Four kinds of 41K protein fractions were prepared from a cell envelope fraction of Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 by treatment with lithium dobecyl sulfate or sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate. These protein fractions had porin activity, namely the ability to form hydrophilic diffusion pores in artificial liposome membrane containing them. They were also revealed to exhibit the following immunobiological activities: 1. Strong B cell mitogenicity and polyclonal B cell activation (PBA) on murine splenocytes. 2. Stimulating effects on peritoneal macrophages from a guinea pig to increase incorporation of glucosamine and release of superoxide anion and to decrease uptake of thymidine. 3. Migration enhancing activity on human blood monocytes under the conditions that the LPS had no effects. 4. Immunoadjuvant activity to increase antibody producing cells against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in spleen of mice, after intraperitoneal injection of them with SRBC.
Results of chemical analysis revealed that contamination of peptidoglycan in porin fractions was detected, while the presence of LPS were not neglected. Nevertheless, the mitogenic and PBA activities of the porin fractions on murine splenocytes were proved not to derive from LPS. These effects were detected in LPS non-responder C 3H/HeJ mice and were not depressed by ad

View full abstract

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prepared from gramnegative bacteria including (1) Bacteroides gingivalis (381), (2) B. intermedius (20-3), (3) B. melaninogenicus (ATCC 15930), (4) Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Y-4), (5) Capnocytophaga species (M-12), (6) Eikenella corrodens (1073) and (7) Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586) were extracted according to Westphal's hot phenol water method. A commercially available LPSs from (8) Escherichia coli 0127: B 8 and (9) Salmonella thyphimurium were also used for this study.
Metabolic effects of these endotoxins upon normal human gingival fibroblast (Gin-1) were assessed by measuring the activity of glucose consumption and glycolytic enzymes in vitro.
Each of the LPSs showed inhibition of glucose consumption to various degrees in a dose-responsive manner. The concentration of LPS for 50 percent inhibition (IC₅₀) was calculated as 280. Eg/ml for C. species and F. nucleatum which showed intensive toxicity compared to that of B. intermedius, A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. coli and S. thyphimurium.
The LPS prepared from periodontopathic bacteria at a concentration of 10. Eg/ml altered the enzymatic activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-P DH), pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in various degrees without remarkable changes in morphology or viability of the cells.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to gain an information about periodontopathic bacteria in Japanese adult periodontitis. Subgingival plaque samples were taken at the time after initial examination, plaque score lowered to less than 10% and deep scaling. The contents at the bottom of pocket were sampled from nine patients with moderate periodontitis by means of continuous anaerobic system using an anaerobic gun. At initial examination the percentage of anaerobes were 76.1%, anaerobic Gram-positive rods (41.3%) were prevalent. In genus levels, however, Bacteroides (18.5%), Eubacterium (16.8%) and Actinomyces (15.7%) were predominant. The ratio of anaerobes decreased markedly by periodontal initial preparation with increase of facultative Actinomyces species. Compared with advancing periodontitis, proportional distribution of Bacteroides and Clostridium lowered, indicating that these organisms may exert an important influences on the process of Japanese adult periodontitis.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of glycosaminoglycans concentration in the gingival crevicular fluid during a period of experimental periodontitis induced by silk ligature placement below the gingival margin of dog molars. Crevicular fluid was collected using gingival washing technique at 0, 7, 21, 60 and 90 days before and after the ligature placement in five mongrel dogs. Extracted glycosaminoglycans from the crevicular fluid have been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by two dimensional electrophoresis on a cellurose acetate strip.
Hyaluronic acid was the major component of crevicular fluid at healthy condition and heparan sulfate was detected rarely. Both components and chondroitin sulfate which can't be detected at healthy condition were remarkably higher level at acute inflammatory phase (on day 7 and 21) and lower level at complicated phase (on day 60 and 90). Dermatan sulfate was detected during a period of experimental periodontitis but the amount was low level. Low sulfated chondroitin sulfate was observed in serum at healthy condition and it's electrophoretic profile remained unchanged throughout the period of this study.
These findings suggest that the origin of glycosaminoglycans in crevicular fluid is not serum, but the degradation product of periodontal organization which may occur as a result of inflammation.

