The catecholamines, a group of physiologically active amines, are generally considered as chemical first messengers. However, the role of these messengers in periodontal disease still remains unknown. The present study was performed to measure the amounts of catecholamines, that is, epinephrine (EN) and norepinephrine (NE), in saliva from patients with periodontal diseases, and correlate these date with various clinical observations such as DI-S, CI-S GI, pocket depth, GBI and bone loss.
EN and NE in saliva were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a three-column switching system and was assayed by a fluorometric method using the trihydroxyindole (THI) reaction developed by Tanimura et al.. The minimal detectable amounts of EN and NE by this method were 25 and 50pg, respectively.
The results were obtained as follows:
1. The HPLC and THI method was able to measure catecholamines levels in saliva of all subjects.
2. In the clinicall healthy group, EN and NE were 65.3±19.2 and 136.8±38.3pg/ml±S. D., respectively.
3. In the periodontal disease one, however, EN and NE were 88.1±22.8 and 296.9±106.1pg/ml±S. D., respectively.
4. Statistically significant correlations were observed between NE and clinical periodontal observations. But in the case of EN, a significant correlation was observed only with GI.
In conclusion, the saliva catecholamines level will be a new index for assessing the degree of severity of periodontal disease.

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The role of oxalic acid in periodontal disease have not been established yet. The present study was performed to determine the amount of oxalic acid in saliva, plaque, soft calculus and calculus which were taken from diseased or healthy subjects.
Sample was collected and mixed with 0.4ml of 1N HCl. The mixture was allowed to stand for one hour and was then filtered through an ultrafiltration menbrane. The filtrate was applyed on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system specically designed for separation and spectrophotometrical determination of oxalic acid, that was developed by Horikawa et al.. The minimum detectable amount of oxalic acid was 0.5n mol, and recovery was around 92% in this system.
In the first experiment, the level of oxalic acid and calcium in filtered saliva, plaque, soft calculus and calculus were determined. The level of oxalic acid were 2.76±0.45, 0.58±0.30, 1.51±0.83 and 4.66±3.12(n mol/ml in saliva or/mg wet weight in others, mean±S. D.). Whereas, the level of calcium were 60.6±9.0, 11.8±6.2, 137.5±28.8 and 220.1±96.8 (μg/ml in saliva or/mg wet weight in others), respectively.
In the second experiment, the level of oxalic acid in saliva was determined in the periodontal disease group and the clinical healthy one separately. The amount of oxalic acid was greater in the disease group (10.99±10.47n mol/ml) than in the healthy one (2.69±0.56n mol/ml). Moreover, clinical periodontal observations such as DI-S, CI-S, GI, pocket depth, GBI and bone loss were significantly correlated with the level of oxalic acid in saliva. The level of oxalic acid in blood-containing saliva (12.37±11.91n mol/ml) was significantly higher than that (3.67±1.23n mol/ml) in blood-free sample.
All these results suggested the possible relation of oxalic acid with periodontal disease.

