How intenisvely youthful offenders think about anticipated legal control, e.g., being discovered by someone, being arrested, and being given a measure (formal or informal) in the juvenile justice, before they were involved in a delinquent act? 2712 juvenile first offenders were asked to recall and answer about thier awareness of those legal control at the police station.

According to thier response to a questionare, 36, 52 and 66 percent of then had no awareness of the perception about being discovered, being arrested and being given a mesure respectively. It was also noticed that 42 and 27 percent anticipated the possibility of being discovered and being arrested respectively. The results were further analysed in terms of kinds of an offenes, other crimes unrecorded previously, group or individual delinquency and a psychological state of offense. The spread of an intensive awareness about the legal contol among youth would increase a prospect of deterrence.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the dimensions of negative emotion (especially anger) in adolescents. Through free-descriptions and other methods, we collected over 500 statements of various situations which are supported to evoke anger and then from those statements we selected 256 statements for the questionaire of “Research in Negative Emotion”. To each item on the questionaire, 47 delinquent boys and 45 control boys were asked to put a circle if they think they would feel angry in that specific situation, and if not, X.

The above data were factor-analyzed and 20 dimensions were extracted.

1. constraint in human relations

2. unfaire treatment, blame, and criticism

3. interference and restriction

4. self-awareness and that treatment

5. being fastened a quarrel

6. being cast ridicule

7. consulting other’s own convenience only and impudence

8. ignoring of public moral

9. egotism

10. disadvantages from others

11. carelessness of others

12. unprofitable role

13. inconsistency in society

14. politics and administrations

15. relationship between parent and child

16. family atmosphere

17. job conditions

18. deprivation or lack

19. easy-going tendency

20. a matter of course and of irresistible force in general

The destrbutions of the markings (circles or X’s) of delinquents and controls were then tested statistically (using chi-square test). There were 105 situations which were statistically significant. All of them indicate that delinquents were more easily provoked than controls.

Also, we calculated percentages of circles given to each item and according to its size we formed two categories, A-item and N-item. To A-item belong those situations in which over 75% of whole subjects think they would be provoked and to N-item belong those situations in which less 25% of whole subjects think they would be provoked.

From close examinations, we reached the following conclusions.

a). In 5 dimensions of anger (5, 6, 12, 13, 16,) the delinquents are more easily provoked than controls.

b). ln 6 dimensions of anger (4, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20,) in general, neither delinquents nor controls are so much provoked, but some in whom anger is evoked in a specific situation in these dimensions belong almost exclusively to the delinquent group.

c). ln 4 dimensions of anger (1, 2, 8, 9,) in general, many subjects of two groups are easily provoked, but especially, delinquents were more easily done so than controls.

d). In 3 dimensions of anger (7, 10, 14,) almost all of the subjects are provoked in many of the situations in these dimensions.

Finally, 5 problems of this study were pointed out.

The purpose of this study is to make clear the function of family to delinquency.

The problem of the relationship between the family as a social system and delinquency as a social phenomenon can be rightly understood only when we examine the way the family relates to each action space of delinquents.

In this paper we intended to understand mainly the relationship of the family to each developmental phase in delinquency which consist of the formation of delinquent readiness, and the control way to delinquent behavior.

The relationship of the family to the delinquency should not be considered as the same structure and function throughout one’s life cycle

In the Socialization-Depth (or each developmental phase), the function and structure of the family to delinquency is different.

MJAT (Ministry of Justice Attitude Test) is an attitude test to measure social attitudes seen especially in juvenile delinquents, published by Japanese Correctional Bureau in 1971.

The purpose of the present study is to suggest theoretical ground to the interpretation of MJAT through factor analysis.

MJAT and MJPI (Ministry of Justice personality Inventory) were applied to 140 male delinquents in Kobe Juvenile Detention & Classification Home.

Those MJAT scales and Ed & Li (Ego-defence & Lie) scales in MJPI were correlated by Pierson’s r, factor-analyzed on the inter-scales, and rotated orthogonally so as to find psychologically valid meaning according to Thurstone’s complete Centroid Method.

The reuslts were discussed from the following viewpoints :

1. The meanings of the factors abstracted were considered:

The 1st factor (bipolar)

......The positive attitude to a novel and exciting stimuli, factor-loaded on “vogue” “free sex” “money” and “hooligan group” scales. (positive polar)

......The “ego-defensed” positive attitude to the authorities, factor-loaded on Li, Ed, “home” “policc” & “neighborhood” scales. (negative polar)

The 2nd factor

......The positive attitude to the habit of loose life, factor-loaded on “amusment quarter” “entertaining job” “free sex” & “hooligan group” scales,

......The strong ego-defense, factor-loaded on only Ed & Li scales.

The 4th factor

......The positive attitude to the friendship to delinquents,factor-loaded on “neighborhood” & “hooligan group” scales.

The 5th factor (bipolar)

......The positive attitude to deligence, factor-loaded on “occupation” & police”. (negative polar)

......The positive attitude to change of employment, factor-loaded on “change of employment” & “hooligan group” scales. (positive polar)

2. The clues to presume the intra-attitude organization of each scale were considered; The intra-attitude organization itself is difficult to be measured by MJAT, but the clue to presume that may be suggested through the result of factor analysis.

For example, the attitude to accept delinqutnts’ parents’ dominance measured by “home” scale would be presumed to have the background of the positive attitude to the authorities, connectted with the ego-defence probably influenced by being detained in Detention & Classification Home.

The clues to the intra-attitude organization were also considered about other scales,

3. Case study

In order to assure, from the viewpoint of case study, the presumption suggested by factor analysis that the 1st factor would include the reaction to social desirability, the distribution of Li & Ed scores was investigated about 25 cases having high scores only on the scales loaded on the 1st factor.

The result was that most 1st factor (negative polar) cases showed the ego-defense measured by Li & Ed, while most 1st factor (positive polar) cases didn’t show that tendency.

The exceptional cases were also studied so that a few cases were assumed to have the ego-defense not shown by Ed & Li, other few cases being assumed not to have any ego-defense.