View full abstract

There has recently been reported that the content of glycosaminoglycans changes remarkably in the uterus of pregnant rats. The gingiva is such a kind of tissue as having receptor for sex hormone. The object of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of so-called pregnancy gingivitis through both histological and biochemical changes of glycosaminoglycans in gingiva of pregnant rats. Wistar strain rats of known gestational age and non-pregnant rats of the same age were used for experiments. Incorporation of ³H-glucosamine and ³⁵S-sulfuric acid into gingiva was examined autoradiographically. Glycosaminoglycans were extracted from the uterus and gingiva and separated by the cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis for both the qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The histological finding showed hypertrophy of junctional epithelium, increased interstice of junctional epithelial cells, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocyte therein and capillary dilation in subepithelial connective tissue in pregnancy. Autoradiographically, more in corporation of ³H-glucosamine was observed into junctional epithelium, gingival crevicular epithelium and oral epithelium than in subepithelial connective tissue regardless of the pregnancy or otherwise. In pregnancy more incorporation thereof was observed into the epithelium and subepithelial connective tissue. Biochemical analysis confirmed that hypersynthesis of hyaluronic acid was mainly responsible for the increased incorporation of ³H-glucosamine into the gingiva in pregnancy.
The present results suggest that the gingival epithelium in pregnancy is undergone metabolic change in glycosaminoglycans mainly involving hyaluronic acid, with subsequent alteration of theepithelial function as barrier against exogenous invading substances.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological analysis of premature contact in the occlusal contact area on before and after the occlusal adjustment. Changes in the Occlusal Contact Area (OCA) and Luminosity Grade 1 (LG1°) of eleven patients with occlusal trauma were measured by use of an image analyzer system with IMAGE PC and personal computer before and after occlusal adjustment. These patients were selected as having no missing teeth, no prothodontic treatment, no TMJ dysfunction, and normal dental arch.
The results were as follows:
1. There was almost no difference in the total OCA of the left and right side befor and after occlusal adjustment in six patients, and in the individual, the OCA for the 1st. and 2 nd. molar also showed little difference.
2. Concerning the total LG1° of the left and right side of the dental arch, the values befor and after adjustment tended to be equal in eight patients, and especially in the 2 nd. molar showed a slight tendency of almost no difference on other teeth.

View full abstract

This investigation was made to determine the effect of pulpal necrosis on the periodontal healing after the periodontal surgery. In the experimental group a perforation to the pulp was made through on the occlusal surface in the upper first molar. Four weeks later, the mucoperiosteal flap surgery was carried out on the necrosis pulpal tooth and the vital pulpal tooth. In the control group the surgical procedure was only carried out, and the teeth were kept normal in the pulp. The animals were sacrificed immediately before surgery, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 weeks after surgery and examined histologically with light microscope and electron microscope.
The histologic finding showed a correlation between the degree of epithelial down growth and the pulp status. In the experimental group, epithelial down growth was obviously observed 2, 4, 6 and 10 weeks after surgery. But in the control group, epithelial down growth could not be observed as obviously as in the experimental group. 10 weeks after surgery, the difference between them was about 34.3% on the average. Also, obvious inflammatory reaction and frequent root resorption occured in the experimental group. On the other hand, normal periodontal healing was found without any sign of inflammation and new cementum formation occured on the root surface in the control group.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of specific antibody administration on the periodontium of Actinomyces viscosus Ny 1 R 2 infected rats.
Thirty-four rats after ablactation were divided into 3 groups. At 4 weeks of age, A. viscosus Ny 1 R 2 was inoculated in antibody-injected group and PBS-injected group. Non-injected group was not subjected to inoculation. All groups were fed powdered diet throughout experimental period.
At 3 month old, 0.4ml of anti-A. viscosus Ny 1 R 2 gamma-globulin was injected from tail vein once a day for 6 days in antibody-injected group. In PBSinjected group, phosphate buffered saline was injected in the same manner. No injection was carried out in non-injected group. After last injection, rats were sacrificed and the maxilla was excised. The left side was used for bacterial count and the right for histological evaluation.
Colony forming unit of A. viscosus Ny 1 R 2 was 8.50±0.20, 8.51±0.44 (logCFU) in antibody-injected group and PBS-injected group, respectively. In histological findings, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) count in the epithelium of interdental papilla was 10.7±5.4, 23.2±27.6, 10.6±3.6 in antibodyinjected, PBS-injected and non-injected group, respectively.
A tendency for decrease in both standard deviation of CFU of A. viscosus Ny 1 R 2 and mean PMNs count was demonstrated in antibody-injected group compared to PBS-injected group, although no statistically significant difference was observed between two groups. It is suggested that antibody has a slight inhibitory effect on periodontal inflammation.

