main product.

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Copolymers of acrylonitrile with allyl chloride (AC) and α-chloroacrylonitrile (CAN) (the mole fractions of AC and CAN units being 0.035) were heat treated at 228°C in air (the rate of stream being 60 ml/mm). It was to examine the effect of hydrogen chloride on the change in structure of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) during the prior oxidative treatment which is necessary in the preparation of carbon fiber from PAN fiber. In AC copolymer, gradual dehydrochlorination proceeded continuously for more than 2 h. Generation of hy drogen chloride accelerated polymerization of cyano groups but rather delayed aromatization due to the occurrence of oxidation and subsequent dehydration in the moieties subjected to polymerization of cyano groups. On the other hand, dehydrochlorination in CAN copolymer was completed as soon as heat treatment was started. This behavior produced good results. Namely, both polymerization of cyano groups and aromatization were accelerated at the early stage of heat treatment and it proved that the structure of CAN copolymer which was heat treated for 1.5h corresponded to that of PAN heat treated for 4h. Consequently, this type copolymer could be a raw material capable of shortening in the duration of prior oxidative treatment.

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The role of active oxygen on coprecipitated 30 mol%Cr₂O₃-70 mol%TiO₂ catalyst for the simultaneous removal, of sulfur and, nitrogen oxides in flue gas was investigated to contribute to the research and the development of higher active and more stable catalysts.
In this process, SO₂ is catalytically oxidized to SO₃, and then fixe d on the catalyst as sulfates (NH₄HSO₄ and (NH₄)₂SO₄) through the reaction with H₂O and NH₃, and NO and NO₂ are reduced to N₂ with NH₃ over the same catalyst about 130°C.
The experiments were carried out using a flow type packed be d reactor under atmospheric pressure at 130°C. A gaseous mixture of various compositions of SO₂(250 ppm), NO(250 ppm), NH₃(500 ppm), H₂O(10%) and N₂(balance) was fed without or with O₂(5%).
The main results obtained are as follows:
1) Active oxygen for the denitrification (NO removal) was also active for the 'desulfurization (SO₂ removal).
2) NO was oxidized to NO₂ with active oxygen, and the effect of SO₂ on the oxidation was small.
3) The amount of SO_x. removed over the catalyst in SO₂NH₃H₂O-N₂ system by the effect of NH₃ was larger than that in SO₂-H₂O-N₂ systern.
4) The reactiity of active oxygen with NH₃ was low.
5) The oxidation of NO with oxygen in gas phase was accelerated by the presence of SO₂, but the rate of the oxidation was decreased with the time on stream. It was suggested that the active sites' for oxygen were covered with the oxidation products such as SO₃, H₂SO₄ and H₂O.
6) Both the desulfurization and the de nitrification, which depended on the uptake of oxygen in gas phase, proceeded steadily at the presence of SO₂ and NH₃. And it was suggested that NH₃ converted SO₃ formed to the ammonium sulfates, and accelerated the oxygen uptake as the result.

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The reaction of ozone with 4-(4-sulfophenylazo)phenol (SPAP) in aqueous solution was investigated. In order to reveal the reaction sequence for the ozone oxidation of SPAP, SPAP and its suspected intermediate products [2] through [8] were oxidized with ozone in aqueous solutions, and the temporal evolution of the products was investigated. The main intermediate products in the ozone pxidation of SPAP were shown to be [2], [8], [5] and [7], and the final products were oxalic acid, sulfate ion and gaseous nitrogen.

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The components of acid and neutral polar fractions of the heavy oil (bp 340-400°C) derived from coal were analyzed by a new technique combining capillary GC-MS with retention index (RI) for capillary GC and HPLC-fluorescence methods.
The acid components increased in the order of C₀-C₆-substituted fluorenol (19.2 % in the acid fraction) > C₀-C₅ phenanthrol (18.1%) > C₀-C₄ phenol (11.2%) > C₀-C₅ 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydronaphthol (8.4%) > C₀C₆ 2- and 4-biphenylol (7.2)% > C₀-C₃ dihydropyrenol (6.7%) > C₀-C₃-pyrenol (5.5%), C₀C₅ naphthol (5.5%) > C₀-C₃ naphthylphenol (5.1%) >C₀-C₂ benzofluorenol (4.8%) (Table 3).
The neutral polar fracti on involved nonbasic C₀-C₄, carbazole (42.9% in the neutral polar fraction) and C₀-C₂ benzocarbazole (three isomers, 13.6%), basic C₂-C₄ benzoquinoline (three isomers, 13.8%), and acid naphthylphenol (8.9%) and C₈-C₄ fluorenol (6.5%)(Table 5).
Carcin ogenic components such as benzo[ a ]carbazole, benzo[ c ]carbazole, phenanthridine, benzanthrone and quinoline systems were concentrated in the neutral polar fraction and constituted 2.4% of the neutral fraction (Table 5).

