With the use of clay ingot, the mechanism of hydraulic forging and upsetting has been investigated. The results are as follows:-
(1) In general, the inner deformation of ingot is varied according to the width of anvil and its penetration, the deformation of center (Δd) being represented by the following equation
Δd=alogL/D+bh/D+C
where, D=diameter of ingot L=width of anvil h=depth of penetration a.b.c.=constants
(2) In the upsetting, it is found that the inner deformation of ingot has the transition point at the ratio D/H=0·7 where D and H are diameter and height of ingot to be upset respectively.

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(A) Silicate inclusion.
1) The author investigated on the silicate inclusion of steel from melt to ingot by Dickenson method. 2) Silicate are diminished when the slag composition is higher acidic and the oxygen contents of molten steel is small. 3) Also, silicates are decreased by the use of Si-Mn and Fe-Ti as deoxidiser.
4) Addition of Fe-Mn during the boiling period is effective for diminition of silicate. 5) Generally, silicates of ingot show maximum value at inside of the bottom and outside of the top. 6) Large Mn-silicate remains in ingot when the addition of Mn is too much
(B) Flakes.
1) Existence of flakes can be detected by deep etching with alcoholic solution of HNO3. 2) Segregations, cracks and low-silica-silicates of ingot give much effect on the formation of flakes. 3) Forged steels in which flakes appear, have partially martensitic structure caused by segregation of alloying elements. 4) Slow cooling after forging is most effective for prevention of flakes.

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Now the deep cementation on the crankpins of the Aeroengine Crankshaft comes a very important problem for the Aircraft industry.
Difficulty of the deep cementation is the formation of free cementite. Always the Town gas composed with various constituents such as CO₂, O₂, C_xH_y, CO, CH₄, H₂, N₂ etc., and merely CO, CO₂ and CH₄, H₂ necessitate for cementating process. CO gas acts as the Diffuser by depressing the powerful cementating intensity of CH₄ gas, and makes the distribution of Carbon diminishes progressively and in a uniform and slow manner from surface toward the interior of the cemented pieces.
The produced gas increase CO, H₂ and decrease CH₄, CO₂ than the original components.
On the reduction of CO2→CO we conceivable three cases as follows.
(1) CH₄+CO₂→CO+2H₂ (2) H₂+CO₂→CO+H₂O
(A) H₂O+CH₄→CO+3H₂ (B) C+H₂O→CO+H₂
(3) C+CO₂→2CO
These C means the very fine pulverulent Carbon which deposited from CH₄ and C_xH_y.
By the Thermodynamics we learned the Change of Internal Energy such as Free Energy in the Chemical Reactions. All chemical reactions may be progress such as decrease the Free Energy, and also the Chemical Affinity means truely the change of Free Energy. Also Free Energy have the relations with the Equilibrium Constant such as -ΔF=RTlnKp, and in the Physical Chemistry we know the famous equations which expose the Relation between Free Energy (ΔF), Heat of Formatiou (ΔH) E_q-uilibrium constant (Kp) absolute temperature (T), and gas constant R. such as.
ΔF-ΔH=T(∂(ΔF)/∂T)p
This is the Gibb's Helmholtz Equation and
(∂(lnKp)/∂T)P=ΔH/RTRT²
is the Van't Hoff's Equation.
By my research, I have honour to infer some very important theory in the Physical metallurgy such as follows.(1) Even CO gas only may have the most powerful intensity of cementation when always should be taken current of Co as helps ober 98% as strictly ober Cementite-Austenite equilibrium line.
(2) In the Solid Cement we recognise clearly the decreasing of H₂ content which always corresponding to the increasing of CO in the process of Cementation.
By this phenomena I propose the new mechanisms of reduction of CO from CO₂ such as follows.
CO₂+H₂→CO+H₂O C+H₂O→CO+H₂
By the Free Energy we know that Hydrogen has the greater affinity to CO₂ than solid Carbon, so that C+CO₂→₂CO reaction may be severe.
(3) In generally CH₄, C₂H₂ etc. compound of C-H₂ system, ECN, KCN, etc. compound of C-N₂ system, NH3 of N-H₂ spstem, has the greater ΔF than CO, CO₂, etc. compound of C-O, system, NO, NO₂ etc. compound of N-O₂ system, so that the former have the greater activity then latter gases.
(4) The produced gas in the Solid Cement, composed with CO, CO₂, H₂ CH₄ N₂ etc. and CO/(CO+CO₂, ) CH₄/(CH₄+H₂) does not denote the concentration in 1 atm. so that we cannot apply directly these concentration to the Equilibrium Diagram. When in the town gas also same as above.

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The internal structures of dendrites of bronze were studied by means of X-ray "Ruckaufnabme" and obtained following results. When the alloys were solidified very slowly the stems of dendrites have nearly uniform compositions which do not much differ from those of annealed one. The distributions of compositions in the dendrites of alloys cast in the chill mould are nearly the same, but the crystal arrangements much differ. When the rate of solidifieation is not so rapid nor slow, as in the sand mould, X-ray photographs consist of Debye-Scherrer rings corresponding to the stems of dendrites and broad bands corresponding to the fillings of dendrites. The compositions of these stems of dendrites calculated from the lattiee constant suggest the degrees of super-cooling and the edges of the bands correspoud to the limit of solubility of Sn in α-solid solution. When annealed 1hr. at 800°C, these non-uniformness of the compositions almost disappear The fracture surfaces of these cast alloys consist of Sn-rich side of the fillings of the dendrites.

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