View full abstract

This study was designed to determine the possibility of new connective tissue attachment after the removal of experimental periodontal pockets by flap surgery.
To establish the artificial periodontal defects, the palatal flaps were dissected and then cotton floss ligatures and adapted aluminum foils were placed around the maxillary first molars of golden hamsters for 6 weeks. Four weeks after removal of ligatures and foils flap surgery was performed on the experimental periodontal pockets, followed by killing animals 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after the surgery.
The jaws were removed, and the specimens containing teeth and periodontium were treated for a light microscopic examination.
Analysis of the specimens indicate d that:
(1) The artificial defect formation produced a denudation of root surface in mean 0.22mm of length.
(2) The newly formed junctional epithelium was observed from 3 to 7days and reached the apical border of planed root in all specimens of 3, 7 and 14 days.
(3) In some specimens of 28 days connective tissue attachment and cementoid deposits were observed on the planed root surface.
The results suggest that epithelial attachment can be replaced by connective tissue attachment.

View full abstract

The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction activity of neutrophils has been reported to be affected by two different components in serum which act directly on neutrophils or bacterial opsonization.
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between O₂ production of neutrophils and the components in serum by examination of the components in serum which influenced the NBT and cytochrome C reduction test.
The results were as follows:
1) NBT reduction activity in serum from normal subjects was significantly greater as compared with that in serum from patients with periodontal disease. And this effect was observed remarkably on fresh serum with normal subjects.
2) NBT reduction activity of neutrophils was significantly enhanced by serum albumin fraction; additionally it was sensitivity influenced by the Ca²⁺ in serum.
3) Some components in serum significantly enhanced O₂ production of neutrophils which had been stimulated by cytochalasin D or concanavalin A.
These results showed that some components in serum enhanced the phagocytosis or O₂ production by neutrophils and that especially the NBT reduction activity was markedly increased by serum albumin, perhaps via its effect on the neutrophil membrane.

View full abstract

It has been established for decades that bacteria play an important role in the etiology of periodontal disease. Recently many electron microscopic studies on the advanced periodontal disease showed the presence of bacteria within the periodontal tissue. The present investigation was carried out in order to determine the morphological changes in the periodontal pocket area three dimensionally, and to clarify the inter-relationship between histological changes and bacteria.
5 teeth with a portion of gingivae were obtained from 3 patients with advanced periodontitis (pocket depth 7-12 mm). Before extraction, each root surface was notched with 1/2 # round bur at the height of gingival margin. The teeth with a portion of gingivae were then removed carefully. The extracted teeth and attached gingivae processed for a scanning electron microscopy.
Attached plaque consisted mainly of cocci and rods was observed on the root surface corresponding to the area of epithelial desquamation. These bacteria had attached to the resorption bays of the root surface. Large accumulation of rods were seen at the area of epithelial desquamation on the pocket wall. Enlargement of intercellular space in junctional epithelium was observed on a split specimen which showed large accumlation of spirochetes within connective tissue. These findings suggested a possibility of bacterial invasion into the inflamed periodontal tissue.