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The effects of fluoride and calcium (combind therapy) on periodontal tissue treated with Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) were studied in rats.
Sprague-Dawley strain female rats, weighing about 140 grams were divided into 5 groups:
(1) Normal group (un-treated), (2) Experimental group 1: DHT-treated group, (3) Experimental group 2: DHT-treated plus fluoride, (4) Experimental group 3: DHT-treated plus calcium, and (5) Experimental group 4: DHT-treated plus fluoride and calcium.
DHT was administered daily for 20 days at a dose of 50μg per 100g body weight, and fluoride (0.11mg of NaF) or calcium (1mg of calcium lactate) was injected subcutaneously from the 21th to 25th day.
The results were as follows:
The body weight of the DHT-treated group dropped until the 5th day but afterwards leveled off and then markedly increased from the 21th day to the end of the experiment.
Serum calcium levels were increased and mandibular bone calcium levels were markedly decreased in the experimental groups compared with the untreated group, but the mandibular bone calcium level of experimental group 4 was less reduced than the experimental group 1 when compared with the untreated group.
On the other hand, serum phosphorus was slightly increased in experimental groups 2 and 4, while mandibular bone phosohorus was unchanged.
Concerning histological changes, a layer of eosinophlic substance (osteoid and cementoid-like substance) was observed in the root central area and in the root apex area on the alveolar bone and cementum surface in the DHT-treated groups.
Therefore the periodontal ligament space was narrowed, and the arrangement of periodontal fibers was irregular.
In experimental groups 2 and 4, the eosinophilic substance on the surface of the alveolar bone and cementum was reduced, thus enlarging the periodontal ligament space.
Especially, a marked reduction of eosinophilic substance was seen in experimental group 4.
No changes were observed in the eosinophlic substance and the periodontal ligament space in experimental group 3.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of the diagnostic method of measuring the amount of gingival bleeding produced after pocket probing to assess inflammatory condition of periodontium in patients of diabetes mellitus or of hematologic disorders.
Ten periodontal patients at our outpatient's clinic, who were grouped as having no systemic disorders, participated as the control group in this investigation. Eleven diabetic patients and twelve patients of hematologic disorders, who were sent to our clinic from the 3rd department of internal medicine, Tohoku University Medical School, were also included in this investigation. The amount of hemoglobin in gingival fluid was measured using a specially designed pocket fluid collector. The relationship between the amount of hemoglobin in the pocket fluid and the Periotron reading was investigated.
The results were as follows:
1. As the amount of gingival fluid increased in accordance with the deterioration of periodontal condition, the amount of hemoglobin in gingival fluid observed after probing increased in all patients.
2. In patients with diabetes mellitus and patients with hematologic disorders, the amount of hemoglobin in gingival fluid observed after probing exceeded the amount observed in patients without systemic disorders.
3. A significant correlation was obtained between the amount of gingival fluid and pocket depth in all patients. In patients without systemic disorders, pocket depth ranged from 1 to 8mm (average 3.6mm), and Periotron readings ranged from 7 to 199 (average 61.5). In patients of diabetes mellitus and of hematologic disorders, pocket depth ranged from 2 to 10mm (average 4.7mm) and 1 to 5mm (average 2.6mm), and Periotron readings ranged from 29 to 199 (average 70.3) and 5 to 140 (average 36.4) respectively.
4. A significant correlation was obtained between the amount of hemoglobin in gingival fluid after probing and pocket depth in all patients. But in patients of diabetes mellitus and hematologic disorders, the amounts of hemoglobin in gingival fluid after probing were more than twice as much as those in patients without systemic disorders.

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Nasal cavity is well fitted for respiratory function. Habitual mouth breathing, however, is not only unphysiological, but also quite hazardous to maintain oral health condition. Clinically, severe gum-disease, multiple tooth decay and bad mouth odor may be associated with mouth breathing, but their cause has not yet been clarified sufficiently. To estimate the flow pattern associated with mouth breathing, equipotential points in and out side oral cavity were measured on a jaw model made of cupper plate. Following to this experiment, Uranin and aluminum powder was introduced in water flow to visualize the flow patterns of inspiration and expiration. As the results of these experiments, the followings were observed; (1) Main inhalation flow goes into the oral cavity along the lower lip as well as in front of the mouth; (2) Direction and speed of flow were mainly affected by angulations and opening widths of upper and lower teeth; (3) After entering into the mouth, main flow clashed against the palatal gingiva margin and then ran into the throat alongside hard palate; (4) Air flow visualization technic using oral model is effective to analyze mouth breathing.

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It is well known that root condition have a great effect on the attachment following flap surgery. The purpose of this study is to observe the periodontally diseased root surfaces which were treated mechanically and chemically in the following six ways: (1) rubbing with gauze ribbon (2) rubbing with gauze ribbon followed by pH1 citric acid for 3 minutes (3) only superficial cementum scaling (4) only superficial cementum scaling followed by citric acid (5) root planing (6) root planing followed by citric acid. Results with the SEM indicated that only superficial cementum scaling could expose clear cementum and citric acid application on the exposed inner cementum generally caused demineralization on the root.
These findings suggested that these two types of treatment could be available for new attachment therapy.

