The Hand Test scores were studied concerning the offense of institutionalized male delinquents to investigate whether the conclusions by Wagner through American samples could be applied to Japanese ones. The following groups were selected: I. Non-assaultive offenders against property, Ⅱ. Assaultive offenders against the person, Ⅲ. Single offenders, Ⅳ. Group offenders, Ⅴ. Recidivists, Ⅵ. One-time offenders, Ⅶ. Normal high school boys at the age of 16 or 17. I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ (all recidivists) were from the Reformatory & Training Shool while Ⅴ and Ⅵ were from the Classification & Detention Home. The median test was employed for detection of significant differences between groups. Our results are:

1. No significant differences in all the scoring categories were found between I and Ⅱ, which would indicate any support for the conclusions of Wagner.

2. The total number of responses is significantly fewer with Ⅲ than with Ⅳ. Ⅲ also tended to give fewer responses on the both of interpersonal and maladjustive categories than Ⅳ.

3. There were significantly more subjects with high AOR (AOR>1) among Ⅵ than among Ⅴ. Non-recidivists and high school boys belonged to the groups with median AOR higher than I, suggesting that recidivists tended to have lower AOR. This was contrary to the previous results on American and Australian subjects.

4. Related to AGG and AFF significant differences did not appear in any comparison of groups, though Ⅱ tended to have more AFF and more AGG. It should be remarked that aggressive persons were found possessing a higher degree of emotion, negative or positive in interpersonal relations it might be.

5. All recidivist’s groups (I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ) gave significantly fewer DIR than high school boys. DIR, which is said to reflect assertiveness, seemed to be an effective indicator for the recidivism of Japanese delinquent boys.

Though none of the expected hypothesis about indicators of aggression were confirmed with Japanese delinquents, this lack of confirmation in responses is interesting in itself from the cross-cultural viewpoint. Following factors may affect Hand Test protocols of our subjects.

a) Dr. DOI suggested “AMAE” ____ which has a somewhat opposite flavor to DIR and AGG ____ is the key concept for understanding the Japanese personality structure. It is inferred from the lack of similarity found among our subjects that aggression in Japanese should manifest itself in a different way.

b) Japanese adolescents may not experience the same psychological process as American youth do, because in Japan the child-rearing pattern colored by“AMAE”relationship is considered to curtail adolescent striving for psychological independence.

c) Especially, in Japan recently under the pressure of going on social changes, non-aggressive delinquents with weak ego structure have been reported to increase. The results of present study may have been influenced by this trend.

The last part of this study deals with the analysis of human relations between counselors and correctional officers created through group counseling program at the Nakano Prison.

(V) Group counseling and custodial officers

Superintendents in ealier days put much emphasis on counseling activities as one of the basic institutional treatment programs. But their successors did not follow the same lines. These change of policy were welcomed by the senior officers who thought much of custody than treatment. Since 1964 custodial officers were ordered to watch the group counseling and to report to the seniors with institution’s officials many counselors stopped their counseling activities or left the institution. This article contains the analysis of these aspects of group counseling program,

1) Structure of counseling group (1965)

Counseling groups which continued for more than one year can be divided into the following three categories: a) group which consists of compulsory……(1), of voluntary participants……(5), of selected participants by custodial officers……(6). Counselor’s leadership in the group naturally decreases in the order of a, b, and c, but the degree of member’s satisfaction does not always accord with that of counselor’s feeling of success.

Topics discussed during the counselingsessions vary according to the groups and members. However, complaints of poor institutional living condition are one of the commonest topics in every groups.

2) Counselor’s attitude

These inmate’s complaints were handled differently according to each counselor’s standpoint. Mr. Morito who used guided group interaction method regarded these complaints as inmate’s resistance related to their other-directed or extra-punitive personality traits and pathology of a prison world, so that he maintained not to compromise.

Mr.Shinoda who introduced analytic psychodrama and psycho-motor therapy also rejected these complaints and tried to establish therapeutic approach only in accordance with each inmate’s personality disoder. And Mr. Makino tried to defend his clinical standpoint by criticizing prison administrators.

On the other hand complaints were accepted as a matter of course by the author and others, and any possible attempts were made to resolve them. Later the author tried to make custodial officers in attendance understand each inmate and gradually have favorable attitude towards counseling. Inmates were stimulated to acquire a more mature technique of interpersonal relations with people different from them.

(VI) Counseling with traffic offenders, conclusion

Most traffic offenders come directly to the prison without being detained in a house of detention or police jail. Group counseling with these traffic offenders gives us valuable information as to the meaning of confinement and institutional treatment.

There are so many problems to be solved in therapeutic approach at the prison. To make therapeutic approach such as counseling or psychotherapy an essential part of institutional programs, each inmate should be diagnosed scientifically, and various treatment techniques should be devised and applied according to this reliable diagnosis. Moreover team system should be developed based on confidence between custodial officers and clinicians.

When a person comes to recognize himself as a relatedstructure to another, we are driven by necessity to see social isolation as both locomotion to a new framework of living and non-adjustment or maladjustment to the new frame-work of living. To admit person in a correctional institution seems to have the significance and the function as a segregation, and adjustment to in institution signifies the aspect of social isolation as standing alone. It is characteristic that the to aspects of isolation are intensively related to an accommodation to a jail cell. In a correctional function of inmates, the jail cell must be clarified from these two aspects of social isolation. In this report, we thought through the case-studies about the pattern of escape inmates adjusting like professional criminals to the institution as a jail cell.

We analized 89 delinquent case to know the relations between the family and genotypes of delinquency, both from formal and phenomenal aspects. As a result, we found that in the A-type, which held a majority of the cases analyzed, there was a weak rhythm in the relation between parental controls and the resonses of children to them. A series of analysis have suggested there will be more points to be clarified about the faculities of the members of a family to one anothers and about the desirable way of family control. Thus in future we are to analyze not quantitatively but qualitatively.