View full abstract

Examinations were made to elucidate histopathological changes of periodontal tissues in immunized and non-immunized conventional (CV) rats. The immunization was produced by single periodontal injection of E. coli endotoxin. The following results were obtained:
1) Anti-endotoxin titer of the rat serum was measured by the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test. Anti-endotoxin serum in rats ranged between 2⁶ and 2⁸.
2) The titer of five series of serum of eight nonimmunized rats against E. coli O111: B4 coated SRBC, ranged between 2⁰ to 2².
3) Even after the topical endotoxin stimulation, the serum anti-endotoxin titer maintained almost the same level in pre-immunized rats. On the other hand, PHA titer produced by topical application of endotoxin in non-immunized rats increased gradually from 2⁰ to 2² in 24-48 hours and reached to the range between 2⁴ and 2⁵ PHA titer at one week.
Histo-pathological changes observed were as follows:
Both in pre-immunized and non-immunized rats, exudative inflammation was observed in the gingival tissue after topical endotoxin stimulation. Significant neutrocyte infiltration was observed between 24 and 48 hours after the topical stimulation. Marked lymphocyte infiltration was observed between 72 and 96 hours after the stimulation. At this period, plasma cells and fibroblasts were also observed. Topical gingival endotoxin stimulation in pre-immunized rats induced severer exudative inflammation in the gingival tissue than in non-immunized rats. Although marked inflammatory responses were resulted in soft tissues of pre-immunized rats after the stimulation, inflammatory bone resorption was not pronounced in all of the specimens examined.

View full abstract

Our previous studies showed a significant correlation between the serum antibody titer against B. gingivalis and the degree of periodontal destruction. Furthermore we have showed that the high level of serum IgG against B. gingivalis in the periodontal patients decreased after periodontal treatment. In the present study, the effect of initial preparation of periodontal therapy on serum IgG levels to seven periodontopathic bacteria was investigated. Eleven patients with adult periodontitis-6 males and 5 females-ranging in age from 29 to 70 years were subjected. The patients received oral hygiene instruction, then they were treated with subgingival scaling and root planing. Plaque control level was kept less than 20% in O'Leary's plaque control record during experimental period. Serum samples were collected from patients at initial examination at first, secondarily after oral hygiene instruction, and finally after scaling and root planing. Serum IgG antibody titers against sonicated antigens of B. gingivalis # 381, B. intermedius # 24, B. loescheii ATCC 15930, F. nucleatum ATCC 25586, A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29522, E. corrodens FDC 1073, and Capnocytophaga sp. # M-12 were determined by a micro-ELISA tecnique.
The mean antibody titer to B. gingivalis and F. nucleatum significantly decreased after oral hygiene instruction (p<0.05), and after scaling (p<0.005, p<0.01) compared to pre-treatment. Exceptionally, in one out of 11 patients, the antibody titer against these two bacteria increased after treatment. Response to two antigens, however, showed similar pattern in all patients. Slight decrease of antibody level to Capnocytophaga sp. was observed after scaling (p<0.05). No marked changes were noted in serum IgG antibody levels against the other four microorganisms.
These finding indicated that the decrease of serum antibody level to particular bacteria, especially B. gingivalis accompanied with initial preparation of periodontal therapy.

View full abstract

The root suface debridement was recognized as the most important part of periodontal therapy, but root surface shapes were still unclear. The purpose of this study was to show how to clarify root surface shapes; bilateral maxillary and mandible teeth were used, some of which could not be cut. For these a plaster replica was made. The teeth were embedded polyacrylics and they were in cross section every 1 mm at right angle to the axis of the root. Sections were traced using a 10. Nikon projector; this trace was input to a computer and a program built up a three-dimensional display of the roots. This threedimensional display can show the direction and cutting surface in any desired color. It is able to show average root surface shapes because many teeth were analyzed. This analysis system will provide a greater anatomical knowledge of roots for the periodontal practitioner.