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The transplantation and implantation of various materials into intrabony periodontal defects to enchance bony regeneration is well discussed.
The purpose of this study was to make a direct histological comparison of new bone formation evoked by autogenous bone blend, lyophilized dura mater “Lyodura” and Hydroxyapatite in clinically still inflammed interradicular lesions.
The bifurcation in premolars and molars of 2 beagle dogs with fully exposed from buccal to lingual side were used, which were fed a soft diet for a preexperimental period.
In comparison, bone defects were created by using a round bur though denuded bifurcations in order to make experimental models in 2 young beagle dogs.
A connective tissue without collagen fiber was observed around the Lyodura and on the surface of the HAP in one week.
New bone formation observed by the graft materials after one month postgrafting and that was more abundant with Lyodura, which was almost entirely absorved and replaced with new bone, than HAP.
Bone regeneration had occurred from cancellous bone on the bottom of the defects and closed completely in the part of the bifurcation to a lingo-buccal direction.
New attachment is defined by new cementum formation and development of a periodontal ligament.
In one month, the results showed that new attachment had occurred in a few case of autogenuous- and Lyodura graftings.
This may suggest the Lyodura is The graft material of higher osteogenic potential on osteoconduction and osteoinduction and higher cementgenic potential than HAP.
However, plaque accmulation, bacterial contamination and inflammed gingiva might be contributing factors to the lack of the healing response of periodontal ligaments and also reduce osteogenesis in interradicular lesions.

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1. In an attempt to determine how the degree of the experimental stain removal and roughness of the metallic plate would be affect by three different angles and three kind of powders under air-power abrasive system instrumentation, quantitative measurement was made statistically.
2. The largest stain removal effect and roughness of the metallic plate was obtained applied angle of 60° and C-powder.
3. In an attempt to determine how the degree of roughness of the metallic plate would be affected by three different angles and three kind of powders under instrumentation, morphological studies were made scanning electron microscopically. The results were similar to the quantitative measurement.

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The purpose of this study was to make the new recording system for observation of jaw movement and the first occlusal tooth contact to investigate the premature contact.
The jaw movement were recorded by MKG, and simulutaneously occlusal tooth contact were picked up by micro vibration pick-up.
They were printed on the same recording papers with synchronous recording system.
The acuracy of the new recording method of the first occlusal contact (FOC) was examined by measuring the current between the metal crowns maxillary and mandibular premolar tooth, when the tooth contacted by occlusion.
Then, normal five subjects and six subjects with premature contact were selected and the sliding time from FOC to intercuspal position (ICP) of 100 habitual tappings of each subject wsa measured by the new system.
The results were as follows:
1. It was confirmed that the first occlusal contact was recorded exactly by the new recording tooth contact method.
2. The sliding time from FOC to ICP of the normal subjects was shorter than 15msec., the time of half subjects with premature contacts was longer than 16msec, and 31% of them was longer than 45msec.
3. Then, it was concluded that the new system was useful for the investigation and diagnosis of the premature contact.

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The purpose of this study was to show an effective method to motivate periodontal patients. Forty patients were divided into 4 groups; instructed toothbrushing method to clean interdental area using a brushing study model (control group), instructed the toothbrushing method with the model and shown dental plaque under a phase-contrast microscope (phase-contrast group), instructed the method intraorally and cleaned the teeth by a dentist (professional group) and instructed the method as same as the professional group and shown plaque under the phase-contrast microscope (professional and phase-contrast group). clinical evaluations were made redness, swelling of gingiva, depth of periodontal pockets, bleeding on probing and plaque score at 0, 2, and 4-week. All indices for 4 groups were significantly improved during the experiment. The professional and phase-contrast group showed the best improvement in the redness, the swelling, the bleeding and the plaque. It suggests that the combined method of intraoral toothbrushing instruction and observation of dental plaque under a phase-contrast microscope has proved extremely useful for patient education.

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bone level in individual sites and the correlation between bone level and age. A total of 47 (94 jaws) contemporary dry Japanese skulls were examined with an average distance between the alveolar bone margin and CEJ within 2.0mm.
The following findings were obtained
1. There was no correlation between average bone level and age.
2. Sites of more than 2.0mm in the bone level were: in maxillary—in the mesio-lingual first molar and facial canine on both sides and in the left mesiofacial first molar. In mandibular right side—in the facial and lingual central incisor and in the facial canine and first premolar. In mandibular left side—in the facial lateral incisor and canine.
3. It was indicated that there might be a special anatomic reason for the large distance between CEJ and alveolar bone margin at maxillary mesio-lingual first molar.
4. No statistical correlation was found between the right and left side in the bone level.
5. There was a correlation between bone level and age in only 13 of 72 sites and no correlation between bone level and age in sites of more than 2.0mm.