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The sublimation process of 1(2H)-phthalazinone (=Pht) (mp =183-184°C) dispersed in a poly (vinyl butyral)layer (layer thickness =10μm) was investigated by UV spectrometry. The sublimation ratio was measured by a decrease of UV absorbance whcih was proportional to the concentration of Pht. Pht sublimes rapidly at 130°C, while it does not sublime at room temperature. The rate-determining step was found to be not a sublimation process at the surface, but was a diffusion process of the molecule inside the polymer layer. The diffusi on constant measured was 1.3 × 10^-9 cm²/s.

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Montmorillonites with different amounts of exchangeable Ni²⁺ were prepared. The amount of water absorbed in the interlayer sites of these specimens was measured thermogravimetrically. The amount of the absorbed water decreased with the decrease of the amount of Ni²⁺ in the interlayer sites. The observed results suggest that the number of exchangeable cations plays an important role in determining the amount of water absorbed in montmorillonite.

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The reaction of complex formation of synthetic sodium-fluorine micas[Na_xMg_3-xLi_x(Si₄O₁₀)F₂: x =0.41, O.58, 0.79, 1.0 ] with aluminium-hydroxide polycations(Alircations) was carried out in the solution of OH/Al =2.5 and Al/Na=2.6. In the case of the micas having the larger layer charge (x=0.79, 1.0), the exchange rate of interlayer Na⁺ with Al₁₃-cations was lower and the homogeneously intercalated complexes were not obtained. From the micas (x=0.41, 0.58), the homogeneouslyi ntercalated complex, which had the basal spacing (d₀₀₁) of 18.1 - 18.5Å and the specifics urface area of 250-270 m²/g at 450°C, was obtained. This difference of complex formation may be attributed to the difference in swelling characteristics of host micas, since the micas with lower layer charges show greater swelling tendecy, which results in large expanion of interlayer region enough to accommodate the bulky Al₁₃-cations. It was also found that the exchange rate of interlayer Na⁺ for the mica(x=1.0) increased with decreasing OH/Al ratio in solution, however, the stable complex with large d₀₀₁ could not be obtained at 450°C, suggesting that the interlayer Na⁺ was mainly exchanged by Al monomeric species.

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Thermal reaction of potassium 3-butenoate in solid state was found to afford three dimeric products. The dimers were isolated after transformation to their dimethyl esters, whose structures were elucidated to be geometric isomers of dimethyl 5-methyl-2-heptenedioate; (Z)-[1], (E)-[2] and dimethyl (E)-2-octenedioate [3] on the basis of ¹H-NMR, ¹³CNMR, IR, and MS spectra. The thermal reaction was carried out at 250 and 300°C for 2h, and the conversion to these dimers was determined by gas chromatography. At 250°C, conversions to [1], [2] and [3] were formed 2.4, 18.6 and 26.1% yield, respectively, at 300°C, 11.1, 38.1 and 23.1%, respectively.

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The oxidation of cis-decahydronaphthalene was carried out in acetic anhydride with oxygen in the presence of Co(II)-Ce(III)-NH₄Br to search for a new utilization of naphthalene.
All monosubstituted oxidation products of cis-decahydronaphthalene were an alyzed by gas chromatography and the main component of oxidation products obtained at temperatures below 100°C was 4 a-substituted ones. Decahydronaphthyl acetates were formed by the oxidation of cis-decahydronaphthalene in acetic anhydride with the selectivity higher than 70 mol% at 120°C.
In addition, relative reactivity of hydrogen atoms of cis-decahydronaphthalene was determined at temperatures from 90 to 120°C.

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The competitive chloromethylation of alkylbenzenes (alkyl;C₁-C₁₂) was carried out with paraformaldehyde and hydrogen chloride in the presence of zinc chloride in acetic acid at 60°C.
The effects of length and structure of alkyl chain on the rate ratio (K_B/K_B), isomer ratio (o-, m-, p-), partial rate factor (o_f, m_f p_f), selectivity factor (S_f), and positional selectiv ity (p/o) were investigated. The results are summarized in Table 1. The rate ratio (toluene 101 - dodecylbenzene 3.45) decreased with the increase in the length of alkyl chain, whereas p/o (1.96-4.67) increased. Positional selectivity increased sharply with increasing bra nching of the alkyl group (butyl 4.09, isobutyl 6.0, s-butyl 13, t-butyl 105) and with moving the phenyl group toward the center of alkyl chain (1-4.67, 2-13, 4-30, 6-phenyldodecane 33).

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The carbide residuum has been found to be porous after the heat treatment at temperatures higher than 500°C, in contrast to the reagent grade calcium hydroxide. Thus, the carbide residuum treated at 500°C adsorbed much larger amount of ethanol than the calcium hydroxide. The calcium residuum showed a higher catalytic activity for the decomposition of formic acid than the calcium hydroxide. The carbide residuum can be used as the economical basic adsorbent or catalyst after the heat treatment at higher temperatures.

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