View full abstract

Several epidemiologic indices or clinical parameters have been used to objectively represent the condition of periodontal disease. As gingival inflammation aggravates, the microvascular architecture of the gingiva changes. The most representative sign of changes include that of gingival blood flow, but until now, no method has been found to measure blood flow verocity without directly contacting the experimental site.
In the present study, gingival capillary blood flow verocity was measured with the laser doppler flowmeter to estimate the condition of periodontal disease, and its applicability in periodontal practice was studied.
34 patients were classified into three groups according to their Gingival Index, and measurements were made continiously at the maxillary incisal buccal gingiva. At initial examination, probing depth, G. C. F., and blood pressure were assessed, and each parameter was compared with another using the t-test. Although reproducability of each measurement was noticed, no significant differences between the GI groups were observed.
It may be concluded that the laser doppler flowmeter does not reflect the extent of gingival inflammation among individuals, but can be used for longitudinal ovservation of gingival inflammation in the same individual.

View full abstract

The pourpose of this study was to examined the prevalence of periodontal disease and considered a counterplan of prevention to periodontal disease in psychopathic patients. 219 psychopatic patients (a schizophreniac in 70. `80%) who had been in the hospital at Yamanashi Ryoyojo in Yamanashi prefecture were investigated the rednes and swelling in gingiva. 42 in 219 psychopathic patients who had been selected by a psychiatrist as a qualified patients for the detailed examinations of periodontal disease were investigated about periodontal pocket depth, inflammation of gingiva, adherent materials on teeth and remaining teeth. And we made survey of the consciousness to dental treatment about 23 itemes on 44 patients in 219 ones. 12 in 44 psychopatic patients who had been selected by a psychiatrist were educated the technique of oral hygiene for two years.
The results obatained were as follows:
1. In psychopathic patients, the degree of periodontal disease were higher than mentally normal adults.
2. In psychopathic patients, no effect of motivation to plaque control which be same methods to mentally normal adults were observed namely, psychopatic patients did not have to approach from consciously point of motivation but need the approach from aggressive point of motivation.
3. It suggest that the motivation to plage control will be useful to treatment of psychopathy.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of juvenile periodontitis and periodontal disease in Japanes young sters in their early teens. The survey was conducted on 2, 980 junior high school students (12 to 15 years of age), living in Kawagoe, Japan.
The examination was carried out in three parts. In the first, inflammation of the gingiva was assessed in terms of redness, swelling, and bleeding. Secondly, pocket depth was measured by the circumfirential method, Thirdly, radiographs and study casts were taken on those individuals who had one or more periodontal pockets (probing depth>4mm).
1. 3.6% of junior high school students had gingivitis. Male had a higher prevalence of gingivitis than females, but it was less severe in the former.
2. 1.4% of the examined students showed a pocket depth than 4 mm.
3. The average pocket depth and prevalence of deep pockets were in the following order; maxillary incisors>mandibular incisors>first molar.
4. There were no defects in alveolar bone upon radiographic examination.
Twenty nine students were chosen for the study of orthodontic problems.
5. It was observed that malocclusion was 24.1%; malposition, 79.3%; and deep over bite and over jet, 87.8%. 6. A tendency toward gingivitis was observed over jet. more frequently in those with deep over bite and

View full abstract

Plaque control would be the best and final prevention method against periodontal disease. We have demonstrated the effective motivating method for the patients to clean their teeth in the clinical practice. The purpose of this study is to know whether the method is available in public health or not.
Thirty three volunteers (aged 19-51 years) participated in this study. Indices concerning gingivitis, tooth mobility and oral hygiene index were scored at 0-week, 2-week, 3-month and 1-year. And at the same time, the subjects were given intraoral instruction of tooth brushing in cleaning the interdental areas.
As a whole, all the indices except for tooth mobility showed remarkable improvements at 2-week, and well maintained even after 1-year. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the methods they brushed their teeth. Those subjects who answered that they brushed their teeth by the recommended method every day showed a good maintenance of the scores after one year, but not the other subjects.
The result may give the possibility to apply the method of tooth brushing instruction (intraoral method) in public health for the prevention of periodontal disease.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical parameters which reflected periodontal disease status. For this purpose, seventy three outpatients with periodontal disease in our hospital were selected and grouped into three, according to age (30-39, 40-49, 50-69).
The clinical survey including the amount of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), the tooth mobility, the pus discharge, the calculus index (C.I.), the probing depth (P.D.), the gingival bleeding index (G.B.I.), the PMA index, the plaque index (Pl. I.), furcation involvement was carried out. In this study, we especially investigated the characteristics of periodontal disease in each age group and the correlation between those clinical indices.
The results obtained were as follows.
1. In 30-39 age group, the highest scores of the G.B.I., the G.C.F. and the pus discharge were revealed. Furthermore, those indices were decreased as increasing of patients'age.
2. In 50-69 age group, the tooth mobility and the furcation involvement showed more severity than those in the other groups.
3. In 30-39 age group, the clinical appearance of periodontal disease was characterized by an inflammation and a high disease activity. In the advanced age groups, the severe destruction of periodontal tissue was noticed.
4. From the analysis of each clinical symptoms, there were the positive correlations between Pl. I. and G. B. I., G. B. I. and P. D..