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We are investigating about the state of the periodontal patients in the initial visit. Subjects were 200 patients (100 males and 100 females) who visited our clinic and were diagnosed as chronic marginal periodontitis.
In this paper, questionnaires of the periodontal patients in the initial visit were investigated. This questionnaire consisted of the following subjects: (1) chief complaint, (2) food and habit, (3) experience of periodontal treatment, (4) concept of oral hygiene, (5) desire for treatment.
The results of the questionnaire were analyzed with age, sex and advanced stage of the disease and the following results were gained:
1. The patients of 41-50 years old were the most predominant and 60% of them were in advanced stage of the disease.
2. As to chief complaint, food impaction was the most predominant.
3. Sex differences were recognised as to habit of one side mastication, much eating of sweet food, smoking and much eating of solid food.
4. 66.0% of the patients had experienced scaling.
5. The patients who brushed their teeth two times per day were most predominant, and then once, and the least was three times.
6. The patients who exchanged the tooth brush every two months were the most predominant, and the percentage of patients who have experienced tooth brushing instraction was 34.0%.

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The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) was examined to assess the periodontal status and treatment needs in the 822 employees of two banks in Tokyo.
The examined results were analyzed by using the WHO data bank.
The analyzed information indicated that over 90 percent of subjects suffered from periodontal diseases in various degrees. The subjects who had periodontal pockets were found to increase with aging. Only one percent in 20-24 years old group showed the presence of the deep pockets, though 13 percent of the subjects had the deep pockets in 45-59 years old one.
Concerning treatment needs, more than 90 percent of the subjects were required to improve the personal oral hygiene condition and about 70 percent of the subjects were necessary to take the professional prophylaxis.
The subjects required the complex treatment including the periodontal surgery were three percent in 25-34 years old group and 13 percent in 45-59 years old one.
These results indicated that CPITN was effective in making the survey of the periodontal status and treatment needs.

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Synthograft^®, a synthetic bone grafting material, mainly composed of β-tricalcium phosphate was implanted into human periodontal osseous defects. Fourteen patients, 30 to 61 years of age, were selected for this study. After initial treatment, twenty two defects were implanted with Synthograft^®. Probing depth and loss of attachment were measured at the deepest portion of the defects. Tooth mobility was evaluated and the alveolar bone formation was determined by the areas occupied by a radiopaque substance in standardized dental radiographs. These examinations were made before and 3, 6, 12, 24 months after the surgery. Among twenty two cases, two cases were excluded from this study, because these teeth were extracted at 12 months.
Mean probing depth significantly decreased from 7.0mm to 3.7mm during two years. Mean loss of attachment significantly decreased from 7.5mm to 5.1mm during two years. In some cases tooth mobility was disappeared. Radiographically, in 75% of the cases bone formation was clearly observed, provided newly formed alveolar crest, lamina dura and bony trabeculae in the implanted site.
These findings suggest that Synthograft^® is a useful graft material because of its potential for osseous repair in combination with its availability, ease of manipulation and storage advantages.

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The aim of this article was to undertaken observing the effect on the iontophoresis brushes for the patients of gingivitis and periodontitis. These patients were objected on the 85 persons in the three university from January to July in 1984.
The clinical parameters are used on both Gingival index (Löe & Silness) and Periodontal index (Ramfjord).
The criteria of observations consist of bacterial plaque, calculus, redness, swelling, probing depth, bleeding, pus from gingivae and mobility.
The data were analysed with multiple comparison test.
The results were obtained as follows
1. Removal of bacterial plaque.
There were no difference between the electric and non electric iontophoresis brush, but the effect recognized between the initial symptom and electric iontophoresis (p<0.05).
2. Removal of calculus.
There were no difference between the electric and non-electric iontophoresis, but results obtained on the superior non-electric iontophoresis to electric with the aging (p<0.05).
3. Disappearance of redness.
There were recognized on the effect between initial electric and non-electric iontophoresis (p<0.01), also between the symptom and electric iontophoresis (p<0.05).
4. Disappearance of swelling.
With the electric iontophoresis, initial 2 score showed the good results, on the contrary, non-electric iontophoresis 3 score showed the good results (p<0.05).
5. Reduction of probing depth.
Electric iontophoresis showed the better results compared with non electric (p<0.01).
6. Disappearance of bleeding.
Electric iontophoresis showed good results compared with non electric iontophoresis, as well as marked difference between the initial symptom and elasped time (p<0.05).
7. Disappearance of pus from gingivae.
There were no difference not only between electric and non-electric iontophoresis, but initial symptom and elasped time.
8. Roughness of bristle.
There were no difference between the 8mil and 9mil bristles.

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