Cold storage is an important technique for preserving fresh fruit and vegetables. Deterioration due to ripening, senescence and microbiological disease can be retarded by storage at optimum temperature being slightly above the freezing point of tissues of fruit and vegetables. However, some fruit and vegetables having their origins in tropical or subtropical regions of the world are subject to chilling injury during transportation, storage and wholesale distribution at low temperature above freezing point, because they are usually sensitive to low temperature in the range of 15&dig;C to 0°C.
This review will focus on the recent informations regarding chilling injury of fruit and vegetables, and summarize the optimum temperature for transportation and storage of fruit and vegetables in relation to chilling injury.

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For a better understanding of the mechanism of ice formation in biological systems, more basic studies concerning physical properties of water at low temperatures and ice formation in aqueous solutions are required. In the case of ice nucleation in aqueous solutions, for example, structural compatibility/incompatibility between water, ice and solute molecules is essential. The fact may lead to the recognition that even isotropic aqueous solutions are not homogeneous microscopically. Biological systems are macroscopically heterogeneous and aqueous solutions in them are sometimes confined in small spaces or compartmentalized by the cross-linked network structures. In this case, size and structure of the space where aqueous solutions freeze should be taken into consideration.
Therefore, basic studies of freezing of heterogeneous systems are encouraged for a better understanding of the mechanism of ice formation in biological systems, which might be necessary for the development of the technique of their cryo-preservation.

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This investigation was carried out in order to find corrosion inhibitors which would be effective in controlling the corrosion for the water-lithium bromide-γ-butyrolactone (20 moles water/1 mole γ-butyrolactone) absorption refrigerating machine. The experiments were carried out on continuous boiling test, intermittent boiling test and galvanic corrosion test with the use of organic inhibitors and inorganic inhibitors in γ-butyrolactone aqueous solution of lithium bromide. The metals used in these corrosion tests were mainly SS 41 and copper. From these experimental results, the most suitable corrosion inhibitors for SS 41 and copper in γ-butyrolactone aqueous solution of lithium bromide Were recognized to be benzotriazole, tolyltriazole and lithium molybdate.

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Experimental and analytical investigations were performed on a small stratified type water reservoir with the vertical water flow, which contained a large number of latent heat TES cylindrical capsules set horizontally to utilize both sensitive and latent heat. The reservoir was prepared, encapsuling the industrial paraffin as the latent heat PCM, and experiments were performed, concerning the characteristics of the reservoir for both charging and discharging processes of the thermal energy, measuring the time-dependency of the temperature distribution within the reservoir. Then, the physical model for the heat transfer phenomena within the reservoir was discussed and the approximate analytical method was proposed to predict the outlet water temperature response for the charging and discharging processes. It was also confirmed that the analytical results agreed with the experimental results within the satisfactory accuracies for practical purposes.

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A basic experimental research on a latent heat thermal energy storage system, utilizing a simple and effective heat exchange mechanism by a direct contact between the phase change material (PCM) and the heat transfer fluid (HTF) , was shown.
In this report, authors proposed the direct contact latent heat thermal energy storage system using industrial paraffin and n-Eicosane as the PCM, and using water as the HTF. The observations were performed concerning the HTF separation from the solid PCM in the solidification process (heat discharging process), and concerning the water pass formation within the solid PCM.
Then, it was confirmed that the system worked effectively by using n-Eicosane as the PCM. And authors discussed the mechanism of direct contact solidification process from experimental results.

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A basic experimental research on a latent heat thermal energy storage system , utilizing a simple and effective heat exchange mechanism by a direct contact between the phase change material (PCM) and the heat transfer fluid (HTF), was shown.
Discharging experiments on direct contact latent heat thermal energy reservoir using n-Eicosane as the PCM and water as the HTF, were performed, based on the conditions obtained in previous report. Then, operating conditions for suitable discharging process were searched from the experimental results (outlet water temperature response and local temperature response in the reservoir).
Moreover, solidification mechanisms of PCM, which had been presumed in previous report, were confirmed from these experimental results, and the simple physical model on direct contact heat exchange in the reservoir was proposed. Then, the outlet water temperature response by this model was compared with the experimental results.

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