View full abstract

The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether the severity of periodontal disease in diabetics differs from that of non-diabetics.
Two hundred and twenty two individuals including 147 diabetics were examined. The remainder 75 were free of diabetics and served as the control group. For each subjects, the periodontal condition was recorded. i. e. the amount of gingival fluid measured by “Periotron” (PT), bleeding index (B. I.), pocket depth (P. D.), and O'Leary's plaque control record (P. C. R.) were measured. The total teeth present, the number of carious teeth and the frequency of brushing were also examined. The PT, B. I. P. D. and P. C. R. were higher in diabetics than those of non-diabetics.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the condition of calculus deposit on 200 patients (100 males, 100 females) who were diagnosed as chronic marginal periodontitis.
The evaluation was performed by using calculus deposit rate and calculus index (modified C. I. -S) which were computed from their charts at the first visit.
As a result of the investigation, the higher deposit of calculus was observed on the upper first and second molar, and on the lower central, lateral incisor, first and second molar. The highest calculus deposit areas were found on palatal or lingual surfaces and on other surfaces, calculus figures of proximals were greater than those on labial or buccal surfaces. On these areas, subgingival calculus was observed predominantly. Significant differences were found between the means of calculus deposits of males and females, but not between age groups. So as the periodontal disease advanced, the higher calculus figures became.
As to the relationship with the questionnaire, there was a tendency that the higher level of oral hyginene concept (e. g. the brushing times per day, the exchanging frequency of a toothbrush) of patients were, the lower calculus figures became.
There was a positive significant relation with the modified C.I. -S and the plaque control record. Therefore, it was revealed that plaque control influenced for the deposition of calculus mainly.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical values of a seven film vertical bite-wing (7 VBW) radiographic survey using Versalite Intraoral Positioner^T.M. (VIP) system for the examination and diagnosis of periodontal disease.
A pilot experiment was performed by three dentists using this system. Reproducibility and standardization of obtained radiographs was determined using the intra- and interexaminer error. The degree of geometrical disagreement between the radiographs was less than 20%.
The study was carried out in order to test the applicability of this method on 67 patients with periodontal disease who were seen at the department of periodontics, Nihon University Dental Hospital. An orthopantomography (OP) of 10 patients randomly selected from these patients was taken and compared with 7 VBW radiographs. All of furcation areas on the 7 VBW radiographs could be seen. However, only 60.70% of furcation areas on the OP were clear. Diagnostic values lacked for the rest. The distance from the CEJ to the interproximal bone level could be measured on the 7 VBW radiographs. A half of areas of the CEJ and/or the interproximal bone level on the OP was obscure and impossible to measure the distance.
The result of this study suggested that a 7 VBW radiographic survey had better diagnostic values than that of the OP and particularly was available for the examination and diagnosis of slight to moderate periodontitis.

View full abstract

In an attempt to determine how the degree of the experimental stain removal and roughness of the metallic plate would be affected by the brush using in handpiece with three different pastes and airpower abrasive system instrumentation, quantitative measurement and morphological studies were made.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. On the stain removal, the largest effect was obtained on the using C-powder, followed by Bpowder and A-powder under the brush using in handpiece. Air-power abrasive system obtained larger effect than the brush using handpiece.
2. On the roughness of the metallic plate, the largest defect was observed in using C-powder, followed by B-powder and A-powder under the brush using in handpiece. Larger defect was seen on the brush using handpiece than on the air-power abrasive system.
3. Stripe like defects were observed under the brush using in handpiece scanning election microscopically.

View full abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of local drug delivery on the microbial composition in periodontal pockets and clinical symptoms.
From fifty volunteers, ten subjects were selected according to the following criteria.
1. At least 3 pockets, 4 mm or deeper
2. No history of antibiotic therapy within 6 months
3. Systemically healthy
Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) strips containing tetracycline (TC), chlorhexidine (CH) and control were inserted till the bottom of each pocket. The strip made of base material itself without any drugs were used as control. Four weeks after the base examination, the strips were inserted three times in a week, and clinical microbiological changes were studied during 3 weeks. As clinical parameters, probing depth and bleeding on probing were used. The bacterial plaque sample was analyzed using a phase-contrast microscope.
Changes of clinical parameter, reduction of probing depth and bleeding on probing, were observed only in the pockets in which TC administrated. Changes of microbial composition of subgingival plaque were found both in TC and CH administrated pockets. The rate of spirochetes and motile rods were remarkably reducud in these pockets.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of HEBP and Hexametaphosphate (HMP) on the mineralization of early dental plaque in humans. Forty-five adults (37 males and 8 females) with no systemic disease, age 21-48, volunteered in this study. The subjects were divided into 3 groups and either of 1.0% HEBP, 1.2% HMP or placebo was given as a rinsing solution 3 times daily for 14 days. This study was carried out according to a double blind with a cross over experimental design. During the experimental period, a small removable metal plate with cast clasps where the standardized polyester films were sticked was placed on the buccal site of molar teeth for each subject. On day 14, the plaque permitted to develop on the polyester films was harvested. Total amounts of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and Ca/N ratio in the plaque were determined. Both of the rinsings with HEBP and HMP solution significantly reduced the Ca content in the plaque compared with the placebo solution. Total P in the plaque was also reduced in the group rinsed with HEBP. Ca/N ratio was significantly reduced in the group rinsed with HMP. From these results, both HEBP and HMP could be effective agents in preventing the dental calculus in vivo.

View full abstract

The aim of this study is undertaken for the possibility of periodontal therapy, using the bamboo leaf extracted solution.
An experimental procedueres are divided into two parts. The one is the basic research which examined the disinfeded effect of oral bacteria, inhibited on the product of lactic acid, the other is the clinical study, measuring the clinical parameters.
The resalts are obtained as follow. According to the high concentration of solution, they showed on sterilizing effect in 100% concentration and surpressed on the latic acid.
In the process of experimental gingivitis, no difference between test and control group showed in the plaque index.
On the contrary, the gingival crevicular fluid with Periometer ® showed on the statistical significance in the test group.
With the observation of standardzing intra oral photography, the test group showed on the high tissue resistance compared with the control group.

View full abstract

In the present study it was carried out for assessment of the tooth paste containing lysozyme chloride on chronic marginal periodontitis. 26 patients with chronic marginal periodontitis were divided into two groups. One group was treated with the tooth paste containing lysozyme chloride, and another group was treated with the tooth paste containing no lysozyme chloride. From clinical evaluations after 2 weeks or 4 weeks, we obtained the following results.
1. The tooth paste containing lysozyme chloride was more efficient than the tooth paste containing no lysozyme chloride on subjective symptoms of chronic marginal periodontitis.
2. On objective symptom, each tooth paste had marginal effects, but the tooth paste containing with lysozyme chloride had a marked improvement on halitosis. The inflammation assed by redness, swelling, pus discharge and bleeding was reduced after 4 weeks in the group who was treated with the tooth paste containing lysozyme chloride.
3. During the period of their use, no side effects had been observed. Judging from the above results, the tooth paste containing lysozyme chloride was useful for treatment of marginal periodontal disease patients.

View full abstract